Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MARCET BOILING
PREPARED BY
EH2202B
HAFIZAH BINTI OSMAN (2013686936)
ILI NADIA ISMAIL (2013212084)
JAILANI BIN ZULKIFLI (2013450328)
JEALONOVIER SAYAS ANAK JEMON (2013886766)
MARLISSA BINTI AZEMI (2013815618)
PREPARED FOR
DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL
MARCET BOILING
CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 1
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this experiment are; to demonstrate the relationship between pressure
and temperature of a saturated steam in equilibrium with water and to determine the pressure
vapour curve. At the beginning of the experiment, the market boiler filled with water is to be
healed first until a certain absolute pressure is reached which is 1.0-2.0 bar. Then the heater
will be turned off and will be allowed to cool down to its initial temperature. The increasing
and decreasing temperature were recorded throughout the experiment for further use and
calculation of the experiment. As a result, the graph of absolute pressure against dT/dP
(measured slope)
pressure
against
Tvg/hfg
(calculated slope) because of some errors of data. The percentage error calculated ranged
from 0% to 40%, proven the result of this experiment.
INTRODUCTION
Thermodynamics study about the interchange of heat and work between a system and
the surrounding which occurs when the system undergoes a process. It concerned about the
changes in the properties of fluid. Most thermodynamics substances such as gases and
vapours are often referred as P-V-T substances.
An ideal gas obeys the equation of state that relates the pressures, specific volume or
density, and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R. However,
real gas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few modifications on the ideal gas
equation of state allow its application in the properties of the real gas. When energy is added
within water, the increasing of activities among the molecules caused the increase in the
number of molecule escape from the surface until an equilibrium state is reached. The state of
equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and steam. The lower the
pressure, the easier the molecules leaving the water surface and thus less energy is required to
achieved the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where equilibrium occurs
at a given pressure level is called saturated temperature. The pressure where equilibrium
occurs at a given temperature is called saturated pressure.
Market Boiler is used to investigate the relationship between the pressure and
temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between
the atmospheric pressure and 10 bars. The measured value of the slope of the graph (dT/dP)
CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 2
obtained from the experiment results can be compared to the theoretical value determined
through calculation from the steam table.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this experiment are; to demonstrate the relationship between pressure
and temperature of a saturated steam in equilibrium with water and to determine the pressure
vapour curve.
THEORY
Thermodynamics is the study that related to the transfer of heat and work between the
system and the surrounding. The process undergoes can cause some changes to the properties
of the system. Marcet Boiler equipment has been developed to investigate the relationship
between the pressure and the temperature of saturated steam that equilibrium in water at
temperature between atmospheric pressure and 10 bars.
Ideal gas exists at high pressure and low temperature.an ideal gas can be characterised
by absolute pressure(P), volume(V) and temperature(T). Gas is said to be ideal when it obey
the ideal gas law in which it is deduced from the kinetic theory.
The ideal gas law:
PV=nRT
Where,
P=absolute pressure
V=volume
n=moles of substances
R=ideal gas constant
T=absolute temperature(K)
If the gas obeys the ideal gas law, the gas is said to be ideal gas based on volume,
pressure, moles and the temperature behaviour. The gas that does not obey the ideal gas
equation is known as the real gas which it is exist in low pressure and high temperature.
CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 3
When the temperature and the pressure within the water is increase, thus it will increase
the energy within the water. This will increase the activities among the molecules thus
enables the increase number of molecules escape from the surface of the water until the
equilibrium state is reached.
The state of equilibrium mainly depends on the pressure between the water surfaces and
the steam. At lower temperature, the molecule become easier to escape from the surface of
the water due to the less energy needed required to achieve the equilibrium state (boiling
point). The temperature in which the equilibrium occurs is called saturated temperature
(TSAT).
From the experiment, the value of the pressure and temperature is recorded at the
dP
]
dT
SAT
result can be compared with the values that calculated from the data in the steam tables.
Clausius-clapeyron states:
[ ]
dT
dP
=
SAT
TV fg
h fg
f V g
f hg
dT
=
dP SAT
[ ]
And,
f h fg=hg
h
fg= hg hf
h
[ ]
dT
dP
=
SAT
TV g
hfg
As
V g V f
Where,
V f =specific volume of saturated liquid
V g =specific volume of saturated vapour
h f =enthalpy of saturated liquid
h g =enthalpy of saturated vapour
h fg =latent heat of vaporisation
MATERIALS
Water
APPARATUS
Marcet boiler equipment
Figure 1: Picture of Marcet Boiler Equipment
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
General Start-up Procedure:
1
2
3
4
A quick inspection is performed to ensure that the unit is in proper operating condition.
The unit is connected to the nearest power supply.
The valves at feed port and level sight tube (V1, V2, and V3) are opened.
The boiler is filled with distilled water through the feed port and the water level must
be about the half of the boilers height. The valves, V1 and V2 at the level sight tube
are closed.
The power supply is switched on.
Procedure:
1
2
4
5
6
valve is closed.
The steam temperature and pressure are recorded when the boiler is heated until the
RESULTS
Table 1 : Tabulated Data of Pressure, Temperature and Slope
Pressure, P ( Bar )
Gauge
Absolute
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Temperature, T
Increase Decrease
( ) ( )
101.5
102.4
105.0
107.4
109.5
111.6
102.0
104.7
107.1
109.1
111.3
113.3
Measured
slope,
dT/dP
Calculated
slope,
T vg /h fg
0.180
0.250
0.220
0.220
0.200
0.2396
0.2244
0.2111
0.2168
0.1894
Average Average
T avg () T avg ( K )
101.75
103.55
106.05
108.25
110.40
112.45
374.75
376.55
379.05
381.25
383.4
385.45
0.7
1.7
113.7
115.2
114.45
387.45
0.200
0.1803
0.8
1.8
115.5
116.9
116.20
389.20
0.175
0.1755
0.9
1.9
117.2
118.7
117.95
390.95
0.175
0.1646
1.0
2.0
118.9
120.5
119.70
392.70
0.175
0.1579
1.1
2.1
120.4
122.1
121.25
394.25
0.155
0.1522
1.2
2.2
122.1
123.5
122.80
395.80
0.155
0.1462
1.3
2.3
123.6
125.0
124.30
397.30
0.150
0.1414
1.4
2.4
125.1
126.4
125.75
398.75
0.145
0.1361
1.5
2.5
126.4
127.8
127.10
400.10
0.135
0.1321
1.6
2.6
127.7
129.1
128.40
401.40
0.130
0.1278
1.7
2.7
129.9
130.4
129.70
402.70
0.130
0.1241
1.8
2.8
130.3
131.4
131.05
404.05
0.135
0.1203
1.9
2.9
131.5
132.8
132.15
405.15
0.110
0.1171
2.0
3.0
132.8
134.0
133.40
406.40
0.125
0.1138
2.5
3.5
138.2
139.4
138.80
411.80
0.108
0.1005
3.0
4.0
143.2
144.2
143.70
416.70
0.098
0.0903
3.5
4.5
147.5
148.5
148.00
421.00
0.086
0.0822
4.0
5.0
151.6
152.4
152.00
425.00
0.080
0.0756
4.5
5.5
155.2
156.1
155.65
428.65
0.073
0.0699
5.0
6.0
158.6
159.5
159.06
432.06
0.068
0.0653
5.5
6.5
161.8
162.6
162.20
435.20
0.063
0.0613
6.0
7.0
164.9
165.6
165.25
438.25
0.061
0.0579
6.5
7.5
167.6
168.5
168.05
441.05
0.056
0.0547
7.0
8.0
170.4
171.2
170.80
443.80
0.055
0.0520
7.5
8.5
172.8
173.7
173.25
446.25
0.049
0.0497
8.0
9.0
175.2
176.3
175.75
448.75
0.050
0.0475
8.5
9.5
177.6
178.6
178.10
451.10
0.047
0.0455
9.0
10.0
179.9
179.9
179.90
452.90
0.036
0.0436
Figure 2 : Graph of Temperature Average Versus Absolute Pressure
200
180
160
140
120
Temperature ()
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
12
0.15
dT/dP
Tvg/hfg
0.1
0.05
0
0
10
12
CALCULATIONS
Calculation for Pressure
Pressure (gauge) = Pressure (absolute) Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure (gauge) = 1.2 - 1.0
*Note: 1 bar = 100kPa and atmospheric pressure is assumed as 100kPa.
Table 2 : Tabulated Data of Pressure (Gauge and Absolute)
Pressure, P ( bar )
Gauge
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 10
Absolute
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Increase (
C)
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
101.5
102.4
105.0
107.4
109.5
111.6
113.7
115.5
117.2
118.9
120.4
122.1
123.6
125.1
126.4
127.7
129.9
130.3
131.5
132.8
138.2
143.2
147.5
151.6
Temperature, T
Average
Decrease (
Tavg (
C)
C)
102.0
101.75
104.7
103.55
107.1
106.05
109.1
108.25
111.3
110.40
113.3
112.45
115.2
114.45
116.9
116.20
118.7
117.95
120.5
119.70
122.1
121.25
123.5
122.80
125.0
124.30
126.4
125.75
127.8
127.10
129.1
128.40
130.4
129.70
131.4
131.05
132.8
132.15
134.0
133.40
139.4
138.80
144.2
143.70
148.5
148.00
152.4
152.00
Average
Tavg (K)
374.75
376.55
379.05
381.25
383.4
385.45
387.45
389.20
390.95
392.70
394.25
395.80
397.30
398.75
400.10
401.40
402.70
404.05
405.15
406.40
411.80
416.70
421.00
425.00
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
155.2
158.6
161.8
164.9
167.6
170.4
172.8
175.2
177.6
179.9
156.1
159.5
162.6
165.6
168.5
171.2
173.7
176.3
178.6
179.9
155.65
159.06
162.20
165.25
168.05
170.80
173.25
175.75
178.10
179.90
428.65
432.06
435.20
438.25
441.05
443.80
446.25
448.75
451.10
452.90
Measure slope ,
100 kPa
1
dT T 2T 1
=
dP
( 1.21.1 ) x
Measure slope ,
dT
376.55 K374.75 K
at Absolute Pressure1.2=
dP
Measure slope ,
dT
=0.18
dP
Temperature, T
Average Tavg (K)
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
374.75
376.55
379.05
381.25
383.4
385.45
Measured slope
dT/dP
0.180
0.250
0.220
0.220
0.200
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
387.45
389.20
390.95
392.70
394.25
395.80
397.30
398.75
400.10
401.40
402.70
404.05
0.200
0.175
0.175
0.175
0.155
0.155
0.150
0.145
0.135
0.130
0.130
0.135
2.9
405.15
0.110
3.0
3.5
406.40
411.80
0.125
0.108
4.0
416.70
0.098
4.5
5.0
421.00
425.00
0.086
0.080
5.5
428.65
0.073
6.0
6.5
432.06
435.20
0.068
0.063
7.0
438.25
0.061
7.5
8.0
8.5
441.05
443.80
446.25
0.056
0.055
0.049
9.0
448.75
0.050
9.5
451.10
0.047
10.0
452.90
0.036
m
Specific Volume , Vg ( kg
1.1
1.2
1.428
1.3
1.325
1.4
1.236
1.5
1.259
1.6
1.091
1.7
1.031
1.8
0.997
1.9
0.929
2.0
0.885
2.1
0.848
2.2
0.810
2.3
0.778
2.4
0.746
2.5
0.720
2.6
0.693
2.7
0.670
2.8
0.646
2.9
0.626
3.0
0.606
3.5
0.524
4.0
0.462
4.5
0.414
5.0
0.375
5.5
0.342
6.0
0.315
6.5
0.292
7.0
0.273
7.5
0.255
8.0
0.240
8.5
0.227
9.0
0.215
9.5
0.204
10.0
0.194
kJ
kg )
h fg
1.1
1.2
2244.08
1.3
2237.79
1.4
2231.86
1.5
2226.23
1.6
2220.87
1.7
2215.75
1.8
2210.84
1.9
2206.13
2.0
2201.59
2.1
2197.29
2.2
2192.98
2.3
2188.95
2.4
2184.91
2.5
2181.11
2.6
2177.30
2.7
2173.69
2.8
2170.08
2.9
2166.65
3.0
2163.22
3.5
2147.35
4.0
2132.95
4.5
2119.71
5.0
2107.42
5.5
2095.90
6.0
2085.03
6.5
2074.73
7.0
2064.92
7.5
2055.53
8.0
2046.53
8.5
2037.86
9.0
2029.49
9.5
2021.40
10.0
2013.56
Note that T is in K , Vg in
m3
kg
T vg
h fg
and
h fg
376.55 x 1.428
2244.08
kJ
in kg
= 0.2396
Pressure, P
( bar )
Absolute
Temperature
Average,
T avg ( K )
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
374.75
376.55
379.05
381.25
383.4
385.45
387.45
389.20
390.95
392.70
394.25
395.80
397.30
398.75
400.10
401.40
402.70
404.05
405.15
406.40
Specific
Volume , Vg (
m3
kg
1.428
1.325
1.236
1.259
1.091
1.031
0.997
0.929
0.885
0.848
0.810
0.778
0.746
0.720
0.693
0.670
0.646
0.626
0.606
Latent heat
Vapourization,
h fg
kJ
( kg )
2244.08
2237.79
2231.86
2226.23
2220.87
2215.75
2210.84
2206.13
2201.59
2197.29
2192.98
2188.95
2184.91
2181.11
2177.30
2173.69
2170.08
2166.65
2163.22
Calculated
Slope,
(
T vg
)
hfg
0.2396
0.2244
0.2111
0.2168
0.1894
0.1803
0.1755
0.1646
0.1579
0.1522
0.1462
0.1414
0.1361
0.1321
0.1278
0.1241
0.1203
0.1171
0.1138
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
411.80
416.70
421.00
425.00
428.65
432.06
435.20
438.25
0.524
0.462
0.414
0.375
0.342
0.315
0.292
0.273
2147.35
2132.95
2119.71
2107.42
2095.90
2085.03
2074.73
2064.92
0.1005
0.0903
0.0822
0.0756
0.0699
0.0653
0.0613
0.0579
7.5
441.05
0.255
2055.53
0.0547
8.0
443.80
0.240
2046.53
0.0520
8.5
446.25
0.227
2037.86
0.0497
9.0
448.75
0.215
2029.49
0.0475
9.5
451.10
0.204
2021.40
0.0455
10.0
452.90
0.194
2013.56
0.0436
Error Calculation
Error % =
0.22440.25
0.2244
| x 100
= 11.41%
0.21110.22
0.2111
| x 100
= 4.21%
0.21640.22
0.2164
| x 100
= 1.66%
DISCUSSIONS
In the experiment, the pressure and temperature obtains are tabulated. The reading of
increase and decrease in temperature are being calculated to find temperature at average.
Average temperature at first reading is 101.75 C and increase until 179.90 C with 34
readings. There is only a small difference between the value for pressure and temperature.
During a phase-change process, pressure and temperature are dependent properties and there
is a definite relation between them. A graph of T versus P is called a liquid-vapour saturation
curve. Based on the graphs, the curve of pressure and temperature of saturated steam in
equilibrium are directly proportional as the temperature increases with pressure. Thus, it
shows that a substance at higher pressure boils at higher temperature. The graph of
absolute pressure against dT/dP (measured slope) was slightly deviate compared to absolute
pressure against Tvg/hfg (calculated slope). Theoretically, the values measured should
be almost the same with the predicted values. However, at certain points, the values are not
the same. This happen maybe because of a few errors when conducting the experiment.
Sources of error are measurements or reading accuracy, room temperature and pressure, the
stability of materials and also the calculations where the decimal places were not being
constant when calculating every data. The percentage of error obtained is ranged from 0% to
40% because there is a small difference between the actual and ideal values that we get.
During the experiment, it is very important to remove the air first from the boiler as this
could affect the accuracy of the experimental results especially the pressure readings. When
there was air trapped inside the boiler, the correct equilibrium measurements between the
steam and boiling water will not be obtained. Due to the partial pressure of air, a lower water
temperature will be required to raise the pressure. Distilled water is used in this experiment
because it prevents corrosion in the vessel and impurities in other water increase the boiling
CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 19
point. When the liquid absorbs enough heat energy, it will change to vapour form. It takes a
large amount of energy to vaporize a liquid. The amount of energy absorbed during
vaporization is called the latent heat of vaporization and is equivalent to the energy released
during condensation. The magnitudes of the latent heats depend on the temperature or
pressure at which the phase change occurs. At 1.2 absolute pressure and 103.55 C, the latent
heat of vaporization is 2244.08 kJ / kg. At 10.0 absolute pressure and 179.90 C, the latent
heat of vaporization is 2013.56 kJ / kg. This shows that the latent heat of vaporization
decreases as the temperature and pressure increases. As the steam is not allowed to exit, it
will cause an increase in pressure and thus causing the temperature to increase. Saturated
steam can however, be increased in temperature without further increasing pressure and
become 'Superheated steam'. Applications of Marcet Boiler include water boiler, gasifier
system, power plant and cooking utilities.
REFERENCES
i) Skoog, West, Holler & Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8 th Ed,
Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004.
ii) Chemical Engineering Laboratory Manual (CHE 465); Marcet Boiler Experiment,
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UiTM Shah Alam., 2014
iii) Cengel, Y.A., and Boles, M. A., Thermodynamics (An Engineering Approach), Seventh
Ed. in SI Units, McGrawHill
iv) Marcet Boiler Experiment, http://www.scribd.com/doc/93324504/Marcet-Boiler,
accessed on 8th May 2014.
v) Lab 3 Marcet Boiler, http://www.studymode.com/essays/Lab-3-Marcet-Boiler1855756.html, accessed on 10th May 2014.
vi) Marcet Boiler, http://www.slideshare.net/ShwanSarwan/marcet-boiler, accessed on 10th
May 2014.