6-Bms & Hvac Systems

Ibrahim kshanh www.
ibra
him.kshanh.name
WWW.Ikshanh.jeeran.COM
Evolution o
With
BMS
HVAC SYSTEMS
Name of Presenter : Ibrahim Elsayed Kshanh

kshanh www.ibra Specialist
TitleIbrahim
: Maintenance
him.kshanh.name
Contents
Introduction To BMS-1
- BMS Def.
- BMS Objectives
HVAC Systems-2
3-HVAC Automation
- HVAC Control
- DDC Control
- Building Automation & BMS (Supervisory Controls)
Control Theory (DDC Algorithm)-Control Concept

-Modes of Control
4-HVAC Instrumentation
-Control Valves & Valve Authority Concept
Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

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Building
Management
System
Fire
Access
Others
HVAC
Security

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Objective of BMS
BMS Central Management
Energy Management Techniques
Maintenance Reports
Automatic Alarm Reporting
Long Term Trend data storage

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BMS
and HVAC
Systems
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Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning System

HVAC
Self Contained
Central Systems
Unitary Units
Ex: AC split units .VRV,[Space Thermostat]
Central Supply Subsystem-
Or Electronic Control
End Use Zone SubsystemsCombination Ex: : Chiller or Boiler & AHU,FCU-
Used when the first cost is more important

than the operating cost
Central AHU & VAV

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HVAC Control
HVAC:
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning System
Comfort Condition
Temperature (T): 2025 C
Relative Humidity (RH) : 20% -- 60%
Pressure (P) : Slightly Positive
Ventilation : Air Quality
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HVAC Control
Chilled & Condensed Water System

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AHU Control
An air handling unit (AHU)
air flow is from the right to left in this case

Some AHU components shown are:
1-Supply duct
2-Fan compartment
3-Vibration isolator
4-cooling coil

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5-Filter compartment
6-Mixing box air duct
AHU Control
Exhaust air
AO
Return air
M
AO
E
CO2
Supply air
AO
AO
MCC
DDC
Panel
Control
Panel
DI
DI
AI
DI
AI

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M
DO
Chilled water system control

Primary .Ch.W .
Pumps
L
Main Return
Header
2-Way
Loads
Chille
r
DP
Secondary
Pumps
Ch.W.
Main Supply
Header
Chille
r
VFD
Controller
PID Loop
Chilled Water System Pressure

Control

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DDC Control
Digital Microprocessor Based

Controllers
Electronic, Microprocessor
Based
With Free programmable SW

Package
Implementation of Energy
Management techniques
Open Protocols
Strong Alarm, Trends

Capabilities
Web Based
More accurate than pneumatic type

Flexibility
(sp, schedule ,override)
Energy cost saving

Promotes Integration
Facilitates Diagnostic and trouble
shooting
Provide Remote Access

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Building Automation &

BMS (Supervisory Controls)
Management level Network
Supervisory
Control
Field level Network
LCP/DDC
LCP/DDC
LCP/DDC
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LCP/DDC
Control Theory

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Control Concept
:The aim of The control is
To keep certain variable (Controlled
Variable) within a desired value (set point)
using certain calculations or programming
instructions (Algorithm) that results in a
corrective action (Control Signal) that
affects the controlled variable directly or
through another controlled variable
(Automatic Control) in order to achieve a
full system balance and overall desired
performance
To Maintain System
Stability
Ibrahim kshanh
www.ibra
him.kshanh.name
Implemented Control Loops

Set point
Closed loop Control
Feed back
Controller
)Algorithm(
Corrective
signal
Final Control
Element
Manipulated
variable
Process
)Final Control Element(
Sensing
Element
Controlled
variable

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External
Disturbance
1-Two-Position Control
On/Off Control
Control Signal
for T Tmin
Zero
for T T max
Zone
.Temp
Over
shoot
Off Value 22
Differential
2 -/+
Heating On/OFF
:Control
Set Pont:20
On Value 18
Under
shoot
Tim
e
:Disadvantages
-Control
Overshooting
-Results in Cycling
Process
Control
Signal

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Of
On
Cycle
Duty
Cycle
Tim
e
2-Time Proportioning Two-Position Control

Process Error
Signal
Controller
Analog Controller
Output
Signal
Converter
mA 20 --4
Contr
ol
Signa
l
Proportional
Band
Proportional Band
40 -/+
Over
shoot
540
Set Point:500
460
Under
shoot
Two Position Pulses with duty

cycle
100%--0%
T 460
Cycle
On
On
T =480
Of
T =500
460
540
T =520
ON
Of
T540
Reducing the Average

Power
being
-1
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kshanh
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supplied
to a Heater
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Of
Tim
2-Eleminates Cycling
3-Minimizing Offset
:Application
Heating Current Valve
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3-Floating /Three Position Control

: Example
Static Pressure
Control
Static
Pressure
Dead
band
Set point
Inlet
Van
Damper
Actuator
Damper
Common
DO1(ON)
Controller
DO2(OFF)
position
remain
remain
DO1/2
close
open
open
remain
Time
Time
Pulse Duration
Fully
Closed
Damper Position is Linear and

proportional to the On/Off Pulse Durations
Fully Open

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4-Proportional Control (P)

From
Process
Error
Signal
Controller
Kp
Control
Signal
AO
4 20
mA
Control
Point
T
Set Point
T
Control Signal = K p*M+

Error
Control
Output
Continuou
s
K p :Controller Gain
M : Bias or Manual
Reset
010
Vdc
To Process
Manipulated
Variable
GPM
Error
Linear Relation
Ibrahim
kshanh www.ibra
him.kshanh.name
0%
Cooling
Coil
Valve
Cooling
K
p
Time
50%
100%
Set Point
Proportional Control (P)

Actuator
Position
Cooling
100%
50%
0%
T1
Control
Point T
Set Point
T2
Throttling
Range
Set
poin
t
Offset

him.kshanh.name
Time
Control
Point T
5-Integral Control (PI)

Control Signal = K p* Error +
Automatic
Reset
KI
Eliminates
offset
e. dt
K I :Integral/Reset Gain
Actuator
Position
Cooling
100%
L1
Multiple Final
Control Element
Position for each
controlled variable
value
L2
L3
50%
0%
SP
1
SP
2
SP
3
Control
Point (F)
The actuator final position depends on:

Proportional Band (depends on actual
load)
Deviation signal Amplitude (E) and
duration (dt)
him.kshanh.name
Throttling
Ranges
Control
Variable
T
Offset
Time
Fast Response
Zero st.st Error
Excessive overshoot or integral windup
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.
M
gpm
Controller
P
Controlled Variable
Compensation Sensor
AHU Control
P Temp. Control Loop

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6-Derivative Control (PID)

Control Signal = K p* e+
de/dt
KI
e. dt +Kd
Kd: Derivative Gain
Control
Variable
T
Offset
Time
Oscillation damping
Noise Sensitive
him.kshanh.name
HVAC Instrumentation

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HVAC Control Valves

Control valves in HVAC are motorized valves
commanded by BMS control signal , used to
regulate the flow of the operating fluid that
affects certain HVAC parameter
Controller
AHU
Control
him.kshanh.name
best controllability is achieved by keeping

Controllability The
Linear relationship between the Control output
(which considered as the valve stroke ) and the
output cooling
Output Energy
BTU 100%
50%
0%
4mA
50%
100%
Valve Opening
20mA
Control
Signal
The controllability curve depends upon two c/cs,the valve flow c/cs &
Ibrahim
kshanh
the cooling
coilwww.ibra
flow c/cs
him.kshanh.name
Typical Coil Characteristics:

%O/P Energy
BTU
.At Const
.Water Temp
.Air Temp
.Coil Surface Area
100%
%Flow
gpm

him.kshanh.name
Valves Flow Characteristics:

%Flow
100%
Quick Opening
Theoretical /Inherent c/cs

Assuming Const.P with flow
Linear Relationship
Equal Percentage
100%
%Valve Stroke
him.kshanh.name
Combined Valve & Coil Characteristics:

Cooli
10
%ng
0
%
%Flow
100
%
Coil
Equal Percentage curve

Valve
10
0
%
%Cooling
100
%
Valve
%Stroke
Flow
%
Coil Curve
Best Controllability
Valve Curve
Ibrahim kshanh
www.ibra
Valve
Stroke
him.kshanh.name
Equal Percentage valve Inherent C/Cs

%Flow
100%
]1)-X/T[ (
Q = Qmax R
Theoretical /Inherent c/cs

Assuming Const.P with flow
Q: Flow Rate (gpm)

X: Valve Position (in.)
T: Max Valve travel (in.)
100%
%Valve Stroke
R: Valve Rangiability
Max Flow / Min Controllable Flow

him.kshanh.name
Equal Percentage Installed C/Cs

M
Pc
Pv
Total Pump Head

:Curve deviation due to
As valve closes Pv increases-1
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Pump Flow C/Cs

Pump
Head
100%
Pump
System Curve
100%
%Flow
As valve closes, More Pump Head will be appeared across the valve-2
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To minimize the variation in the valve pressure drop (Pv)

Size the valve for initial pressure drop (P v100% ) as close as
possible to the close off pressure drop (P v 0% ) which is equal to
the Total Pump Head
Larger Required Initial Pump Head
More Excessive Pump Energy Cost

Unpractical solution&

him.kshanh.name
Valve Authority Concept
Open Valve Pressure Drop (P v100% )
Pc
=N
Pv
Closed Valve Pressure Drop (P v 0% )
.Total P.H
P v100%
=N
P v100% + Pc100%
P.H.= P v100% + Pc100%

Open
=N
)P v100%(
: P v 100% = P.H.
Close Off : P v 0% = P.H.
) Pv100%( 2
- Pc 100%
-
P v 100% Pc 100%
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kshanh www.ibra
N=0.5
him.kshanh.name
%Flow
100%
N=1%
N=10%
N=5%
N=33%
N=50%
100%
%Valve Stroke
Authority and Valve flow curve deviation
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Valve Sizing and valve Authority

=
Kv
Pv
Kv: Valve ability to pass the flow
Q : Flow (M 3/hr)
Pv: Initial Pressure drop across the valve (bar)
Assumed to be equals to Pc
i.e. N=0.5
Kv Selection
Higher Kv
Lower Kv
Pv Pc
Pv Pc
N: from 0.3 to 0.5
N: from 0.5 to 0.7
From The Control Point ofIbrahim
View kshanh www.ibra
From The Energy Point of View
him.kshanh.name

( )

Thank You
http://www.ibrahim.kshanh.name
Ibrahim Elsayed Kshanh

him.kshanh.name

6-Bms &amp; Hvac Systems

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Formate disponibile

Ibrahim kshanh www.

Name of Presenter : Ibrahim Elsayed Kshanh

Control Theory (DDC Algorithm)-Control Concept

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning System

Central Supply Subsystem-

End Use Zone SubsystemsCombination Ex: : Chiller or Boiler & AHU,FCU-

Used when the first cost is more important

Central AHU & VAV

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

Chilled & Condensed Water System

An air handling unit (AHU)

air flow is from the right to left in this case

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

Chilled water system control

Chilled Water System Pressure

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

Digital Microprocessor Based

With Free programmable SW

Strong Alarm, Trends

More accurate than pneumatic type

Energy cost saving

Provide Remote Access

Building Automation &

Management level Network

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

Implemented Control Loops

Closed loop Control

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

2-Time Proportioning Two-Position Control

Two Position Pulses with duty

Reducing the Average

3-Floating /Three Position Control

Damper Position is Linear and

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

4-Proportional Control (P)

Control Signal = K p*M+

Proportional Control (P)

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

5-Integral Control (PI)

The actuator final position depends on:

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

6-Derivative Control (PID)

Kd: Derivative Gain

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

HVAC Control Valves

best controllability is achieved by keeping

Typical Coil Characteristics:

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

Valves Flow Characteristics:

Theoretical /Inherent c/cs

Combined Valve & Coil Characteristics:

Equal Percentage curve

Equal Percentage valve Inherent C/Cs

Theoretical /Inherent c/cs

Q: Flow Rate (gpm)

Ibrahim kshanh www.ibra

Equal Percentage Installed C/Cs

Total Pump Head

6-Bms & Hvac Systems

6-Bms & Hvac Systems