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-Gut: both entry route and the target tissue. Replicate + Remain + Induce
symptoms in the gut.
-Rapid spread via feacal-oral route due to lack of hygiene.
-the third most common killer disease is the gastroenteritis associated diarrhoea
disease. 200 million people suffering from diarhoea
-Gastroenteritis viruses: rotaviruses, astroviruses, adenoviruses, caliciviruses
(norovirus + sapovirus)
-Detection and Diagnosis: gold standard is culturing but most enteric viruses
grow poorly in culture.The main are: electron microscopy, PCR, ELISA
Electron microscopy: rapid and catch-all method.
BUT low sensitivity,
expensive,
trained operator required,
clear and distinctive virus morphology required,
good sample preservation required.
PCR and ELISA: Cheap, convenient and rapid
Must know what virus to search for.
Can only detect characterized virus
Requires antisera for ELISA
Sequence knowledge for PCR
Food Safety: Enteric viruses infect at very low doses.
Rarely detecable levels in food
Routine food screening not possible
ROTAVIRUSES
-Infant diarrhoea
-Occur in places having water supply
problems.
-Transmission via feacal-oral route
-From asymptomatic health care staff to
infants
-Chronic infection in immunedeficient
people
processed by 3Cpro
Noroviruses:
ASTROVIRUSES
-star like distinct morphology
-outbreaks of diarrhoea in children (vomitting is not dominant feature)
-peak incidence in winter
-8 serotypes in human astrovirus. type 1: the most common (7%), type 4; second
most common. Exposure of adults to type 4 is via sea-water. Type 6: foodborne
outbreaks
-50%seropositivity by the age 7, 75% by age 10
-Diagnosis: ELISA
-generally short-mild lived diarrhoea
ADENOVIRUSES
-Large DNA virus
-Found universally in water
-Used to monitor feacal contaminations