A

DICTIONARY

JAPANESE
PARTICLES

OF

To

my

students

PREFACE

Previously

published

Distributed

in
New

Avenue,

Copyright
rights
edition,

ISBN

00

1999

reserved.
01

by

Ltd.,
Ltd.,
America,

by

Sue

Printed

in

Japan

1999
02

4-7700-2352-9

1098765432

17-14

Inc.

Kawashima

A.

95

Japan

Kodansha
in

and

10022,

Europe
Kodansha

All

First

N.Y.

Jovanovich

Brace

States

International
and

112-8652,

99

York

Kodansha

by

Harcourt

United

Kodansha

by

Europe

by
the

America,

the

Aldwych,
Otowa

United

Particles

as

Inc.,
and

Kingdom
London

l-chome,

Plus.
575

WC2B

continental

4JF.

Bunkyo-ku,

Lexington
Published

Tokyo

CONTENTS

(KEREDO,KEDO,KEDOMO)
(jc!: :.',
((jt t!: ,

KEREDOMO

(jt c!: :.'=t)

 

KI RI

KOSO

 -t-

K OTO

 

73
75
77

......................................

< bl,'('bl,')
* 

MADE-NI

=t).

MO

88

89

91

98

"(?(=t)fu-

"(?)

(C.P.)

=t)O')n'(=t)fun')

99

............

100

..................

(MON-NARA)

b (=t)fu-1J.

=t)O')tJ.

b)

101

...........

=t)0)0'). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

102

=t)0')-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MONO-O

(N AA)
(NAN

1J. (1J. 05 )

NAGARA

....

(NEE)

NI

I;:

fu-

NE

tJ. 

R I

N-DE

NI-OI-TE

(;: -d3l,

NI-SHITE

(;: -u

0) ( Iv)

...

........

.....

.....

...

I 05

108
110

..

II

........................

9" (C.P.)

b-

136

138

..........................

118

137

...........

140

.............................

113

116

112

115

(C.P.)

(;: -uL-fct(C.P.)
.

(C.P.)

...

(C.P.)

NI-SHITE-WA

(N)

,- L

(;: -=t)-n'n'v

(;: -UL-=t)
(;: L

..............................

NI-SHITE-MO

N ITE

n' )

W ARA-ZU

NI-MO-KAKA

................................

(C. P.)

(;: -=t)

N I-MO

;f'J (;f'JX)
.

(C.P.)

(C.P.)

"(?

..

1J.nb-=t)

NAGARA-MO

tJ.fu

103
.

tJ. t!: (tJ.fu

KA)
1J.n

NANTE

83

...........................

=t)0')-

MONONO

NO

....................................

MONONARA

NA

.............................

MONO-DE(MON-DE)
MONOKA(MONKA)

NADO

(C.P.)
(C.P.)

"(?-(;:

=t)0')

MONO

81

.............................

*"(?-=t)

MADE-MO

79

.....................

< t -(;: (C.P.)

KUSE-NI
MADE

70

....................

......................................

KURAI(GURAI)

N A

(jc!: :.'=t))

.......................................

.......................

140

.......................

141

142

143

NO-DA(N-DA)

NO-DAROO(N-DAROO)
NODE(N-DE)

(fu-t-: -35)

162

(C.P.)

, (?05Q

(N-DESHOO)
(N-DESU)

NO-DESU

160

................................

0').

NO-DESHOO

(C.P.)

159

........

..........................

"(?(C.P.)

0')ARU

158

....................

0)-t-: -35

O')"(?(fu-)

NO-DE
NO-DE

163

........................

"9)

(fu-

"(?"9

0')-

(fu(CoP.)

"(? u J: 5

0')-

"(? u

5)

J:

(c.P.)

164

...

164

..............

0)(Jj. . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NOMI
N ON

0) (;:

(WO)


<!'

SA

<!' X

SAE

U'

SH

SH

I KA

TARA

t: . b

TE
TEBA

LId:.

TEMO

(DEMO)

TE

-N

TE

W A
.

169

I 77

170

179
180
I 82

183

=t) ("(?=t)

( C. P.)
let (C. P.)
.

167

185

-l,

TOKORODE

I 86

 -l,

TOKORO

......................................

TO-ITIA

 n'

......................................

TO-ITIE
A-ZU

....................................

 -l, 'l,

KA

( C. P.)
,t: .(CoP.)

-:>

I 89

190

195

198

196
.

198

200
210

210
211

...........................

188

..........................

....

....................

211
212
2 I 3

......................................

  -3

(C.P.)
.

(C..P.)
 -l, 'V9" (CoP.)
,

...........................

-Id:

 -l, 'X

TO-IW

TO-IE-SA
TO-II

TO

-:>
.

L -;f'J

t: .
.

t: . 
L

166

................................

u =t)

T A TIE

"9 b
I

SURA

TAR

un'

SHIMO

TO

(C.P.)

0)-(;:

NO-NI

(C.P.)

O')-t-: (fu-t-: )

215

.................................

  -3 "(?

..............................

215

-3-"(C.P.)

TOKORO-E

  -3-

TOKORO-O

..............................

216

..............................

217

 =t). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TOMO

(C.P.)
 -=t)-05tt

-=t)

TO-MO
TO-MO-ARE

TO-SHITE-MO
TO-SHITE-WA
TO-W

u-

-l,

TO-YUU

'5

-:>

fc;J:.

At>.


 l,'

Y A I

223
224

227

'5-0')-(et(=t)

229

(C.P.)

230

...........

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

239

241

'1J.-(C.P.)

247

........................

248

......................................

cJ:: 

YORI
ZE

ZO

Z UTS

251

253

......................................

9"

-::>

232
235

cJ::. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

YO

246

-l,
 b

225

226

.......................................

YA-INA-YA
Y A RA

.......................

.......................

...............

220

..

..........................

...............

.......

222

-l,'5-(CoP.)

TIE

.....

.............................

TO-YUU-NO-WA(MO)

W A

..

..........................

-l,

TO-YUU-TO

........

...

'X(C.P.)
(CoP.)
-l,'5--(et(CoP.)

TO-YUU-KOTO-WA

Y A

220

(CoP.)

-(et-l,

TO-WA-IE

218

..............................

(C.P.)
-UL-=t)(C.P.)
-UL-(et(C.P.)
let (C. P.)


1- TE

TO-SH

216

..........................

  -3 1J

TOKOROGA

257

258

259

INTRODUCTION

This

(and)o

tion

2)

However,
no

haha

resutoran

de

yuushoku

eight

are

You

jections

with

English

but

When

you

course,

there

("apple")

ni

issho

tookyoo

no

then,

by

points:

two

and

that

be

cannot

Japanese

inter-

translated

into

sentenceo

particleso
learn

to

Japanese,

this

to

time

every

the

into

get

see

you

of

habit

Of

nouno

rule:

placed

before

directly

(desu,

copula

da,

of

that

"Please

kore

particles

quantity,

ringo

wa

desu.

before

give

nouno

extent,

though

even

("three")

mit-tsu
a

any

express

particles,

Example:

appleo"

an

"desu,"

even

numbers

are

though

nngo

nouno

by

that

is:

conjunctions

in

not

is

absence
is

fol owed

Japanese

conjunc-

one

etco)o

Words

considered

normally

"This
the

Note

are

into

Note,

particles

particle

exceptions

and

prepositions,

functions

starting

are

with)

to

exampleo

are

appropriate

datta,

tomodachi

English

vital

just

translated

above

fol owed

the

Example:

B)

have

in,

tabe-mashitao"

there

stil

(at,

wa

the

in

particles;

Particles

Note

chichi

replace

are

for

deshita,

sentence

usually

looking

A)

same

to

simply

are

prepositions

particles

cannot

Nouns

three

the

"Watashi

There
I

contains

example

they

three

me

is

or

of
not

fol owed

are

considered

thoseo"

by

not

usually

nounso

sore

particle,

mit-tsu

kudasai.

though

it

is

and

adverbs

is

really

matter

of

memorizationo

watashi

Iwal

original

English

sakana

sentence)

taberuo

"I

eat

fish"

(the

meaning

of

the

watashi

things)o"

Iwal

sakana

Imol

taberuo

"I

eat

fish

also

(as

well

as

other

ateo

Since

their

usages

can

use

this
and
it

as

contains

book

most

examples,
reference

even

tool.

particles
intermediate-

in

the

Japanese

and

advanced-level

with

language
students

(5)

Some

sample

advanced,

but

they
(6)

are

All

easy

Kanji

contain

sentences

of

most
to

the

sample

understand,

(Chinese

even

characters)

rely

sentences

for
are

that

compounds

some

on

basic

vocabulary

slightly
so

studentso

beginning-level
accompanied

are

by

furigana

(phonetic

that

ri

ra

-7

wab

ntt-

;. -

gab'"

-/1'

gL..

\.

.

gu

za_

.3s..,

"if

zi

L'

:/

zu-r

da

t:.:

7

ji

f'

zu

baLf

J\

bil

t"

bu};'

paLf

J

pi if

to

pu

kya

-'(>

tJ'

')

ru



kyu

Iv

<

-j'

;
t1>

retL

ro

t.>

(wo)

go

.:

:l

'A"

ze-tf



z 0

-t-

'J

'/

de

do

7

be

bot.r

;j{

7'

pe

"'"'

potr

"'(

.:z.

kyo

3

j:

-'(>



shu

t1>

.:z.

sho

j:

3

cha

t?

-'(>

7-

chu

t?

t1>

7-.:z.

cho

t?

j:

7-3

nya

t:

-'(>

.: .

t:

t1>

': '.:z.

nyot:

j:

"::'3

hya

V'

-'(>

t

hyu

V'

t1>

t.:z.

hyo

j:

t3

:. :z.

myo.7-J.

rya

-'(>

t:

-'(>

:.

')

ryu

:/

-'(>

bya

U'

-'(>

t"

pya

if

-'(>

tO

ju


yu.7-J.

t1>


t:

t1>

t1>

'

=]

ge'f

mya.7-J.

7

sha

yu

.:z.

ryo

:/.:z.

jo t:

V'

j:

j:

:.

')

:/3

j:

byu

U'

t1>

1:".:z.

byo

U'

j:

1:"3

pyu

if

t1>

t.:z.

pyo

if

j:

t03

(b)

Two

vowels

identical

separated

that
in

hyphens,

by

placed

are

order

right

each

to

confusion

avoid

to

next

with

other

the

are

vowel

long

soundo
ki

Example:

(yesterday)

noo

(c)

Some
or

words
the

divided

are

these

identify

by

elements

Examples:

the

 .1-tr,t,o.oooooooari-masen

1"

word,

and

(to
(a

cl:f 1""

(to

(a

Example:

 oooo.ooo..ooshite-iru

l'

""

t:

Me.1

,.o.ooooo..ooyoma-nai

0.. 0.

is

easier

to

tabe-tai

set

off

(to

remenber)

want

eat)

to
not

considered

are

by

dictionary)

doing)

(do
"go"

study)

woman)

(be
0

and
not

are

gohan

"0"

prefixes

oree

it

not)

walking

'omoi-dasu

0.0. .

,.

therefore

that

is/are

.ooo.o.o. o.benkyoo-suru

I.o. .o. .o. iki-jibiki

L ""(

honorific

syllables,

separate

so

(there

-k0o..o. o. .o. .o. .o.on-na

The

word,

"0")

visuallyo

j:.

(d)

particle
the

indicate

to

compose

I

another

hyphens

that

units,

separate

"mono"

(particle

monQ-Q

read)
as

hypheno

(appreciation)

omatsuri

(festival)

(meal)

gochisoo

(delicacies)

being

part

of

the

List

of

Abbreviations

SA

let

 Lf,

"

indicates

the

topic

which

is

to

be

discussed

in

the

phrase

or

clause

In

looking

popularity

at

has

the

public
fal en

opinion
quite

polls,
a

bito

it

seems

that

the

politician's

J:

B)

A-\

.:r.Jf.

It\f.I\<

 iL
de

Yosan-nai

(I)

<.f<

Hito

to

One

has

'(

!;';l

keekaku

devise

must

vt,

C)

'k

J*] ('t@

plans

within

i-:;  ,t

kL

ib

*
no

to

t.i 

yakusoku
keep

Ibal

tatene

ph.

the

!;';l

:


wa

promises

i-:; 

ph.
one

naranai.

budgeto
i-:; '

Ibal

mamoranakere
makes

to

otherso

naranai.

ni

modotte-kuru

kara

da.

A)

 .: .

Sono
deshita.

.:z.

nyuusu

'(,

kiite,

{t

j:?  j:?  T

U: t.: t.:

kare

wa

tada

;
v.

I Lf
oro-oro-suru

h

I '(

L t.:

I bakari

English

approximation:
fJ\tI.

A)

"approximately"
I:

fJt 'l

;t

-=-

Kare

wa

He

is

big

t{t

The

C)

total
t

L 'l

Watashi
I wil

2)

Following

fJ>

8
wa

be
a

1 'l'
n.

+::?

'C'.n.

the
h

I

away

for

verb,

shows

about
that

to

I h

t

h'"':)

gojuu-man

n.

came

tal o

ers

h

desu.

about

en

five

I bakari

I kakatta

hundred

thousand

yeno

L .1 T

 t:

I bakari

tooka

1 'l'

oo-otoko

aru

met

wo

mo

de

trip
g

P3

zenbu

wa

of

cost

 'C'T

-*

I
t

t:1tI1*1v.t1v

hivoo

t

JtJ ;

about

at

-tlIvJ:

no

t.:



It

I bakari

1t m 'l :g

Rvokoo

man,

J:1

!}

1 'l'

) v

ni-meetoru

n.

f) .1:.: 1

B)

rusu

ten

dayso

the

action

ni

is/was

shi-masu.

about

to

be

carried

outo

Watashi
mashita.

wa

v.

naratta

I bakari

no

nihon-go

tsukatte

mi-

There

B)

t:

L Li,

Watashi

*-!

also

but

I '(

tesage

tegoro

da.

this

! bakari

study

to

only

not

h'

de

Japane

\

dezain

wa,

bag,

A..@,I:?

t 

tV !

<,

L t:

Chuugoku-go

naku,

mo

j-"-+f

Kono

girlso

many
i:>191?<

-t-'fLi,

for

I Lf

Nihon-go

n.

like
-c

As

itai

kyoo-sh

I would
.:

IA..

wa,

ben

C)

boys

only

not

were

not

anly

is

I Lfh

ga

adjl

its

design

se

I '(

! bakari

but

also

<

I
nice,

Chineseo
G

-c

t -t-.: '

1ii

de

but

t!A.

nedan

naku,

the

 t.:

price

is

mo

reason-

2)

Indicates

English

limit.

approximation:

"only"
!}

A)

JtJ 

\

,j:

Ano

-;

t:

is

person

naru

If

3)

ni

I

n.

only

'.r;QL

amai

ph.

h., '(

all

liquor

I nonde-iru.

day.

t:.

If

trt.,

 ,",'(\;

I bakashi

mono

I bakashi

osake

n.

rinking

ih.,t:1t\t
Son-na

(/)

I 'j:;Q

ichi-nichi-juu

wa,

"it

B)

 It

oj

It

t:p j:-; 5

hito

That

-; I:

tjt:;lo

I tabete-iru

to,

mushiba

get

cavitieso

ni

yo.

(you)

Shows

keep

that

it

eating
has

only

only

sweets

been

like
short

that,
while

(you)'l
after

action

an

has

been

completedo
English

"just"

approximation:
A)

IA-

*'

T.A

r ;Q: JtJ

t:.

I ,.r;Q

I

?

t:,

;k'

j: 7

"7

:/

.A

 

T.A

"only"

approximation:

English

I>fJ>

A)

>if.

Akai

'J A., ': '

give

B)

Watashi

t:.

3.

L U:-

f)

A
wa

< t

-::>

I
t

'0

the

red

n.

apples

(/);:.

 7  kLt:.
hitori

c::):J

kudasai,

mit su

of

three

me
t

"just"

or

I dake

ringo

n.

Please

h?

I dake

I tori-nokosareta.

onlyo

C9

@

t.:T

ti:L*;

B)

v.


v.

Yareru

Let's
3.

In

English

the

ba
"the

approximation:
T

A)

T

The

ba

adj.

Jf-

The

the

0""

I dake

i desu.

better.
f)

IJto

ba

sure

faster

"

(something),

oj

< Th'.fT;

Hayaku

cano

'"'-Jtj:-'"'-Jt,t.

more

yasui

the

cheaper

l;i

B)

(we)

'thLf\\\'C'To
Yasukere

cano

YOo

as

dake

miyoo

..

as

'1 1

much

as

"..

pattern

yatte

do

to

try

much

'C 7?

"'?

'1

J:

age-mashoo.

as

you

I
Idakel

I t,

I tasukete

help

to

try

JtJ 'f.1

'C

I dake

Dekiru

I'l

C)

,t

111;

you

v.

do

I dake

suru

it,

the

more

yuuri
advantageous

da.
it

iso

DAKE-N

t (1-

(

Combination

particle

Since

I had

when

happy

very

that

thought

B)

I) '7

/'

Jt  ;).;' -*

;).;'

Harikeen

ni
the

t.:

"'?

t.:

"'?

wa

rate

of

ga

rebuilding

t t t:

.c 

me

I dake

ookikatta

adj.

miharu

caused

damages

to

him

see

again,

was

edly)o

expect

I t:.

able

i:.

J.-?': ?

IBJ 

t  . :  t:,

13

higai

no

tukkoo-buri

town's

 ;)

1;1

JL;t<?J

Since

(un




be

never

called

he
v.'bt\

I'd

by
was

mono

the

quite

ga

hurricane

something

ni

machi

sono

no

attao

extensive,

were

to

beholdo

that

scared

"subways

saying

me,
are

things

frighteningo"

like

"it's

dangerous

to

walk

alone"

and

Oosaka

de
da

onaji
It's

the

v.

kat

I tat e

de

ookyoo

v.

kat

I tat e

yo.
same

price,

whether

you

buy

it

in

Osaka

or

Tokyoo

nedan

wa

C)

.c h.t 

4.

the

at

do

A)

1(

t j: j:-; 

cl.

Boku

kashira.

t:

like

wa

okane

i-t

nanka

that.

tha

else

 -tt h.t 1
karite

(and

surprise

someone

said

 --c

expresses

something

I shitaku-nai.

'b'

 h.t;)

< 

I datte

"he/she
'b'G

IL

sentence,

quoting

11<

--c

something

of

approximation:

English

"'?

itsu

n.

to

end

after

disapproval)

I t:

wa,

want

never

Placed

tj:,

koto

Son-na
I

.:

sometimes

saido

has

0""

I t:"'?
i-masen

--c

b"t

 h

yo

I datte

t:

;)

L
Wasureta

no

'b t

A)

"?

.:

r-:: ;: l

A-

 l

*;fXL!JT

ldel

Gakkoo

(I)

study

at

benkyoo-suru.
school.

t!\'IJ<

C)

ht:.L'j:**8*!L--C\To
Watashi

wa

I'm

D)

n.

r-::;.:l

L. l

A-

l?

Idel

daigaku

Japanese

studying

at

Depaato

kai-mashita.

Idel

nihon-go

benkyoo-shite-i-masu.

collegeo

< t:

11 A-

t:

r-::;.:l

L. l

fJ.

Lt:.

*t.j{\

r*L--CI)'.

T/\n.

11A-

r-::;.:l :

shokuji

shite

kara,

n.

hon-ya

Idel

jisho

.:

B)

L.

ifKotoshi
zokuhatsu-shita

f.t

? h

"?

tj:;:fi -
no

r-::;.:l

it

t 

natsu

t *t;)\

wa

. < 1;1"?

t:.:

r-::;.:l

n.

umi

Mt

Idel

L t:.
mo

n.

yama

Idel

mo

jiko

ga

t. .: :':1:.

A)

1:t*

.:

shigoto

Can

L. '"

Moo

C)

:7t. 'l


-

-; t!

t,'

Hikari

wa

Light

travels

? i'

A-

is

re'

-;

r-:;: :l

L2J

n.

:t kJ*

ka?

  To

'"

in

coming
f.t f.t i

 . t= @1

earth

nari-masu

weekso

two

1;1 A-

 .=f. T

Idel
the

ni

natsu-yasumi

ichi-byookan
around

deki-masu

minutes?

Idel

vacation
rJ

Idel

twenty
t:

ni-shuukan

n.

I;

1"

I 1*-h.

L2J

Summer
iJ'

in

job
f.t?

r-:;: :l

 T

nijup-pun

n.

this

? iJ' A-

-1 .: .Y!re'

f}

wa

do

you
I':

I--C I il

time)"

?J.A-

'l.: .

Kono

B)

t;",

I;:

of

(amount

"in

approximation:

English

chikyuu
seven

nana-mawari-han

and

half

suru.

times

in

one

secondo

V.

t:

.:.?

L U: f i: 1T

r-::;.:l

/'

/'

t:

1T

>

"'( 1;'

..

Wd

r-::;.:l

'"

-1

/'

t:

1T

>

 

6.

Gives

English

the

of

price

somethingo

11 A,

A)

B)

I:

 (?) *'

Sono

hon

-=-

i. A,

-t

JI]
0

-1 !i

Hawai
How

-1t A,

much

r::;: l

wa

for

< 
n.

would

ni-sen

book
\

fJ\

n.

the

bought

/'\7

"for"

"at"

approximation:

\.1

L t:

en

Idel

yeno

. ,I)'?

Idel
it

kai-mashita.

thousand

two

8]1t t.1

ikura

cost

ike-masu
for

ka?
a

trip

to

Hawaii?

Sore
It's

C)

1-:7'

Bataa
Butter

wa

vessel

made

t;1

 )v

wa

n.

is

Idel

nendo

n.

made

of

1.'e I i

tsukutta

clayo
ry .1 To

Idel

miruku
from

milko

tsukuri-masu.

utsuwa

desu.

Boku

Today,

kyoo

wa

was

n.

absent

Idel

kaze
from

gakkoo
school

yasunda

due

to

coldo

f! Iv

A)

1.7' Iv

(?)1i

Mikan

B)

English

price
which

approximation:

party

wa

in

ry .1 -r


to

according

sense

sizeo

Idel

"(something)

size

the

to

for
of

benrisa

responsible
the

their

on

fJ' b

hirosa

changes

is/was

chigai-masu.

depending

n.

Idel

 r-:;: :l

1tJJ

land

rJ

Iv

.1 -r

ookisa

varies

-!I

nedan
of

it

n.

oranges
V


no

The

Shows

f! Iv

.:J:.:Jtk(?)1i'1
Tochi

13.

wa

of

price


 fJt

  r-:;: :l

nedan

no

The

 

'1 *-

an

kawari-masu.
locationo

and

actiono

is/was

done

by

(some-

n.

If

(we)

1 mi-otoshi

1demo

Chotto
miss

even

one

9a

thing,

there'l

atte

taihen

wa

be

grave

da.
consequenceso

ni

Kaeri

don't

Why
B)

n.

If

j:

I demo

Koko
it's

coffee

have

go

1:1 f.t

.:.:

we

I demo

koohii

n.

all

right

U-

t J1, Lf;.;

ni
or

ika-nai?

something

on

the

way

l,

.1 T 1;:0

I yokere

ba

talk

somewhere

to

nomi

ohanashi-shi-masu

ga.

like

here,

I wil .

home?

DOKORO

c:' L: 

B)

;t? 
n.

Oyu
ever

h-r

I '': "h
I dokoroka
mind

I 7](

Ir

I
hot

ili

;t

water,

mizu

sae

there's

de-nai.
not

even

cold

water.

ageru

. .t. tf

(to

lift)

by

the

particle

"no

"

"e

(7)";

then

be

cannot

replaced

Examples:
1;11;1

A)

t

Watashi

ht

purezento

U:
is

present

ry .1

okuri-mashita.

/'

purezento

-c

r 'eT

purezento

no

for

L to
0

present.

(7)

haha

wa

L t

<

haha

r:l

ry .1

r i!

mother

my

<

r  i!

present.

wa

1;11

This

haha

U:-li6/'v-c/

I sent

Kore

1;11;1

J1,

-c

mother

my

Watashi

.:

/'

wa

I sent

B)

J:>

r=l

L U: 

my

mother.

desu.

okuri-mashita.

by

"ni

t:o"

Mro

Kitano

D)

Jt!?1l

currently

de

backo

'C (i')



go-kai-date
of

Because

on

t.:"'t'{)C1)

p

C.E.

Jishin

the

is
1.I'\t!.

t:\.,A,

the

"\"

1.J'-1t
no

earthquake,

business

EJ


trip

i

t:

tatemono

the

Europeo

to

1.I,t.:fJ
0

ga

five-storied

n.

ushiro

building

[!]

katamuita.
leaned

toward

This

is

let er

to

the

teacher,

so

please

hand

it

to

(him/her)o

in

the

of

sense

between

dif erentiate
that

verbs
and

is/are/was/were

"there

both

living
"to

mean

for

"aru

iJ

"

is

A)

A I,;:I

\

(\1. ,)o

Igal

iru

n.

Hite

the

and

things
be

lat ero

(i-masu).

Note

0""

in

place."

that

in

non-living
"Iru

Japanese,

things


"

is

by
for

the

must

you

using
former

separate
group,

I want

to

B)

wa

She

wa

likes

{t*'i T*f
Kanojo

hanase-masu.

Englisho

lvfl<

Igal

eego

n.

speak

can

(1)t:

creamo

It. :

bt:L'i1-to
Watashi

C)

ice

eat
i.P

 '(-t
n.

musico

ongaku

Igal

suki

desu.

n.

The

Igal

Heya
room

atsui.
is

hot.

A)

tL,

t. :A-

I ga I

Sore
But

< j

'j:

it

'1 t d.> '(

t
wa

to.

moo

'(

t:

akiramete

.:

t:

t:o
ita-n

da.

crowded.

really

was

konde

monosugoku

nanto

t>1!>

Boku
nan

t 1"::

actually,

1<

B)

.:

h-

7:J 

.t:l,

ita.

Tokoro

Jt""'?

Igal

"'?

ne,

t:

t: .J:,

mitsukatta-n

da

yo,

As

for

that

B)

1" "C
11"
Sude
wa

t:

please

point,

td

IJ

Ef3 L J:.

f 1

L t:

Itp

.:

,

in

it

explain
(i')

t @J

detail.

more
'it\.: .,

<

;JX.:I

(i')

:k

fI

';1 ra'

it

b

'

(i')

 }

ni

machigai-nai

v.

Igal

mooshi-age-mashita
mono

to

omoi-masu.

kono

keekaku

no

seekoo

I\"

B)

*'7,
(Y ou)

6.

Indicates

tion

that

won't

wishful
is

the

opposite

"IJ

*1\,

Igal

Hashiroo

v.

I\"

be

on

Igal

hashiru-mai

v.

whether

time
in

thinking
of

rB't:*b'\t:'7o

the

current,

(you)

presenting

run

an

actual

mani-awa-nai
or

darooo
not.

desirable

imaginary,
situationo

Similar

situato

"noni

Moo

ichi-nichi

I'd

like

kyuuka
take

to

one

tori-tai-n

v.

of

day

more

vacation

C)

t: .

L U:,

.:

Watashi

8.

said

Placed

it

the

at

scornful y
A)

.:

(i')

Kono
You

liar!

would

be

of

end

'(

disapprovinglyo

""'?

5 
usotsuki-me

fine
a

and

n.

 I

kono-mama

wa,

I think

(i')

to

1 A-, '( -t

de

i to

leave

it

v.

the

Men's

I /.): I !
Igal

'

I /.) 'I

way

Igal

desu

omou-n

it

is

languageo

Not

.0

Modifies

exclamatoryo

sentence;

0"

b
\

Igal

desu

nouns,

translatable.

and

is

GA-NA(GA-NAA)

tJ- tel: (tJ-

tel:)

Combination

particle

way)o
"t'

B)

}

j:-;t:j:-;ry

Otera

ni

While

v.

was

I I;' '{

omairi-shi
out

worshiping

.t:;

I ;tX
I gatera

t:

J:

"t?t:-?"{

.{.,(?)1

I
at

the

ojisan
temple,

no

t: .o
uchi
I went

ni

yotte-kita.
to

visit

my

uncle

h

?L?

B)

t: .

L Li:J

:/

Watashi

the

Followed

by

ni

competition,

A)

it-

"(not)

tL

(?)

f;fu

'l,
no

this

was

'-?

tsuyu

wa,

year's

rainy

so

-1 h

t: .

L I.J"'?

namida

ga

v.

deru

I;,

standard

comparisono

. 0"

as

< 

 '0

I hodo

itsumo
season,

for

.t:>.t:>

f;fu I.J' 
n.

I criedo

happy

much/lit le

as

'?

Kotoshi

During

 

I.J

yuushoo-shite,

establishes

negation,

approximation:
.:

Jm. L ,

I ureshikatta.

Winning

English

Jvt:1f

konkuuru

wa

I hodo
3.

there

l
hasn't

ame

ga

been

ooku-nai.
as

much

rain

as

HOKA

(a:7J'

That

B)

hLtif"?thBo
Washi

toshi

mo

(Oh,)
C)

mine

is

toy

I've

old

grown

tot a

p.

(sigh)!

\I.J'j:-..:tI.JB?
Ika
Did

wa

you

tabeta
eat

p.

the

ka

squid?

ITJ?

wa

ITJ.

Kono
c.

This

kawa
da

mita

wa,

I ka I wakara-nai
river

is

so

big,

you

dake

de

kurai

ookii
can't

umi

wa,

nan

c.

I ka I kawa

da

nan

nee

tel

if

it's

an

ocean

or

river

just

by

Are

you

going

or

not

going,

which

is

it?

A)

I.J

v.

Wakatta

Do

-1

.: .

understand?

ash

ita

really

Rhetorical

 -1 L "t

going

J:

nai

ja

suru-n

do

ever

to

Not


;C'{"

Dooshite

this

againo

(I)

can

(on

my

 t:

behalf)

tomorrow?

translatableo

1.J1i

 h

shinji-rareru

ga

believe

[Bo

-1

like

something

c.

daroo

.{., 

Kon-na

Who

would

this

happening,

4)

Expresses

ni

to

naru

-1

t:'

ga

soozoo-shita

this

have

would

t:AI.7'.tJ"t
ni

hito
someone

or

objection

[Bo
I ka I

daroo

c.

happen?

As

(literally:

for

imagined?)

rd'

{}t

that
rebuttal

that
would

L t:
dare

wa,

imagined

yonaka
possible

t:'hl.J'1

Li,

who
'b'

.{.,  1?( 0/

it

have

Kon-na

Is

t:

koto

.t.

C)

I ka I

that?

.f,),)

B)

yo.

I ka I ?

come

koto

son-na

How

kite-kure-masu

v.

questiono

A)


ni

you

to

Don't

*t:Lt:*"t<h.iT?
Are

 .{.,

nido

Moo

')

Hontoo

3)

I:

[B

I ka 1

you

I A,t

B)

t:

"?

< 

 I.J 

ga

tazunete

has

o

kuru
to

come

to

-1 

previous

koto
visit

ga
at

sentenceo

such

Not

I ka I

aroo

v.

late
translata-

hour?

5)

Adds

scolding

critical,

A)

.:

You're

playing

out

"('

ni

An-na
I asked

6)

Often

t.=

 .{.,  t: Ji'{"

in

tanonda

pattern

t:.

.:

no

so

you

the

(?)

-t- 

(?)

"000

de

ga

v.

I ka I

ari-masu

there

"Is

wa/ja

t!

b"t

tl T

(?)

 / h
dasu

tegami
and

times,

many

fJth

kono

ni,

who'd

anyone

stay

")

hour?

this

'J .i T

(literally:

'k.q)

B)

hito

late!

so

until

playing

out

< 7.J A. I;

.

asonde-kuru

made

jikan

Kon-na

translatableo

{H;

ra' .i "t  .{., . t

.{.,  

Not

toneo
I.> of

fJ> Iv

stil

you

nai

ka


t.: (?)

no

forgot

wasureta
to

"t'"(j:\I;'/L',\,>\I;, "

p.

mail

this

no

I ka I
let er!

8)

Often

softened

in

"..

commando

tara

doo

ka

'-

t: .

 -c: oj/r"

pattern,

makes

roundabout,

Not

Emphatico
A)

;c

'J

translatableo

-1;c

,

Sorya,
Isn't

ja

uso

that

v.

nai

EJ
I ka

i ?

I;,

': A.-\\t:,
Kon-na

lie?

a
"('Iv

B)

J.

f:f.JA.-I.Jt
i tenki

ni,

ame

tA.-o
nan

ka

furu

n.

man

I ka

2.

Used

in

making

suggestion

to

oneselfo

causeo

if

Please,

could

you

tel

please

you,

1;1

F)

t: .

t if-

Watashi

Placed

starts/started

after

L t: .

at

n.

to

showing

noun,

that

with

'J?

!iL
like

would

(Starting)

(literally:

storyo)

your

<

hayaku

mo

I, too,
2)

<

us

first.

talking

start

placeo

ova

Iv

kara

independent

become
a

place/space,

"'(-t

shi-tai-n

dokuritsu
from
indicates

my

desu.

parents
that

soono

something

<t:.t?

E)

*7

Hoteru
I

no

Mt.

saw

n.

Fuji

t:

J.

I )'

It.-cry&.. t

okujoo
from

A..

1'f:i:-L-Li?:JL;{. i

L to

I kara
the

I
roof

Fujisan

ga

mie-mashita.

top

-7,i?/
.

.<

of

the

hotel.


-

-=-"==

O"
0"

G
()

-::

B)

I*';\t. . .1J!?
n.

From

i>

fJ>

n"

'"C?

i_Jri;?"1..t ft:

Raishuu
next

I kara

I chikatetsu

week,

the

ga

subway

fare

ni

ne-age
wil

go

naru.

upo

There

between

children

are

the

of

ages

and

two

four

this

at

kindergarteno
1:

 

B)

.=.

n.

J:

I,\t! I

1:

*.i

.'e cry ra'

I kara

San-ji

Please

I yo-ji

come

t: .

L U:,

Watashi

D)

I've

read

one

corner

sono

kiji

the

article

r "7

/'

to

it

comes

kite

ni

three

kudasai

four

and

o'clocko

J:

ThTh

.i

b

the

L t: .

"'(*h.i

I kara

sumi

n.

from

the

to

Resutoran
When

aida

no

between
1:

 cryc*
wa,

< t: .*: :

made

over
!I

C)

*"'(

t:

I sumi

beginning

made
the

to

yomi-mashita
endo

(literally:

from

other)
"?

t,

"'(

it e

1::0 /'

n.2l!

mo,
to

restaurants,

I h'

I
I

I kara
there's

 .i

"'(* lY>

kiri

made
a

 .i -t

ari-masu.
wide

range

of

themo

?r=:-r)

tHth

B)

*,Jtl;'.
Oo-nami
One

J:

;xb;x4'L",(
ga

after

another,

n.

t: .o

I tsugi

I kara

tsugi
great

waves

came

to

kita.

oshi-yosete
rolling

ino

11

C)

*-'j:
Hon
Books

fJ'h

.'e

wa

n.

are

 "'(

kami

I kara

made

of

\.i

-t

I dekite
paper.

i-masu.

emphatic.

11<

F)

;?{*

!lh

 .:'

L t:

cry

'l.

 ;?"ft;{.

t. .

"'(

< tL

;?'"?

t:

t.='

C)

il t < -c

 *

Igaku-teki
nooberu-shoo

 It A.

81 J3tk

1;,

iI't .

1" kt (,1'


n.

It

mo

atai

A.

11t Cl) 

I kara

kenchi
ni

suru.

ItI

I., .t

.,

1E (.1 /
sure

ba,

Iv'"
kare

I.> t.:

.,

t 1 1"

t:
no

kenkyuu

wa

nakunaru

yo.

Even

B)

though

it

wil

adj.

be

soon

Ih'

I

"'?

,t1t kt t:

Nareta

tokoro

Even

though

.:

.;

you

be

--C Li

I kara

da
are

familiar

"'?

I to

katte

--C,

it

spend

you

'J

with

hitori

Iv

fast,

too

ike-masen

too

area,


no

it

is

timeo

ItA.

< Cl) (.i.te

aruku

at

many

de

the

-\t

I.>l

--C 

A.

tt 

buy

don't
-

it e,

wa

bargain,
vt


c.

"'?

takusan

may

t.:'

it

<  Iv

it e,

they

f.t

C)

t:

--C,

I to

though

if

allowance,

an

goneo

I kara

Yasui

Even

received

you've

--Ci"
wa

dangerous

kiken

desu
to

walk

ganbaroo
N
5.

In

English

that

OW

the

I've

been
kara

"000

pattern

approximation:
iI'(1)

A)

t:

11t*

(.i

wa

by

looking

t:

v.

I kara
at

her,

my

best.

vt

1 L  oj t; : A

miru

do

. ."

doing



 

it

I wil

company,

 t:o"

"JI)'

by

"just
h

J:

Kanojo
Just

ni

this

by

accepted

I
you

ni

"'(-t

ho

yasashi-soo
can

tel

na

that

she's

hito

probably

desu

nee

very

kind

since";

similar

to

"node

"Co"

J;;J;

C)

??h

*t:J:t!.ho

:I:

Ookina
That's

tsutsumi
a

big

I .I'L "'1
ne.

packageo

n.


LLLJ-:

Nani
I wonder

Ikashiral
what

it

is?

B)

7-;f
Keeki

Should

i"?

r.;

katte

buy

1 h

cake

10

I kashira

kaeroo

v.

on

the

way

home?

KE

(j-

KEREDOMO

((:t te',

(KEREDO,

(:te',

(:te'=t:,)

KEDO,

KEDOMO)

(:t te'=t:,

kimasu.

2)

Often

in

the

pattern

"doose

000

keredomo

.t:.:oj-\:tt t 't:. *t,"

gives

the

A)

111.-

8*!'j:ftL\o

trrfJ'

I t ht

\?t.,J;"ltl.-;/)\I.-!J;"
-

j:.

fJ'f.t.;

'j

Th'j:.

,-rb/.7"

English

approximation:
.!.t:.

A)

\

--C  .: h""1t"?

.: .A

I kiri I de

Futari

n.

"just"

"only"

'J

I want

to

go

L 

--C

dokoka

t

L ,j:

Watashi

wa

I have

2)

In

't;.'t;.

It-

A)

Toshi

If

ry

v.

Suwari

have

English

kiri

fol owed

later

that

has

A)

fit

Kare

l j:

It

wa

ni

natta.

My

father

aged

has

downo)

fJ't:.

shigoto

the

not

h'

.:

"?

tsuzuketa

t

node,

down

sit ing

I.-

kata

ga

continuously,

kottao
shoulders

my

it *
ichi-do

t t --C

denwa

shows

negative,

that

there

surpassedo
doing

:- h'

by

sentence

been

yet
"after

\'t;.

000"

lying

working

in

approximation:
fJ't1.

de

unchangedo

tenseo

gotten

limit

continuously
:- MG t t t c7) --C'

been

I have

Since

Often

-k

been

has

(literally:

'??

--C1:t*

"?

I kiri I

bed-riddeno

to

it

to

neta

v.

I:

t.

that

doing

t:'"?

became

confined

Tn

far)o

only

wa,

father

aged

become

3)

chichi

I kiri I desuo

it a

v.

shows

uSo

--C -r

(so

condition,

 t

t Xl.:!.
oita

My

B)

t

once

of

two

ichido

"confinuously

the

1t"?

wa,

only
or

\

It

ni

state

approximation:
I: t.

t : ,j:

Europe

to

to

\'

'y

yooroppa

been

referring

English

just


\'t;.

B)

t

it e-shimai-tai

somewhere,

away
-

done

000)"

1t 15 h' h

h'

ry  -\t Iv

<;t,

5 t 

once

(not

000'

kakete

v.

kita

I kiri I

yukue

ga

wakari-

is

Kanojo
As

to

for

single)
2.

In

the

her,

kyonen

wa,

after

v.

saw

I kiri I

atta

her

last

year,

tegami
I

dashite

mo

haven't

i-nai.
sent

even

her

(a

let ero

pattern

"marukkiri

"?

ry,"

fol owed

by

negative

or

2.

Often

in

the

""0

kara

koso

'"-I;

.:

i"

or

"..

ba

koso

'"-l.f':

i"

pat-

10
Tesuto

da

taihen
If

would

you

nl

mae

no

infuruenza

nl

demo

kakattara,

I koso

sore

yo.

were

to

be

disastrouso

catch

the

flu

or

something

before

your

exam,

that

If

you

stil

don't

understand

after

all

I've

said,

then

just

give

upo

Her

enviable!

company

has

five

weeks

vacation

per

year,

hearo

Isn't

it

The

flowers

wil

h'f'

B)

7,)( :' 7 '7 At:.=f.

Mizu

Please
2.

Belit les

English

I <


ni

gurasu

give

'J.I:?

'J

a; jf!. #J

Even

na

can

bloom

I<

t:

I<
n.

cook

half

Ih
(something

that

weeko

I
it

kudasai.

of

watero

is

simple

or

elementaryo

datte

dekiru

wao

simple

meal.

like)
!;

"t"

t:

I kurai

ryoori

glass

showing

about

in

I gurai

hanbun

(so mething

on:

Kantan

n.

in

something,

fJ't:.

about

me

approximati
A)

probabl

1;iJ:

L t.:'"?

"t

tl:f *

I watashi
like)

 ho

4.

Following

Not

comparisono
t.

t:

A)

:tJit

that

t:

it

as

basis

for

.i f

nai

wa

than

earthquakeo

an

as

it

:-

ni

no

naa

fathero

my

tha

(7)

taka-kattara

precedes

'\\(7)t:o

"rather


scary

tal

as

t:.fJ'

se

what

is

v.

I<

unlikableo

or

000"

doing

undesirable

something

I

,

'1

-1 h:.i

Son-na
hoo

9a

Rather

!;

mazui

mono

mashi

da

than

thing
B)

establishes

pronoun,

mono

l 1fh'h"?t.:
I

I kurai
were

kowai

\

Otoosan
I

'l

(7)

-it

approximation:
A)

more

I<

t?X

Indicates

English

nothing

I wish
5.

I f

I kurai

t?

n.

.:.1>

I<

There's

B)

or

translatableo

Jishin

n.

nominal,

noun,

hoo

<

ni
9a

nani

nara,

tabe-nai

mo

eating

Jtij 8 t: 11 tL

Kijitsu

that

something

gross,

prefer

not

to

eat

any-

all.

at
t:'?

I kurai

taberu

staying

up

I  , ia 
I kurai I nara,

fJ\-it\

:- L --C Jt

 -\t

tetsuya

t.: '1

shite

-1 h:.i

L t:

kansee-saseta

da.

mashi
than

okureru

v.

Rather

"C'?

I<

being
all

night.

late

for

the

deadline,

(I)

prefer

to

finish

it

by

1.

As

conjunctive

particle,

indicating

that

the

actual

situation

is

the

onaka

Stop

eating

v.

I kuse

kowashita
so

mucho

You

ni

got

an

upset

stomach

the

other

day.

-;-;

D)

E)

<

v.

}

X(lEi

j:.

Chichi

wa

My

father

1<

.f?L }

(l
Boku
I

}

 t:.o

lived

be

to



n.

-?

kyuu-sai
Rome

in

raised

'b'}lt?

Sutoraiki

 71

I ikita.

hundred

oldo

years

t!

wa

was

I made

hyaku-sai

n.

t:.o

I made

until

de

rooma

nine

was

sodatta.

Jti(lfhl.7
v.

kaiketsu-suru

oldo

years

I.-t. .?

1.7':'M5*-t;
ga

"t.1f"?

'0

I made

I densha

wa

ugoka-nai.

-;.i1'

1:1}

t:p

C)

ra' T

}?i1'

 ,rm

(l-I.J

Chuukan-tesuto

D)

The

mid

*.:

1.1

n.

E)

Two

.'(*

I made

I
?


tickets

I
to

lessons

cover

.1 T

I.J

N ara,

n.

one

I made

yon-ka

I desu.

four.

to

ka?

(literally:

 .: *
no

kara

To

which

*}

I:;

I made

ik-ka

irasshaimasu

-t;}

Nara

going?

you

"?

"CT

E9

wa

wil

exam

are


*" 
n.

term

Doko

Where
f.t

han-i

no

J:i1'

< f:

kippu


0

please.

 '0

ni-mai

kudasai.

place

are

you

going?)

2.

Shows

Hon

no

kashi-dashi

You

may

borrow

the

extent

wa

to

up
to

which

ik-kai
three

n.

books
a

situation

I made

san-satsu
at

or

I desu.

timeo
action

can/has

already

B)

If

even

It?

-r

It

;t .i:t H

t 

Boozu

nikukerya

When
4.

that

?

an

A)

.!f-

I.:<

the

monk,

I nikui.

(you)

L t:

his

surpliceo

"e

f3 1.7':' Jt

chanceo

by

.:

hate

even

done

t>

endo

(Proverb)

I made

kesa

the

"merely"

"just"
1:1 

is/was

action

that's

you,

't\

n.

approximation:
It

desert


hate

(you)

Indicates

English

friends

your
1:<

tj:,

t:.1

t:

.1 "J'.

l:

I)

f, :

 

  p

/I)

t:

1.1

--C

I t:*

koto

Please

v.

don't

I made

shita
thank

I desu.
me

so

mucho

just

did

what

1 should

have

doneo

Hakkiri

deshoo?

to

v.

oboete-i-nai

I made

mo

sukoshi

wa

omoi-daseru

I made
Congratulations

ni

sasayaka

na

on

your

shina

marriageo

ookuri-shi-mashita.
We

have

sent

you

this

small

MO

=b

Furthermore,

below

are

the

dif erences

in

usage

of

particles

with

similar

C)

t:.

Watashi
tabe-mashita.

<

t:.

f- ""'.t

L Li 
wa

niku

L t:.
0

tabe-mashita.

t:.

L Li,

t.t

t:.

L!J""'.t
Watashi

L t:.
wa

n.

sakana

Sono

shiroi

I want

have

to

.:r
Ano

ko

That

E)

.t.8

U: 

1*'li<L
She

has

lost

-!> 

1:1t.:=
L!J 1fh <

like

wa

is

beautiful

ni

or

IT]
adj.

-!> L

t:.

 tL

L!J7E

p.

well

his

as

t:

no

Ti

<


well

oneo

ni

shinareta.

mothero

hataraku

n.

no

kirai

da.

work.

to

utsukushiku
as

blue

8 

L!J
n.

that

and

one
L.

as

kudasai.

zutsu

okaasan

hitotsu

white

 Ivt:

father

his

study

to

<

Kanojo

p.

benkyoo-suru

wa

I don't

B-lQ:

L!J

that

fJ>I.,

otoosan

J:

no

n.

of

 Iv:

wa

child

11<

Boku

F)

B X

Li

aoi

each

one

t

.:

D)

no

n.

as

kindo

IT]


arushi

-!>

adj.

yasashiku

aru.

4.

Indicates

English

addition

an

approximation:
A)

j:; X

 Iv.

It<i.\fJf?

Otoosan,
Dad,

could

@J

j:; 

Okaasan,
Mom,
5.

English

Emphasizes
approximation:

.:.

Q)

I eat

i! tL --C it"?

7-

n.

;\=- 

L!J

keeki

this

cake,
distance

quantity,
"as

ni

eega
me

kono
can

t:

take

you

 Iv.

well

"as

boku

fJ'I.,

B)

present.
as"

\

L!J

n.

already

addition"

"in

t

something

to

many/much

the

to

--C .J:

tsurete-it e

yo.

too?

movie,

t:.

'"

--C

tabete

i?

too?
or

frequencyo
as"

"no

fewer/less

than"

"as

long

t

L.

A)

Kono

B)

.
3.. (i8

Used

P3

 tL

Lf

have

you

in

negative

en

three

around

sentence,

-!> "'C

about

'1

J:

in

done
(gi

7j

*'

LftB

mik-ka

n.

be

San-byaku-man

If

 tL

moo

should

wa

work

n.

7.

'1 3..

shigoto

This

fJ>

h?

Q)1:t$Li

.:

ba

are

three

dekiru

deshoo.

dayso

more

fJ>

Jt!.1.J:}{

.t T

i.
are

mil ion

emphasizes

.J:

i kuruma

ba
yen,

can

you

the

kae-masu

ga

lack

buy
of

somethingo

yo.

nice

caro

If

it

English

approximation:

"even"

h

A)

1Jttl

T': '

Kare

wa

I've

heard

that
that

n.

he

was

Netsu

Q)

t:

takai

ga

other

nani,

she

had

'0

shite

ita

rashii.

competitive

tennis

impressive


player

onceo

qualitieso)
n

}

  

L!J

imooto

i-mashita

nete

even

(g

#. t l 

 L

senshu

has

}>t

 I.J 

Though

no

he



-:

jit o

L "'( ,t=.

Q)Ig-t-L!J
tenisu

(implying
n?

B)



wa

L"?

"'(.,

kurushii

p.

to

 "'(

'.t

L t=.

iwa-nai

de,

high

fever,

my

sister

was

patiently

lying

in

bed

MONO

=to)

lvlflv

B)

1'*

[00

I>

--C

< t.:

.t 1t

Ivb'

t:.

.1

L --C t

j:.; 

L t:.

Iv

--C.T

clauseo

In

English

approximation:
A)

colloquial

 ,{,.t
Anmari
chatta.

it

usage,

"beca

ry '1 tL
adj.

L I.J

ureshikatta

often

takes

use"
"?

t.:

or

I t,{,"'C.
I

mon

the

form

simply
, I .J

de

"'Co"

commao
111.-

t,{,

de

"mon

Q)

hoka

.:

J:

no

bT

 tL 



koto

zenbu

"?

t.:
wasure-

He's

the

one

who's

at

faulto

I'l

never

apologize

(to

him)!

mo

i -masen

yo.

Itsumo

te,

Although

I had

<lI'

Jt!. 'l}\
Kuruma
hashire-nai.

quite

a
fJ'

-?

uchi

hayaku

ko-naku

for

B)

yori

t.:
wa

v.

chikoku-shite

It

v.

house

my

nd

katta

monono

basu

9a

naka-naka

shimatta.

left

while,

deta

earlier

than

the

usual,

.1 tfJ]

I monono

didn't

come

lateo

was
b

bus

It.

< "(,

"7
mada

.:r.

'lJt L
kowaku

'0

te

haiuee

wa

there

was

an

alternative

which

would

have

produced

better

resultso

NA(NAA)

tcJ: (tcJ:)

English

approximation:
A)

A..

Ii

hon

llI

4.

Expresses

English

L T

.t

-!>

busy

too

Following

hope

"J

rl

phrases

be

able
such

ga

mieru

to

see

as

the
"000

adj. !l
Southern

(te)

I naa

nonbirishi-tai

uld

co

I
to

v.

I ()

-!> \'\'

I'l

ry L t

I wish

day.

Minami-juuji-see

thinkingo

Sukoshi

+b:JL;t

Jtj

na

000"

1"

every

I I

ome-ni-kakari-mashita

wishful

isogashi-sugiru.

hf.tht:. .,t:'\t

5.

lJo

1"':

I'm

wish

right?

right?

of

"I

Mainichi

B)

borrowed,

L t

v.

spring,

remark

'I:.f:bt

de

Inal

okaeshi-shi-mashita
I

ry 

bb

t:

last

approximation:
A)

v.

tlJo

that

kyooto

Kyoto

casual

haru,

in

book

the

. t};

no

met

ni

*$

Kyonen

L 

tashika

wa,

!"l:

*if-"J,f . ,

We

returned

definitely

!QA..

B)

fl'i.

t.

;tbt:};

Okari-shita
I

ry L t*'j:,

};if

right?"

"000'

fI'

relax

lit le

bit.

I na(naa)

Crosso

kudasai

'"-("'()

< t

\,"

and

"000

to

the

addresseeo

A)

Found

interj.

lJ,

:.
na

this

:. ;
conj,

By

"'(

Not

language.

is

I I

kono

koto

translatable.

\ q

na

way,

I have

naisho

wa

da

yo.

(ok)?

secret,

T*J *-f t: j:

'l

I I

T okorode

the

:.

"J

I I

Ano

Listen,

B)

men's
f.tt. !

 "J

in

.: .

;1.

.A

b:

i nyu

usu

some

good

-!> Iv
aru-n

ga
newso

t j:

da

yo.

NADO

(NANKA)

tJ.c:.'

(tJ.futJ')

.f:bt

A..!"

C)

Benkyoo
I'm

)\

< "'(,

\

isogashiku

ga
so

bq)

f1'

b:.t

with

busy

1 lj:



I 1tt

A.-b'

te,

j:

I nanka

kaimono

n.

studies,

my

lj:

couldn't

l
do

something

shoppingo
l,.A. ,&:A.

< 

D)

at

< "'(,

Kuraku
It's

te,
too

1 lj:

JfI1f1

dark,

n.

A.- b'

I

J:

I nanka

shinbun
I can't

tV) lj:

read

I yome-nai
something

wa.

like

the

ike

newspaper.

nai

yO.

like

go

tr"t

A)

11-

"t

.:

kara

Musuko

kaite

fJt1f.

 "J.:r-t:,

b

atta

wa.

no

I:

Ii

*'

tegami

A,

t. 

<

.:



b:

ni,

cl.

nihon-shoku

fI'

.\

\"'(
ga

koishii

':)

t:. bo

I nado

I to

English

approximation:
A)

lit

"ev
t.:\fJt\

f./\tl

'l

t. '"

 i

*-

Kare

via

hikui

hito

t. '"

"J

i

dai-gaisha
da.

-&

tho

en
.,

!

I I; :

I;:
no

ugh"
.:

n.

\,

shachoo

"?

t JJf.

t.

tJ.<

"J

i

I nagara

tH:

'A.

t.=

itsumo

koshi

no

2.

See

"nagara

 /):

"

2.

aboveo

Shiken

de

I nante

I
the

ten

kangaeru

na

because

Just
it's

warui

got

you

end

of

the

cl.

kono

yo

da

owari

mo

yo.
a

world

de,

gurai

tot a

bad

grade
or

somethingo

on

an

exam,

don't

think

that

Kanojo
nakatta.

wa,

arupusu

tozan

ni

v.

dekaketa

I nari I

tsui

ni

modora

-?

I nari I

no

Since

(we)

ably

tooi

kara

Machi

be

tuben

wa

are

inconveniences,

ni

tokoro

going

sumu

no

dakara,

I nari I

dai

n.

n.

shoo

daroo.

aru

to

live

whether

far

away

they

from

be

there

town,

major

or

minor.

wil

prob-.

A)

.

-tt

"?

<

n"

Sekkaku

 L 

irashite

mase

Even

though

de

< t 

\.i

L t 

t:

kudasai-mashita

no

B 

t 

ni,

 f .i

L J:.

ocha

mo

v.

-tt

sashi-age-

you

had

come

(out

of

your

way)

for

visit,

I didn't

\,

A)

\

 b

t:

Ima

watashi

You

don't

L b

t:

'?

it a

ga

koto,

 ' b

understood

B)

tL

L1 

Kore

3.

indeed

English

desire

A)

t: b

Wakatta

kara,

moo

I understand,

T L 
cl.

masen

< t:*

kara.

v.

n.

I said

just

mitai

Inel

now,

right?

nai

yoo

Inel

desu

c.

authentic,

right?
from

agreement



the

addressedo

party

naka-nai
don't

cry

Moo

okay?

anymore,

t"'1.: .

Inel

I nel

de

I:

kudasai

Yurushite

please

so

lI

B)

Jr

t"'1

wa

not

an

okay?"

"000'
'?

is

elicit

to

approximation:

this

t:

.H.

"'1 *T

\.J:

de

like

seems

Expresses

honmono

yahari

wa

It

 *"   ,.1 

L1

t:

'?

what

!iA,tlq)

.:

wakara-nakatta

yoku

have

to

seem

< b

.J:

,

.:

t. A,lt\

.:*

1(:

nido

G

f- B b
to

t

goshinpai

L .i -tt

Iv b
0

okake

shi-

A)

?

.n.

*"

I3

< lI'

.i

.. . .

\

t"?

..

 tL

I)"

I tJ

( tJ ;t)

t'
.

 

!I

I) I

7t: ,.1 

-e:.  ?

J:

certain

which

verbs

Precedes

place,

or

which

the

indicate

show

direction,

existence
movement

of

people
or

actiono

in

things

or

In

the

lat er

t?!I?i.!I

1:.

B)

jfl

Lit'.1

t: .

1:.:b>

Watashi-tachi
n.

We

{J{  1ft
wa

chikaku
live

in

<

61.i

tookyoo-eki

Iv

.
no

sunde-imasu.

place

near

Tokyo

Stationo

.i T

-b>

H)

1>
Ano

The

6rrrr"?

i.

n.

painting

kabe


hanging

 LI

 tL

kakatte-iru

on

that

wa

wall

.T

fJ

kiree
is

desu

beautiful.

nee

\J:?

F)

t. t. -r

'.1i365X.iTo
Taiyoo
The

wa

sun

n.

sets

nishi
in

the

west.

shizumi-masu.

Have

E)

t:

L 'i

Watashi
I'm

4)

In

the

already

you

-ii;
wa

going
pattern

gone

to

1 t: I ili

 -t

gogo
attend

to

"..

kaigi

n.

ni

naru

meeting
(nari-masu)

vote?
0

de-masu.
this

afternoono
""'t:

(ry

 -t)"

or

"0..

ni

"on"

approximation:

English

il t

A)

;fX

.:

.,

it

11.>

'.1.8J:-M

.I\.

Gakkoo
School

 l:t -;

wa

starts

t:

l:t,t.


at '* 6f7.1
mainichi
at

"in"

"at"

l:t t:

YJ .1 To
n.

eight

thirty

han

hachi-ji
every


morningo

hajimari-masu.

1f.t?*

F)

.t:I.7:7't
Inazuma

Lightening
thunder.

?

tJofJ'

ga

Mat
hikaru

flashed,

1711t')1

itc:l.7
to

n.

and

o 'h

dooji
at

 .1

the

L t.:

raimee
same

todoroki-mashita.

ga

time,

there

was

roll

of

J:?

D)

t.,

tH:

 fl 

L;!-

I')

Tesuto-yooshi
The

E)

n.

F)

P3lJ

Sen

There

7)

Shows

all
\

en

is
that

-?

someone

fifty

ichi-mai
per

page

1"

\

at

time;

one

persono

sukoshi

de,
it

eat

fJ 

j? -LI,}'

-?

lit le

bit

nasai.

oagari

zutsu
at

timeo

"t'T?I')J:?

-t-

.n.

desu.

zutsu

I.>

L -r

tabe-nai

..?i.,t.

'1-it,t.;u, 
n.

one

zenbu

it

eat

T':

Ichi-do

-t

-?

hitori

t:

:g"t-;:

lJ

Don't

be

1

* -r

n.

should
-t!,t. .:

J.t

lJ
wa

exam


1-;

it

1-;

P3

tsuite

cry

go-juu

yen

is

-t-It

*+ I,} ,'I,}
en

fee

involved

in

per
or

fJ .1 -t

tesuuryoo

no

handling

I,}'

ga

thousand

everyone

influenced

kakari-masu.

by

yeno
an

action

or

8)

Shows

the

intention

or

purpose

of

the

actiono

!J:?

C)

l'

Kyoo
For

cry

no

today's

\'

-1

paati ,

-,

n.

party,

iJ

r 6

sukaato
do

7 "7 '7

you

think

"(

burausu
a

blouse

de
and

1.7

i kashira.
a

skirt

are

appropri-

J.-;"?1

B)

 51. 
n.

Fuchuui

shimatta.

fJ'

IH.



 1-t

YJ t.: *

 

t >t!-;

YJ,

6.J:

 it

yori,

I,}

tomodachi

kara

L 

L .1
karita

t.:
hon

yogoshite

t>

depart),"

"kaeru

'Up. 

(to

return)"

and

"modoru

fI-. 

(to

come

back)o"

2)

In

where

pattern

intensifies

English

the

the

degree

of
""0

approximation:
!

A)

1'8

Kyoo
Today
forward

v.

the

is
too

day

.U. .f

of

with

repeated

"ni

in

t:"

between,

. ."

and

machi

is

actiono

<

t.:1tcry

6:ft"?

wa

the

'.;1:ft"l?

verb

same

v-

8
matta

school

""(-t

ensoku

trip

hi

no

that

I've

desu.
been

really

looking

D)

t:.

Watashi
hane-rareta.

L '.;1Jti

<*
wa

6
n.

Jt  '.;1.t:l

 h

kuruma

t:.

doro

"If.>

A)

Watashi

t:.

L '.im

f!

A.

;tj:.

wa

n.

t,

1::7

umeda-sensee
agent

mashita.

 ft;:t

EJ

piano

\.!
0

L t:.
oshiete-morai-

This

bread

is

dried

stif .

In

thinking

demandso

about

it,

I don't

think

it's

possible

to

make

any

further

N I-MO

(

=b

Combination

particle

English

approximation:
A)

!I

'ml"t"t,
Iv"t"

do

"cannot

#)b

!d-   !d- t:
L t:

h-r

t1)!1

.!

l:

.! 1]( t: 1ft If 

(I)

if

even

..

try"

to

were

tU:

.:

Iv

"t

L .!

\,

*

<"

J:

*  f .! 

Kyoo
wa

Even
2.

shortened

wa

v.

I ni

harete-iru

mo

kakawara

zu

de

sumoggu

sora

desu.

haiiro

it's

though
form

of

clear

day

"sore

ni

the

today,
mo

kakawara

sky

is gray
zu

because
i- tL

t:

of

t ,;,;'b

smog.

 To"

English

"in"

approximation:
-\tA,!I. ?U-.(!I. ?t:. ?I;:

A)

nA,

1L

1L

=-

Jt- ;f

I)

:/

1::0

'Y

t.1

\' I v

-1:

tJ

-r

It

':t.&

}j

\"t

I If

tL

.!

N I-SH

ITE

r

U L

Combination

particle

on

emotions.

your

B)

.!



t:, "J:A,tLA,t,. .,

, \it

.1t

f}

.t

L t:

I

I t:

L 

t,
,

1.>"\

V.

 

C7.> 8

tLA,t,. .,

.!

f}

. t

t.tit

I  t  'i
Ima

made

shiai

no

t 

juubun
hi

made

renshuu-shita
renshuu

to
0

namakete

v.

I ni

omotte-iru
wa

ike-nai.

shite

mo

NITE

(L

NO

(N)

(J) (Iv)

Ii

fJ>

t: .

L h"1t

'?

t: . *'

I.,

f!\fJt<

*
daigaku



J:

 t:.

ft

{

Inol

kyooju

-:><

r
tsukue

i.

t. 

Inol

shita

3)

Placed

between

two

nouns,

indicates

the

material

the

lat er

is

made

ofo

C)

 (/)
Ano
Whose

7.0

/'

n.

A

-t".,

buronz
work

1j.'j:

Inol

is

that

<

th

ff

"t. .,

zoo

wa

dare

bronze

statue?

1;"

?
no

saku

desu

ka?

lifeo)

A,ilt<

1f'
ongaku

A,

Inol

dendoo

9)

The

first

noun

describes

the

state

in

which

the

second

noun

exists

or

t,-!

drop

may
no

"fJ>
.-*-/1"\"
"J'

Vj.

the

"i

 \"

and

replace

it

with

"no

,"

Leo

"shiro

no

B"

and

"aka

t:.

A)

.:

tL

';GA.*

Kore

Jf- M

wa

This

C)

.:

Kore

kara

n.

We'l

have

t -itt-. .tH':1:.

A.itl

n.

daroo.

Mukashi

Inol

rnae

from

*.'Ht" i*
-5t 

 -=-+

tLlr

t:

newspaper
. -:t;.?.&:A.

B)

t. .A.J:A.

;tJfafl

juu-nen

n.

is

shinbun

ten

,;:

years

agoo

kyuukee

ari-rnasu.

ga

intermission

twenty-minute

yo.

  To

>

Inol

nijup-pun

da

now.

-tt, ,?

*

Inol

j:.,'fj
hito-tachi

 L '(
wa

t: . 
don-na

t:

'7

seekatsu

shite-ita

no

Hana
desu.

ni

tatoere

ba,

kanojo

wa

n.

shira-yuri

Inol

yoo

na

hito

I remember

D)

Watashi

at

I had

that
the

end

play
<

together

of

lost
sentenceo

all

the

time.

Lt:t:i,;"1t\t:o

pasupooto

wa

I realized

Placed

to

r 

bt:LL;1/\A;j;cl.

8.

used

we

my

nakushita

passport.

Inol

ni

ki-ga-tsuita.

3)

Transforms

sentence

into

an

interrogative

(with

rising

intonation)o

B)

Instead

of

decide

whichever

adj.

shinasai.

Samui

 

indecisive

being

whether

not

or

why

to

go,

7

'.1}i

don't

you

quickly?


Inol


adj.

atsui

""C 

Inol

\""C\

to

it e-nai

/'

de,

jogingu

L 


wa

maiasa

just

Oops,
beach)o

forgot

my

hat

on

the

beach

(literally:

at

the

place

on

the

Kono

bijutsu-ten

zettai

ni

At

of

L 

I cry

t:

da

to

t:

';"

G..

translatable.

Not

particleo

into

get
of)')t

,t

cry

t :

da

iI?.:"

 t:

t

l;i

 -tX

 ,;

tL

t : A

t:

'?

the

school

.,.)')t

"('

-&

ita

iki-tai

kara,

ni

gakkoo

study

didn't

you

bakari

onde

as

I no

because

'l

,;

i de

haire-nakatta

)'),tL

I'm

couldn't
1t

--C';f

--c 1ft

mo

what,

matter



It's

B)

No

exclamatory

an

as

Benkyoo-shi-na
v.

exhibitiono

art

A..t.,"of

A)

atte

ga

go.

sentence,

koto

Don-na

this

seeing

going

end

the

miss

definitely
3.

iku

v.

can't

minogase-nai.

wa

and

of

< tL

time,

the

you

choice.

Your

)')th

.,. 

all

around

fooled

t:

< t:  *

t!

"A.

< --C

 tI:  

'lo
Kare

wa

henji

Even

though

back

right

isogashii

no

dasa-nakute

nagai

tegami

v.

kureta

da

ni

Sugu

wa.

he
awayo

ni

is

busy,

he

wrote

me

long

let er.

I have

to

write

't:.IfA.v.'?.t.,

*btLbtL

A)

4'.q
Ima

t:

problem

"?

--C

no

kaiketsu

important

most

of

pollutiono

':"f1A.t.:

-.,Jb-t-

c.

na

thing

G1)M
hi tsuyoo

ichiban

tot e

It'?

rCJ'1!

 G1) 'l,
ni

ware-ware

mondai
The

daroo

no

right

now


na

I G1)
no

t!.

'1

koogai-

wa,

IS

probably

to

solve

the

This
can

Kuruma

Because

I want

distinction
on

occasion

v.

is

be

I kara

kai-tai
to

buy

sometimes
used

I chokin
a

very

interchangeablyo

car,

thin,

shite-imasu.

saving

am

and

"kara

upo

I)"

"

and

"node

--C""

Since
3.

it

Placed

the

at

described

in

English

approximation:

was

the

end

first

of

part

I turned

cold,

so

on

preceded

sentence,

of

(because)

the

sentenceo

the

heatero

by

reason

for

an

action

Kono
adj.

machi

ooi

That

this

there

are

no

no

de

kuuki

koto

yoku-nai

wa,

sumoggu

no

hi

ga

wakaru.

town's
many

ga

air

days

isn't

very

with

smogo

clean

is

obvious

by

the

fact

that

NO-DESHOO(N-DESHOO)

(J)-

C'

U  -5 (Iv-

C'

U  -5 )

because

Perhaps
2.

Emphasizes

I had

too

Not

questiono

much

to


I;?

t [j:,

'?

t:

"?

last

night,

head

my

hurts.

translatableo
iJ'

A)

drink

t

 '!it

iJ'G

L t

}; 

iJ' 

 1S:

< tL

-!>

I G')

(It,)

.-;-

NOMI

(J)(Jj.

is

that

there

is

only

alternative

one

which

is

desirable

exactly

not

but

unchangeable.
English

"only"

approximation:
-;-;

A)

.11.7

chichi

(I)
h-"

B)

.f

[.i

Mizu-busoku
no

The
is

v.

water
to

wait

is

the

rain

t tj,fr

-!>

ni

yoo

wil

[.i

to

o
tada

alive.
*

t tI.7:ft

-!> 

Ato

I nomi

inoru

v.

back

come

da.

shinkoku

shortage
for

to

I nomi

matsu

father

IJ

iyo-iyo

wa

kuru

(my)

1 j*IJ

t:

<

t. A. ':

7j(Jt.

\,)U)

-!> 11

kaette

that

pray

<

*-

ikite

ga

only

can
.J:

<

5  W"?

XI.7:,1:.

Dooka

iJ>;l

\,)

*'?
tada

wa

to

ame

ga

furu

da.

seriouso

really
to

fal .

The

only

thing

we

can

do

now

da

Natsu-yasumi
asobi

ni

ike-nai.

to

v.

yuu

I noni

shukudai

ga

takusan

atte

NO-N

(J)-

f

Combination

particle

(WQ)

However,

some

transitive

verbs

in

English

take

the

particle

"ga

1;:"

which

verbs
a

set

pattern:

do

not

require

"noun

objects
0

 +

in

transitive

English

are

verbo"

expressed

in

Japanese

as

It<

C)

L;l };

Boku
I

fJf

;l\


wa

saw

ototoi
French

"7

/'

B*.1iJ

furansu
movie

n.

the

 t

L!J

eega

day

before

mita.

yesterdayo

B)

t: .

L L1 71

Watashi
I want

wa

to

n.

have

I)

I f'

lit: .

(1.7)

aisu-kuriimu

ice

creamo

(98)

 '0

I tabe-tai.

called

was

on

by

B)

t: .

L ,;.t

1J'f.t
an :,
Li.J

Watashi

My

wa

fish

was

teacher

my

h

l:

t: .

J{5t G (L

neko

ni

taken

by

sakana

n.

cato

torareta.

t.

C)

fJ'

jt!? r

:t:r

i-C?


fJ'i.

L!J

 "'C Ip

Chikatetsu

n.

After

I got

off

G,

4.

the

t ';1
wa

itsu

kono

When

wil

you

be

with

of

verb

approximation:
Some

takushii

daigaku

home

examples

of

verbs

this
that

"through"
motion

kaeri-mashita.

taxi.

ka?

sotsugyoo-shi-masu

indicates

of

ni

uchi

by

L t

L .! . , I;"?

from

graduating

motion,

"on"

de

I went

.f?"

 .!

9.

"'C# '1 "t? t:

it.

preceding

English

kara,

subway,

*L!J

 \"':)':

Anata

Used

place

orite

t!.\fJf<

E)

are:

university?
an

action

is

continued

at

the

We

drove

on

highway

running

over

wide

stretch

of

ocean.

sleepyo

you're
-r

B)

?.,

1111  I,}, ' V'

1ft.,

(/)

"

"?

"'(?

'1

""

 h.- 

t:

ikh.-

t h.- t

IJ 'k.

!iJ I,}, ' 

"?

t:

The

Prince

and

Princess

lived

happily

ever

after,

it

is

saido

3.

"..

English

Shows
bakari

that
de

approximation:

something
naku

..

sae

"(not

exists

in

""L;fl.7

 "'(.

only

addition

0'"

something

to

< "";t"

but)

..

patterno
also"

elseo

Often

in

depressedo
\:

B)

jt!?1t

L. A..

"'e

'1 "t?';1

.:

(L

 rJl

Ll.J,

.:

., -r,

l;if:

It

t!

/I)

7]( "'( im ';1 .t. gJ

t:

 rJl

Ll.J,

 '1

L t

\t.:

l;t

B)

fj

L;.t 

Ha

wa

In

English

the

l;t

L.!:J

I shi I

t 

Natsu
nai

de

no?

haisha

ni

shi

"it's

not

as

.!

"..


mo

ph.

L.!:J,
aru

< 

wa

v.

I don't

mai

'.t?

I"C

1T 5 t

t : 'j:

"aru

approximation:
A)

\

but

toothache,

pattern

sado

pretty
L.'"

\

fj ;f

'

itai

adj.

I have
4.

is

budget

student's

.!

mai

to

go

t j:

dentist;

< 

komatta

I'm

yo.
in

L 0"

. ."
\.",*\

"?

'

I shi I

to

if

L.!:J

iki-taku-nai

want
,

.:

'/

I shi I

usui

tt

* "'(
shatsu

ichi-mai

,

de.

Samuku-

bindo

A)

i'?

IJI:

;Jtij*-r

r.i

Kimatsu-tesuto

made,

There's

only

isn't

'b'1J

1'-8cryj:?-?':h\cry?

Okaasan,

kyoo
is

this

only

English

Placed

this

after

approximation:

all

and
a

verb,

oyatsu

there

is

"there

than

I ari-masen.

(literally:

examso

(time)

week

for

snacks

on

is

no

today?

for

limit

I shika

kore

n.

else
sets

I shika

Until

final

left.)

no

nothing

final

more

any

-\rlvo

is-shuukan

n.

until

.,

.t

.i

r8'

tat a

left

j:?Iv,

Mom,

2.

ate

week

there

exams,

B)

\?t. . "'b'Iv

t:t:-

1\

snacks
the
choice

nai

)
of

but"

Mom,

(literally:
today?

extent

no?

the

actiono

is

there

Eego
nai

nara

B)

I shima

mada

doitsu-go

te

nan

wakara-

zenzen

YOo

is

English


adv.

one

., t!t:.

7:iL1;

Yuudachi
kakatta.




Iv

rJ

'C\

ga

vande,

I don't

but

thing,

[I ]

f:.


n.

.,

t:

ori

German

understand
<

I:

I shima

at

all.

1:
:

YJ.I;

1;"1;"
sora

-?

t:
ni

utsukushii

niji

ga

IJ  

B)

IT}]
Kinoo

can't



;t

t.t A.. I:

n'

J:

to

because

necessarily

wa

hi

??

1:.

t 

ga

t.:

been

be

G,

n'

an-nich

for

warm

said

I shima

kanarazu

adv.

it's

J:"

IJ  

t at

fJ't.t

n'

r:.

'.;1,

atatakai

made

atatakai

Just

"'( at

.i

'1

that

it

tsuzuita

mo

ie-nai

days
be

kyoo

mo

yo.

several
wil

kara,

warm

until

todayo

yesterday,

it

TARA

tb

I)

In
the

the

getting

Not

nouno

proper
I':\

A)

I?)L
n.

of

attention

Iv

Jf-

l tara

older

(literally:

t1D 8

>  J:

1;:

(l)

mono

There's

ga

after

"(I

Mada

l:

only

v.

(/)

1:

': 1.-

B)

I t.:


t

kite

yo,

(here)o

Hurry

*- 

1:

otoosan

n.

l tara

Dad!

over,

1:

L!:. iJ

motto

already!

t.:

ph.

ato

de

are

to

be

snacks

l tara

home
0

clause,

or

kaette-kinasai

Come

sentence

L!:. iJ

already!)"

"0

v.

 1

wa

-t- Iv

l tara

that!

(literally:

Kondo

t:

let

1:

me

l tara

(eaten)

later!
an

expresses

emphatic

Cut

it

out,

(doing)

L!:. iJ

do

koto

ni

boku

wa

on,

 -\t

.:

son-na

11<

1'- J.t ti 

Come

Hayaku

school.

to

go

translatableo

doing
1:

(I said)
of

end

Yamete

Stop

knowo

ti

and

up

 Iv

Hayaku

o'clocko

the

at

yo

-?

hurry

I? X

(do

< 9'

Oyatsu

yo.
two

or

yo.

.

you

I? 

pronoun

imperativeo

an

Jf-

waiting,

ni-ji

Not

A)

J:,

t

-=-

exclamationo

yo

0'"

ikoo

let's
1:

Placed

aru

in

no

is

Everyone

3.

l:

matteru

It's

< *-

said)

 (l)

1:

Min-na

.i t.:

Jf-



 {;f

h-Iv

the

t"

often

verb,

B)

interesting

approximation:
A)

gakkoo
brother),

something

Placed

English

-1 J:

li'

Omoshiroi

2)

1t.:

< !f:

hayaku

bt.,-!,

B)

marks

fJ!?.: "

li

L!:. iJ,

addressed,

party

translatableo

Oniichan

Oniichan

the

v.

it

yarasete
this

time!

l tara

something

like

that!)

TARI

t V)

TATTE

tC.?L

sakazuki

cupo

3.

Indicates

method

for

an

actiono

v.

B)

crazy)o

(like

wrote
t!

lwLt:Ah1:j:?\t:-7jn.Jt"'?n'G\o

1:. *

A.. i.

A..

It

<

 fJf

U:LL

r-:: ;l

 fJf

r-:: ;l

masu.

about

ito

A)

.:.:

,.;1 : Iv

Koko

wa

r-::;l

what

I wonder

t 

'1

I te I yuu

nan

n.

t.

'11BJ

this

machi
is

town

1= \

B)

calledo


j:? )(;

Oniichan

My

daroo.

,.;1.

Iv

;c Iv

wa,

brother

cl.

said

.:

he

,.;1 tI:f *-

koto

son-na

that

couldn't

r-::;l

Iv

\

do

"'(

t:

.J:

I te I it eta

dekin

wa

'?

something

yo.

like

that.

B)

n

Wakatta
All

t:

.J:

<.

yo.

right,

I'l

it

sugu

be

<

v.

right

l--c
iku

there,

t;f

l teba

(I said).

B)

t.:"'?
Jit o

v.

In

English

'h

"J

This

In

itai

no

lying

no

stil ,

'0

naora-nai.

ga

lower

my

back

pain

isn't

getting

hon

That

book

wa

'1 }; L

adj.

omoku

at

most

tJ

"'( L

five


least

at

"'( L

1;'

nai

wa

(and

,

five

is

deshoo.

probably

less).

en

thousand

Not

 

'1

J:

wa

translatable.
f!

It,

deshoo.

suru

yeno

IJ fJa

t:

kilograms

I go-sen

permission.
-tt

'1

J:

Itemo I go-kiro

Itemo

yasuku
cost

,.;1 

-t!'A,i.A,

(f)

 .1

least"

'.;1T

granting
t.

8.nf-P3
adj.

limit.

possible

"at

[TI].n

wil

sentence

the

weighs
<

Sono

koshi

most"

wa

"t

t.

A)

<

package

;c *'.;1

t.

'.;1:f:

If A,

4.

indicates

kozutsumi

Kono

B)

I'm

"at
?

.:

.:

that

usage,

approximation:
A)

fact

emphatic

an

temo

 

'1;:5:;

better.

any

3.

the

Despite

Jjf.

'L__J'
nete-i

t.t

, \t.:

.: t. .

"'(

 

,"'(

< t:

"'?

"'(

TE-NE

L -

Combination

particle

n

Ima

kara

If
2.

Links

meetingo

I!t:

>*

B)

the

for

time

(I)

something

N)..

were

tH

I te

hajime

v.

to

L .11

1!! tL"'(

start

that

wa

okurete

I would

now,

has

already

shimau.
be

happened

lateo
to

another

situation,

condi-

English

approximation:
fJ>t1.

A)

.:

Jtt.;l.
Kare

ita.

"J"
wa,

t. .

Q-!

1*"?
koishi

"keep

doing

t.t

0""
Q-!

v.

hiro

lte

t.t

1*"?

tf

tf"'(


wa

I nage

v.

hiro

,t: .

lte

wa

nagete-

There

also

are

red

apples

ry Iv

':* 

'b>

C)

t: .

L n"'X

"'?

t: .

LEJ

and

green

grapes

on

the

tableo

'b>

i>  t: . n"'X

., i.
"'?

t: . . }:

* -J ,.;1 T

7. Iv

-L

t:

i>

zuibun

kawatta

nee

ohiru

Kyoo

baagaa

for

Today
C)

t
Kitajima-san
shimasu.

ni,

boku

wa

n.

I to I

otoosan

n.

I to I

okaasan

tabe-mashita.
I had

lunch,

';1*IJ1hh


wa

raigetsu

with

hamburger

0

my

father

L  To
n.

minamida-san

I to I kekkon-

and

my

mother.

han-

became

Takeshita

B)

11LI())

T omodachi

My
Jf L

8?

())

named

the

department.

engineering

J:

To

L.Jrf.i
koto

I to I yobi-masu.

tacchan

n.

Tacchan.

r .. J)

namae

no

new

the

i.

% lW :

kissaten


no

me
f.t

"C,(,

  16

t:>

';I

boku

call

friends

Atarashii
We

: 7

wa



C)

in

student

t<

1!i;.

l:

coffee

shop

.L.

"n.
"Dream."

L.J"'?'
doriimu"

t .i

L t.:

I to I tsuke-mashita.

It

wouldn't

take

than

more

three

'kh

B)

V-

J. b

ry

())

 J.

--C 1.7

,

days

"'?t. _iJ1l>'! (' rB'


-

to

do

that

kind

of


t.: t.: 

-7 t:> t:

work.


 1.7: W --C 

5.

English

As

Quotation

approximation:

introduces

particle,
"that"

or

comma

clause

or

phraseo

Omise

kyoo

wa

I to I dete-iru
The

store

wa

aite-inai

Hora,

yo.

ph." honjitsu

"

kyuugyoo

deshoo.
isn't

open

todayo

See,

there

is

sign

that

says

"closed

for

English

"when"

approximation:
-tt'('-t ,

A)

7t1:.h'ft

,I:."L'?

"as
<

I'

 t:A

-?

Sensee

ga

kyooshitsu

awatete

seki

ni

"{

-tt,

 

1:.t t.:

"
ni

tsuita

as"

soon

v.

hait e-kuru

-tt

t:,

,.1  h"{

"(

I to I

'?

t: If
seeto-tachi

,t.:

wa

J.o

C)

:.

Kono

masheD

1;

F..

furui

:.

to,
0

?J
v.

kowareru

IH>

,t

'

I to I

G Jfikenai

f.t

< &

L .i

kara

J:

hayaku

-)

naoshi-

TO-IE-SA

L ,;t

(

Combination

particle

Hasegawa-san
demo

Hasegawa,

wa,

toppu

na

(in)

n.

no

studies

Ito

benkyoo

n.

Ito

supootsu

itsu-

yo.

and

sports,

is

always

the

best

one

(in

the

English

approximation:

"however"

Look,

we're

almost

the

reo

t:\\l:o

Miyo-chan

wa,

kusan

Miyo

okeeko
is

taking

n.

ni
many

Itoka I

piano
it e-iru

no

lessons

yo

such

n.

Itoka I

n.

Itoka

oshuuji

as

piano,

drawing,

and

calligra-

ta-

TOKORO

C  

backo

English

approximation:

"but"

\*

tL.

B )

if- l '

G,

,:' ;

it

i!t

U: tL

1.1 

-t!A.,-t!A.,i!t

< "'( .! t:.: i: h'"

 .! -tt /va

L.

"C

< l ';

I .:.;

f'

.:
,

tL.

1Jt:.t:.

 if- 1.1 Bt h'

Lr:G:\o

something

like

that!

Ikisaki

shi-yoo

yo

Putting

aside

let's
\

B)

 \RL1

(agr
bIt

I to

wa

p.

are

kotoshi

koso

kaigai-ryokoo

wa

the

to)

ee

mo

ttL

fina

ly

the)

of

(issue
go

on

trip

a
A.,

destination

i!t

.t

(for
this

overseas
"}

t--::>Lll'\T*;fXt:AtLl '\

the

It"}

time

being),

year.
fJt. .,.:

"}

1;t1

TO-SHI-TE

c-l.J-L'

Combination

particle

Sono
to

uwasa

hanashi

wa

ga

n.

aru-n

I to

sore

da

yo.

shi

te

kare

ni

tsuite

wa

mada

iro-iro

n.

I to

Watashi

for

me,

too,

 anata

mo

keeken

Onaji-yoona
As

shite

ga
I understand

no

nayami

wakari-masu.

yoku

wa

kara.

ari-masu
your

worrieso

I've

also

had

similar

English

ximation:

appro
1'.1'(7)

A)

t:

1ft -k
n.

nakatta

J:

I t:

for"

"as

L -C U:

I to

Kanojo
no

1'.1'11.
,

shite
daroo.

.:

7'

1ft 
wa

;j;

kare

;(

 
no

puropoozu

'11)''

I)'

t:

-;)

kotowaru

t:

"h

hoka

f:.b'

A)

ht:L,

Watashi,
I've
t;

B)

'J'JI
n.

desu

t"'1
n.

decided

,
no

I to
t.

?b

friends

wa

tsuki-au

moo

with
t

t:

shoogakoo

 1;'

yameta

no

wao

Takamio

?.:?

,*-tX

'J'

1to
0

J:

"'1d)t:ho
wa

being

stop

Ogawa-san

IJ

1t

takami-kun
to

btb

<A..

(,t.:i:>

G i?b:i!-C-to
no

toki

kara

no

otomodachi

'j:

"'1 t

o"

that

numbero

Kare

cl.

They

5.

Used

.:

cl.

Mukashi

It

is

between

i:>

his

IBJ 'l

LL

t.=

""?

that

machi
this

two

I

t:

town

repeated

her


I to

datta

g randfat

i

kono
said

dai-gakusha

wa

that

say

tl'1'.1't.

B)

sofu

no

oj
wa

used
nouns,

was

yuu

scholaro

great

to

Ito

datta

yama

be

signifies

mountain

yuu
a

every

single

long

time
one

agoo

in

that

t>

A..

1'.1'11.

A)

1ft 1;'

G ci t=. 'it t!

I; 'I;'

t:'"h

"1

1;'

--:>

-C

.:

'

I t:

'0

"1 .:

t:

'1

t. 141?

ci t=.' tl:f

i:>

J:

1;'

b'i,.

I)'

--:>

-C

Kare
mad

'

kara
a

shucchoo

(/)

mada

denwa
kara

ga

kaette-nai

kakatte-ko-nai

no

daroo

I To

yuu

koto

wa

TO-YUU-TO

c:-L

'5-c:

Combination

particle

TTE

-::>

n.

I te I

Ookami

Wolves

vicious,

are
1',)\

B)

Ashita

Is

it

going

>

L t.:*jI&it

d.

kowai-n

< 'lA,t?
*

to

you're

going

Osaka

tomorrow,

inu

ne,

though

even

oosaka
true

da

they

ni

niteru

yoku
look

lot

kedo.
like

dogso

I te I

iku
to

hontoo?

Osaka

tomorrow?
is

it

true?)

(literally:

That

you

are

gozalmasu

Is
5.

In

English

it

talking

that

true

about

"(they)

bt:.f,t

 h-

-&(7)

"I

say"

that
J:?

t:J: -/]

chi

I hear
1:1f,t

t!"'(

Congratulations!

hear"
'/),

*-::

h,

Watanabe-san

B)

school?



5Jt i!l

'/)'"t:.

medical

hearsayo

approximation:
A)

into

got

you

the
t. .

ne,

J.t

t":A

ookina

cl.

Watanabes
: .1.-

Ii,

-7

t:

-?

h- t:

karaaterebi

bought

color
T

'"?

.J:

katta-n

big

l:

(7);j;

EJ

ry l'

da

TVo

<

t:J:

h- t:'

o

I te 1

Isshoo-kenmee
nai.

v.

benkyoo-shita

I te I

i da-kun

ni

wa

kanawa-

1.

"Wall"

as

topic

marker

in

an

affirmative

sentenceo

As
someone

for

I won't

me,

else

probably

go./I'm

not

wil .)

going

to

goo

(Leo!

wil

not

go,

but

finished

haven't

2)

Follows

A)

particle

r.H:

 (1) A

for

(relations)

going

Following
:

t1

verb,

nido

to

<1"1')

for

-r: (1)

Sono

mada

the

medication,
,

associate

to

"te

non

p.

-r:

isn't

<,



Hiru

/wal

atsuku,

this

(with

""("

"de

or

""('0"

de

""('[il '
lie,

J:Qtr

nai

YOo

taken

it

no

yoru

yet.

YOo

topicso


n.

i-nai

1<

-r: tLh'1'5

'0

so

knowo

you

again,

two

favor)

/wal

Iwal

de

p.

sa

'(1).J:

between

contrast

:I-

kara

I haven't

V'JEtQ. IJ'?

shi-nai

'.J:

,

use

rumor

Indicates

dao

going

not

As

(literally:

anymoreo

particles

(for

you

""(..

uwasa,

That

n.

ask


wa,

1 h

Iwal

ever

 t: 'fX/v

Ii,

As

the

or

tanomi

v.

q)

Kusuri

A)

person

I'm

person,

adjective,

I won't

Look,

4.

that

that

&*ih[il L'h'G0

Moo

C)

with

anymoreo)
a

 -tt /VO
tsuki-ai-maseno

moo

with

him/her)

associate

to

IJ

 i,'

Iwal

to

iki-masu

buso

111

de

by

go

p.

not

  T

'?

hito

I'm

B)

basu

Ano

A)

/wal
(I)

Usually,

3)

"'t>ft

thingso)

adverbo

an

\" A

ltsumo

adv.

B)

or

[il

,""?

other

doing

Iwal

.:"}

(1)

samui.

iJt:.o
Sore

ga

sabaku

no

kikoo

B)

.:

tL

n.

Kore

This

[il

Iwal
is

mine,

t.:

L (1),

-r: tL

watashi
that

no,

is

yourso

[il


n.

t.:

(1)

Iwal

sore

Don't

get

r:, i{
anata

;t

"'t

Machigae-nai

no.

them

mixed

upo

de.

suteki

Ara,
Wow,

is

dress

your

/wal

da

c.

-r:

500

Well,

'1 tJ,

ima

ne,
yes,

 T

"tI',(,

<. 1ft t

it

 

kare

sugu

I think

doresu

no

niceo

so

1',),tL

C)

anata

ne,

ni
would

tH

L t '1

'1 h"

denwa-shita
be

better

to

I

'1

hoo

ga

i to

call

him

right

v.

omou

nowo

Iwal

VA

1')t

b)

"}}

-:>':

* -tX
n.

1T

< 

iku

Gakkoo
clause

x
toki

t c1)}

1')\

 t

I to I

1T

n.

< 

"(,(,

t. .""

0 'i"

 l;t

ni

kaimono
clause

}

"'{'1T
iku

toki

  T
wa

jitensha

de

Mono-oki
In

other

ni
the

storage

things)o

n.

I ya I sukii

jitensha
room,

there

is

ga

bicycle

shimatte
and

ari-masu.
a

pair

of

skis

(among

Kanojo
saseta

wa,

boku

no

sugata

v.

miru

Iya I

ikari

bakuhatsu

;c 

-1 t? h

1;'

--?

"'"(

< J1, 

My
5.

In

,"

intensifies

set

dear

old
such

phrases
the

meanings

is

today

man,
as

"mata

mo

of

"mata

birthday,

your

.1 t:

ya
mo

.1 t:

t "
t"

you

knowo

and

"mashite

(again)

ya

and

"mashite

.1

L "'t
.1

2.

At

the

end

of

sentence,

creates

an

exclamatory,

curt

statemento

Not

y ARA

 b

3.

In

the

pattern"

000

yara

000

yara

,. . .,

G,. . .,

G,"

fol owed

by

negation,

'7;('

B)

J:

,

J.?

,)

.1 t:

 -r
t:.' ' 1v

*t:'t:t.

1:1

J.

:k w t t Iv

I.J 'I.J'

.1

f;t

--?

t:

lot


f'  t t 

d)

<

YO

t!. .

B)

t:

"'t

--?

t. J:

Damatte'

fJ\

f' 1t

get

ing

so

you!

t3

--?

jisho

Don't
ask

'?

f:t

angry

t:

< G

tsukatta

;c Iv

"'t,

de,

gurai
at

me

just

for

t:
son

using

.:


na

your

[IJ

ni

okoru

dictionary

p.

Iv 1

na

without

n.

God,

Ivol

Kami

please

t?-\!
Ooil
keshiki

omamori

protect
t

B)

.;

i-,
Hiraiwa-kun

n.

da

zo.

< A,

kudasai.
meo

I"i:l

l;t 

.!f-

It

(1)

It

(1f,:>"'(,:

Ivol

T';r

\J:o

hayaku

nobotte

\., tI

L \@.t.o
koi

vo.

Subarashii

A)

:.

(/)

 

Kono

t:

I'm

is

L U:,

Watashi

big

n.

than

YOUo

: .'

n.

than

ger

 t:J: t:
wa,

tal er

ana

wa,

apple

 

 (/)

U:,

ringo

This

B)

: .'

la,

[Ii]

*-

I yori

ringo
that

anata

 (I.J'

"'CT

I ookii

desu

appleo


.J:

t)

I yori(ka/mo)

I 1f;Q"

.

\0
se

ga

takai

If

you're

not

hungry

yet,

let's

have

dinner

after

seven

o'clocko

Shin-kansen

I yori I
Shin-kansen

hakata-yuki

hikari-ichi-goo
hassha-shi-masu

wa,

n.

juuroku-ban-sen

Hikari

00

1 to

Hakata

wil

be

leaving

from

track

No.

6f:> :1

To

elicit
J:1,l>i '(A..

A)

an

from

agreement
-& t:

Yoshioka-kun

Yoshioka

addressedo

party

Not

'b

"6 f.i'i]  1.J,;'1

shiyoo

the

i 'i 'I)"".!:?


ga

I 1
ze

is

.:, 

t:'

h.

kakari-choo

ni

"'C j:-) JL

naru-n


L .J: 1

L!J

da.

translatableo
0

Min-na

de

v.

oiwai-

going

to

become

an

assistant

section

chiefo

Let's

all

ZUTSU

::>

MASTERING

PARTICLES:
EXERCISES

INTRODUCTION

Lesson

.:

8.

'1

,

-r13!

bt:.

Yama

Sakura

Lesson

8.

t:

Ki

noo

am

fine,

too

30.

Lesson

(/)

8.

hb}

(/)

(My)

mother's

brothers

are

my

uncles,

tooo

I want

black

oneo

 t:
Boku

Lesson

Watashi

wa

haha

ni

tegami

14.

,:

Kono

restoran

 "7:/

(
(

A..toj

20.

H*

Kon-na

tokoro

there's

Today,
watch

the

going
fireworks

to

from

be

fireworks
the

(at)

over

rooftop

of

that

the
tal

Sumida

buildingo

River.

Let's

Lesson

Watashi

no

enpitsu

Mikka-go

Kyoo

wa

samui

kara,

min-na

My

older

the

meaning

brother
of

said,

"Look

word

that

it

up

I didn't

in

the

knowo

dictionary,"

when

I asked

him

i!

# 

\

) 1t<

"?"C\"?t.:,t.o

):f

"b,tl

\

"C 1t.:

-1 I.J

G?

1t

,.:1

7#

Lesson

i!

6.

8

J:

I.,

'l

 71

.-c'itI,)'*"?

1.. 

1:1 1..

"C

\!

-\t

IJ?

longer

the

rainy

season

wil

continue?

Kono

shukudai

wa,

itsu

After
reached

I went
all

shore

off

the

way

by
down

to

boat,

the

bottom

dove

into
of

the

the

sea,

The

seao

and

it

was

sun's
as

rays

if

I had

Lesson

how

(Approximately)
three

starso

can

see

stars

many

only

oneo

can

you

see

in

the

sky?

can

see

only

zenbu

de

sanjuu-nin

"'t

15.

(:"-7

Biifu

16.

do

rL

) chikin

Which
h

) 1-3f-/

you

like

 

) dochira

beef

better,

or

I.>P

ga

lJ

suki

desu

ka?

chicken?

>

--Cl\;

 --C 1" I.J'

 I.J,' *f

 "?--CLl\c?)t:,

11

?

J6

"(A.-

vAl'

\\o

Lesson

Let's

you

and

I do

this

worko

dare

Among

ga

asa

you,

ichiban
your

hayaku
father,

oki-masu
and

your

ka?

brother,

who

gets

up

the

earliest

in

bicycleo

Boku
it a

se

mieta

yoku

packed

(
takai

(3

kara,

tooku
da'

1 went

and

ful

) hito

Gookaku

brother

ga

of

to

but

people,

number

well

from

happier

than

(I

am

daigaku

to,

Takusan

My

otooto

wa

distanceo

) todayo

) gookaku-happyoo

ippai

the
since

datta

kara,

Kyoo
college
I'm

tal er

I'd

the
than

been

) ureshii
see

accepted!

boku

ga,

jibun
6

to

wa

mlnl-

futsuu

) bangoo

hi

wa

ga

nai.
listo

acceptance
1 could

average,

I've

It

was

see

never

my

been

Lesson

10

), hajimete

no

yoo

na

ki

) amari

shi-masen.

Okusan

Chicago,

we

are

very

good

friends,

like

real

sisters.

Kauntaa

chuumon-shi-mashita.

) isu

) koshi-kakete,

nigiri-zushi

Our

college

is

in

Shibuyao

Lesson

10

4.

t: .

SJ:?

L.1To
Asa
owaru

daigaku
(

) tsuite
),

kimiko-san

) gogo

) watashi

) jugyoo

3
7

) betsu-betsu

I.:

Ii

I.-

;,:

8*

11.

,t

\*

) T7-7A

L --C\.1

To

..:r1v

,t

1t

)
-tt

A
,

i;.
7

})

.:

If .t

I.-SJ:")

)


I.-J:")

1t

fJ'lJ

J:: :1v

fJ'

If .t

\

I.-

)C it

;t

I.- .tH

--CT

ht:.

\; \

})

Usually,

I have

Japanese

and

lunch
Western

at

style

the

school

foods

cafeteria
are

available,

with

my

and

they

friendso
are

Both

deliciouso

kimiko-san

Demo,
4

) uchi

) ocha

) kaette

) nondari

otoosa

(
(

ki-masu
okashi

), min-na

ku-ji

yoru

10

) tabe-tari

goro

shi-nagara,

) issho

fJ>

) .To

ANSWER

KEYS

(na),
(na),

140

-(J)

1 So

-(J)

160

-':(wa),

170

-(J)

180

-,:

(na),
(wa)

190

-1J(ga),
-1J

I-""('(de),
1-""('

270

I-",,('(de),
I-",,('(de),
I-",,('(de),
I-",,('(de),

28.
29.

2-1J(ga)
(ma),

220

-1J

(ga)

230

-,:

240

-(J)

250

-,:

260

-,:

270

-(J)

280

-1J

290

-,:

(wa),
(na),
(wa),
(wa),
(na),
(ga),
(wa),

(na),

5-':

1-1J

(ga),

300

(ma)

2-

250
260

300

(ma),

2-

20

I-(a),
I-(e)/':(ni),

(ga)

30

1-""('

(mo)

40

I-':(ni),

1.

(wa)
(wa),
(ga),
(wa),

2-':
2-':

2-1J
2-':

2-1J

(ga)
(ga)
(ga),

(wa),

6-

2-1J
2-1J

2-

3-1J

3-1J(ga)

(ma),

3-

3-1J

(ga),

(mo),

7-

3-

(mo),

(ni),

70

I-':(ni),
I-""('(de),

(ma)
4-

4-

90

2-(a)

-""('

So

-

60

-

70

-

14

(de),
(a),
(a),
(a),

2-

11.

120
130
140
1 So

160

170
180

190
200
21.
220

230
240

320

1 So

160

170

2-

(a)

180

(a)

200

 (a)

 (a),
-""('(de),
-""('(de),
-",,('(de),
-""('(de)
-(o),
-""('(de),
-""('(de),
 (a),
-
(a),
-(a),
-
(a),
-(a),
-""('(de),
-""('(de),

100

 (0)

2-",,('(de)
2-",,('(de)
2-",,('(de)

-""('(de),

8.
90

130

(de)

2-""('

2-

190

2-(a)
2-(a)

21.
220
230

2-",,('(de)
2-",,('(de),
2-
2-""('

2-",,('(de)
2-",,('(de)
2-",,('(de),
2-",,('(de)
2-(a)
2-(a)

240

3-(a)

250

(0)
(de)

260

270

3-

(a)

280
290
300

3-':(ni)
2-",,('(de)

2-

(ni),

,:

3-

2-",,('(de),
 (a),

80

4-(J)

(de),

1-

 (0)

40

3-(a)

2-",,('(de),

1-':

120

-",,('(de),
-""('(de)
-

(de)

3-""('

2-(a)
2-(a)
2-",,('(de),

So

11.

4]

20

 (a),

2-(a)

60

100

[Lesson

30

2-

5]

[Lesson

(ga)

3-1J

(ma)

1.

3-(a)

2-(a),
(de),

(ga)
t

3-1J(ga)

2-1J(ga),

200
21.

(ma)
(wa)

2-

2-':

2-

2-",,('(de)
2-""('(de),
2-(e)/':

(e)

,:

 (a)

3-(a)
(ni)
3-(a)
(ni),

3-",,('(de),

 (a)

I-(e)/':(ni),
I-':(ni),

2-':(ni),

2-""('(de),
3-(a)

,: (ni),
2-""('
(de)
2-':(ni),
I-(e)/':(ni),
2-':(ni)
I-(o),
2-(0),
I-':(ni),
3-",,('(de),
5-
(e) / ,: (ni)
(a),
3-(a)
2-",,('(de),
I-':(ni),
I-",,('(de),
2-(0)
3-",,('(de),
I-",,('(de),
2-':(ni),
(a)
2-':(ni),
3-(e)/':(ni),
I-(o),
4-",,('(de),
5-(0)
1- ,: (ni),
2-
(e) / ,: (ni),
2-':
I-",,('(de),
3-(a)
(ni),
2-  (a)
1- ,: (ni),
2- ,: (ni)
1-""('
(de),
2-(a),
3-",,('(de)
I-':(ni),
2-  (a),
3-
1- ,: (ni),
(e)
I-(a),
2-""('(de)/(wa),

4-  (a),
5- ,: (ni)
(ni),
2- ,: (ni),
3- ,:
I-",,('(de),
5-  (0)
(de),
2-(a),
I-':(ni),
3-",,('(de)
I-(a),
2-(e)/':(ni),
2-(0),
3-(e)/':(ni)
I-",,('(de),
3- ,:
I-
(0),
2-",,('(de),
6-(a)
(ni),
5-(a),

3-(a)

1-

3-(a)
4-

4-

,:

3-

,:

(ni)

(ni)

3-':(ni)/
(ni),

4-""('

3-(0)
(ni),

4-':

6]

[Lesson

(kara)

10

1-1J'

20

1-

3.

1-1J'

40

1-1J'(kara),
""(, (made),

* ""(, (made)

(kara)

So

1-1J'

60

1-1J'

2-(e)/t:(ni),
(e) It:

3-*

(ni)
2- * ""(, (made)
2-1J'
 (kara),

4-

(kara),
(kara),

3-

* ""(-

(made)
70

1-1J'

80

1-1J'

90

1-1J'

100

(kara)
(kara),
 (kara)
* ""(, (made),


(kara),
11.

* ""(, (made)

2-

""('(made)/t:

1-*

(ni),

t:

3 -1J'

* ""(, (made)

4-

(ni)/(e),

2-1J'

(kara)

(kara),

120

1-1J'

130

1-

140

1-1J'

1 So

1-1J'

160

1-

170

1-1J'

2-1J'

(kara),
(kara),

(ni),

t:

* ""(,

2-

* ""(, (made),

(ni)

2-

t:

2-

* ""(- (made)

(kara),

2-1J'

(made)
(kara)

(kara),

3-

t:

(ni)

""('(made),

2-*

3-t:

(ni)
180

""(-(made),

1-*

2-t:(ni),

3-1J'

(kara)
190

1-1J'

200

1-

21.

1-1J'

(kara),

* ""(- (made)

2-

* ""(, (made),

2-

(kara),

2-

(ni)

t:

* ""(, (made),

3-

t:

(ni)
(ni),
(ni),

220

1-

t:

230

1-

t:

1-

* ""(, (made),

240

2-1J'

2-1J'

(kara)
(kara)
2-1J'

(kara),

3-

(e)/t:(ni)
250

260

(made),

""(,

(ni),
(made),

6-

(made),
270
280

4-t:

(ga),

1-1J<

2-1J'

4-

* ""(, (made),

1-

* ""(- (made),

(ni),

(e) It:
t: (ni)
290

1-1J'

(ni),

t:

(kara),

1-1J'

t:
(kara),3
5- *""(.
(ni),
7- t: (ni)
(ni),
3- * ""(2-1J'
 (kara),
(ni)
(ni),
5-(e)/t:
3- t: (ni),
 (kara),
5-
(e) It: (ni)
3-
 (kara),
2-1J'
5-
* ""(, (made),
(e) I
2 -1J'

4-

(kara),


4-1J'

* ""('(made)/t:

4-

2-

(kara)

* ""(, (made),

3-t:

100

I-",,('(de),

11.

1-

120

J:

2-J:

(yari),

')

(ta),

I-t

(yari)

')

(ta),

2-t

3-",,('(de)

(hada)

t'

2-(1

(ta)

3-t

4-""('

(de)
130

J:

1-

')

(yari),

(na),

(7)

(1

t'

(hada)
I-t

I-",,('(de),
I-t

(na),
170

1-

180

1-(1

5-

(ta),
t'(hada),

J:

(yari)

')

2-",,('(de),
') (yari)
2-(7)

(na)

3-(7)

2-J:

(na)
(ta),

4-(7)
160

2-",,('(de),

(ta),

140

150

(na),

3-(7)

(na),

3-(7)

(na),

4-(7)

(de)

3-""('

2-(7)(na),

J:

3-

(yari)
(na),

190

1-(7)

200

(de),
1-(7)(na),
')

(yari),

5-(7)

5-(7)

2-t

(ta)

(na),

6-

2-(7)

(na),
(na),

(ta)

3-t

J:

(yari)
3-",,('(de),

4-""('

')

6 -(1

4-J:
t'

(hada)

')

(wa),

120

130

140

150

160

17.

180

I -tJ'

1-(7)

(no),

(wa),
I-';t(wa),
(to),
I-(:(ni),
(to),
(ni)

6-(7)

9-';t

(wa)

2-

 (0),

(kara),
(ni),
2-(7)

5-

(ni),

(:

(wa),
,5-tJ'

2-(7)

8-(7)
(kara),
I -';t(wa),
(kara),
14-
(0),
(ni),
2-';t(wa),
1-(7)(no),
5-A..
(e) 1(:
(wa),
8-(:(ni),
7-,",(#(de),
(no),
(0),11-(7)
14t (mo)
2-t(mo),
l-tJ{(ga),
'"'(. (made)

(no),

(wa),4-tJ{

2-tJ'

5-,",(#(de),

13-(:

(wa)
3-(:(ni),

15-';t

(ni),

4-';t

(kara),

6-tJ'

9-(0),
12-

10-

 (0),

(no),

13-(7)

3-t(mo),

4-1

3-';t(wa),

 (kara),

I O-tJ,

(to),

12-t

,7-tJ'

(to),

9-

(mo)

4-tJ{

7-';t(wa),

6-tJ{(ga),

5-tJ{(ga),
tJ{ (ga)

1-(7)

4-';t

 (0)

3-';t
6-

2-tJ{(ga),

l-tJ{(ga),
(ga),

';t(wa),

(no),

(kara),
(no),

 (0),

t
6-(:

(no),

3-'"'(#
4-t
(de)
7- t (mo)
(mo),
4-t
3-t(to),
(ni),
7-A..(e)/(:

(no),

2-tJ{(ga),

I-';t

7-

10-(7)

(wa)
3-,",(#(de),
(no) ,7-

6-(7)

6-

5-';t(wa),

(no),
,

12-';t

5-(:

(ga)

8-

190

(to),

5-

(no),

8-(7)

(ga),

3-tJ{

6-(0),

t (mo),
9-
(0)
I-';t(wa),
2-(0),
3-tJ{(ga),
6-tJ'(kara),
(no),
5-tJ{(ga),
(ni),8-tJ{(ga)

7-(:

4-

(ni),

8200

4-(7)

7-(:

PATTERNS

by

I suppose

"..

..

deshoo

"..
datta

d:> 'J

"..

desh

"..

datta

if

there

only
just

would
lit le

..0

..

(something),

were

bit

of

even

"de

"kore

(location)
..

ni

"'t:"?
l.

demo..

t:'J

,tJ,t,t"

"

...
135

de

'J

L t:
t:

-C.

-J ,:"

-C.

ni

aroo

"'t:

ni

-C.

'"

"'t:"?

ni

",t,t

-J ':,

J:

00..00.0000000.000

...

daroo
n

':,"

J:

-J
J:

-J ':,

':,"

-J ':,

"

".. .0
135

000.0. 0.000.00.00

53

. 0. 0. . . 00..00.. . 00..0. 0.

1:td.>-C"'-C.t"' '

28

00.. . 000000..

it. .

in

tion)

kana

"semete. .

in

in/at

roo

nai

...

':,"

-J

-J ':,"

J:

-J ,:"
-J ':,"

J:

deshoo
deshoo

datta

(it)

-J
ita

t:'J

-C.

-C.

ni

aroo

'J

L t:

"'-C.

t:

"'-C.

de

"'t:

ni

ni

"'t:"?
ni

"..

daroo

"'t:"?

ni
ni

roo

-J ':,"

J:

deshoo

deshoo
"'-C.

I wish

"..

deshoo

...

..

deshita

"datta

I sympathize

"'-c.

-J ':,"

ni

d:> 'J

"'-C.

and

in/at

(loca-

"..

-C.t1,"

wa

"de

nite
demo

.:.
..

tU:
demo

-C.t"

mo

-C ,"

"koko

",-c-t"'-C.t"

20

000000.. 00.0000..0. 00.

nite

.:. :.

,:

-C"
000.. 0000.. 00

142
19

not

only

all

. .,

but

..

this/that

many

GLOSSARY

(English-Japanese)

as
as

of

token

as

as

far

as

as

far

(a

as

for

. .,

as

for

as

for

. .,

as

for

. .,

as

long

as

many

as

many/much

as

much

distance)

also/too
time

as

as

much

as

soon

as

as

soon

as

as

soon

as

as

soon

as

well

as

you've

as

already

at

at

at
at

(at)
at

time

least
least

at

most

at

most

(B]
beca

use

beca

use

because
beca

use

because

(because)
(beca

use)

before

belong
between
but
but

.0

as

at

..

as

at

..

..

as

as

as

as

to

heard

. .,

but
but
but
but

..

"0

by
by
by
by
by
by /from
by way

the

fact

that

..

of

(C]
called/named

..

..

color

(the

of)

concerning
considering
considering

it

(something,

is

evident

. .)

that

consequently
continuously
could

could
created

only
doing
(something)

do

only
(you)

do

..

..

by

(D]
depending
despi
despite
despi
(I'm

on

te

doing

(something)

tha

te

fact

that

sorry

but

did

I)

not

do

..

do

(verb)

do

(something)

do

you

and

..

to

(something)

.0

and/while

verb)

(doing

using

by
want

then

(doing

verb)

doing

only

don't
don't
to

due

to

due

to

due

to

even

that

say

due

(E]
(quantity)

thing

one

..

..

..

..

each

..

all

the

time

. .,

even
even
even
even
even

if

even

if

(I)

to

were

(you)
if (you)
if (you)
if (you)
(something)
though
though
though
though
though
though
though
though
though
though
though
though

even
even

(even)
even

(even)
even
even
even
even
even
even
even

even
even
even
even

that)

..

were

to

were

to

..

..

to

were

..

do

to

were

is/does

(it's

not

..

..

the

to

extent

..

while

even

doing

..

every
every

single

every

time

(excuse

..

but)

me,

(F]
for

for
for
for
for
for

(i.e.

as

for

means

from
from
from

from

(from)
from

from

(H]
he/she
how

said

about

of

viewpoint
that

. .?

..

doing

. .)

however
however

[I]
(I)'d

thought

I'd

but

(something)

done

..

1 hear
1 hear

though

1 hope..o,

I'm

(I say)
(I said)
(I said)
(I) think/(I)

(do

. .,

.0

already!)
do

..

.0

1 wish

..

1 wish

would

(it)

1 wonder

..

..

1 wonder

..

. .?

wonder

(I)
(I)
(I)

1 could

..

wil

1 wish

if

..

if

wondering

wonder

..

wonder

..

..

if
if

(if
(if
(if

. .),

but. .

. .),

can/would
can/would

. .),

if

(I)

if

only. .

if

only

if

.0

to

were

do

. .,

do

. .,

(but. .)
(but. .)

..

then

if

(we)

say

if

(you

think)

then

that,
you

.0

can

"0

ga

ti.

of

in

the

field

in

the

manner

of

manner)

(in this
(indeed)

..

-lOg

..

into

Is

it

is/

it

.0

probably. .

are

it's

not

it's

said

(it

o..?

that

true

isn't

to

necessary

that

happened

so

[J]
judging

..

. .)

from

just.
just
just
just
just
just
just

about

..

when

[K]
keep
[L]

..

doing

let's

(something)

do

to

for/to

..

..

leave

let's

the

..

like

[M]
(made

of)

merely
[N]
never

(not

never

mind

no

(something)..

..

no

better

no

fewer/less

no

less

no

matter

no

one

not

all

not

any

(not)
(not)
(not)

..

mind

never

once)

even

than
than
than
0..

bad

any

more

as

much/lit le

as

much

(than)
as
as

..

(not)

either

. .,

(not)

even

..

not

even

not
not

having
possible

not

unthinkable

..

done

..

nothing
nothing
nothing
numbering

(for

do,

to

for

except

example)

..

(0]
of
of
of
of

okay?

. .,

on
on
on
on

basis

the

on

of

one

only
only
only
only
only
(only)
only
only

about

(this)

out

and

else

nothing

something

or

..

..

if

of

over

owing

to

owing

to

..

..

(P]
per

perhaps
perhaps
please

because

putting
(R]

aside

rather

..

..

doing
of

right?

..

because

than

regardless
. .,

of

it's

..

so

is/was

(something)
thing)
something
(something
something
something
something
(something)
speaking
speaking
(speaking
starting

like

by

done

(some-

..

like)
(like)

.0

like

..

like

(I hear)

. .,

that
of

..

..

of

.0

of)
with

such

such

as

such

as

0..

like

thing
and

..

(and

..

etc.)

. .,

[T]
than

clause

or

phrase)
that

means

that

which

the

(noun)

the

fact

..

is

called
is

..

that

..

the

moment

the

one

the

reason

(for

that)

the

(thing)

that

is

there

they
(they)
(this

J:

yori

(introduces

that

..

is

no

..

called

..

but

choice

say
say

is

what

I think),

but

..

to

')

000000000..0000.0000.. 0. .0. .0. . 0. 000

0000000.0. 0.0000.0. 0. . . 000.00..00..0. . 0. . . .

253,

254

206

though
through
through
til
to
to
to

to
to

to

do

to

tel

the

to

the

extent

to

the

extent

that

to

the

extent

that

to

think

..

truth

of

that

..

..

..

too

totaling
towards

[U]
until
to

up

(up
[W]

to)

is/was

what

. .?

it

whatever

..

when
when
when
when
when

(something
"if

of

(instead

happens)..
0"")

whenever
when

is/was

. o?

it

. .?

whether
while
while
while

why
why
why
with
with

with
with
with

doing
doing

(also

. .,

don't

we

don't

we

don't

you

doing
the

on

. .,

..

. .?
do

..

way,

. .)
do

..

with

(with

intention

to)

..

within
would

we?

would

you

. .?

[V]
yet

(you)
(you)

are

did

asking/saying
. .,

remember?

. .?

GLOSSARY

(Japanese-English)

t:.:))

dokoro

t:.:))

dokoroka
domo

[E]

t:

tJ,

kashira

tJ'L

a.:,

kashira

tJ'L

a.:,

ke

(keredo,

keredomo

t.

(ttn

t.,

(keredo,

keredomo

(ttnt.,

t.t

(ttnt.,

(keredo,

keredomo

t.

(ttn

t t.t)
kedomo)

kedo,

t t.t)

t t.,

(keredo,

keredomo

kedomo)

kedo,
tt

kedomo)

kedo,

t.,

t)

to

kedomo)
t tOt)

t t.,

(keredo,
t.t

kedo,

(ttnt

t.t
keredomo

kedomo)

kedo,

t.,

t.,

to

.
.
0
0

a.:,

a.:,

t)

 ')

kiri
kiri

 ')

kiri

 ')

koso

.:

koso

.:

koto

.:

koto

.:

(gurai)
(gurai)
(gurai)
(gurai)

kurai
kurai

kurai
kurai

< a.:,

< a.:,

< a.:,

< a.:,

kuse-ni

< it

,:

kuse-ni

< it

,:

[M]
made

1 '"(.

made

1 '"(.

made

1 '"(0

made

1 '"(.

made

1 '"(.

made

1 '"(.

made-mo

1 '"(.

made-mo

1 '"(.

made-ni

1 '"(.':

made-ni

1 '"(0':
1 '"(0':

made-ni
mo

mo

mo

a.:, 
a.:,

\)
\)
\)
\)

mo

mo

mono

t (J)

mono

t (J)

'"(,)

t (J) '"(, ( t 

mono-de(mon-de)
monoka(monka)
mononara(mon-nara)
a.:,)

t (J) 1J' ( t

1J')

(not

translatable)

(J)

t a.:, (t

t

"if. .

then"

mononara(mon-nara)
a.:,)

(J)

t

a.:, (t

t

"if

mononara(mon-nara)
a.:,)

(J)

t a.:, (t

t

"should

monono

t (J) (J)

mono-o

t (J)

mono-o

t (J)

(you

.0.0. 0. .00000..

0.0.0. 0.

. .00

.00

. . . 0. 0.000.0. 0000.. . .00..0. . . . . .

think)
there

you

be

can

. ."

. ."

. . . .00.. . . . . . . . .0. . .

0.. . . . 0. 000.. . . .

101

ni

(=

ni

(=

ni-mo

(=

ni-mo-kakawara-zu

(=

t tJ'tJ'h

-(

ni-mo-kakawara-zu

(=

t tJ'tJ'h

-(

ni-oi-te

(=

t-;

l \-c

ni-oi-te

(=

t-;

l \-c

ni-shite

(=

L -c

ni-shite-mo

(=

L -c

ni-shite-wa

(=

L -c (j:

nite

(=-c

nite

(=-c

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)

no

(J)
(J)

t:

(Iv

t:

))

-)

-C'

(Iv

no-da(n-da)
no-daroo

(J)

node(n-de)
node(n-de)

(J)

t:)
-c')
-Co)

(J)-c'(1v

no-de

(J)-c'

no-de

aru

-C' ci> 

(J)

no

deshita

(J)

-C'

L t:

no

deshoo

(J)

-C'

nomi

(J)

noni

(J)

noni

(J)

b
(=
(=

no-ni

(J)

(=

no-ni

(J)

(=

[0]
o

J:

-)

[8]
sa


 

sae

 

sae

shi

shi

shika

L /.),

t.:))

tokoro
tokorode

t.:))-c

tokoro-e

t.:))

tokoroga

t.:))

'Ii

tokoro-o

t.:))

tomo

tomo

t ci> n

to-mo-are

to-shi-te

L -c

to-shi-te

L-c

to-shi-te

L-c

to-shite-mo

L -c

to-shite-mo

L -c

L -c (j:

to-shite-wa
to-wa

(j:

to-wa

(j:

to-wa

(j:
t

to-wa-ie

(j:

to-yuu

-)

-)

to-yuu

to-yuu

l\-)

to-yuu

-)

to-yuu

-)

to-yuu-koto-wa
t

to-yuu-no-wa

l
l

to-yuu-to

-) t

to-yuu-to

-) t

ti. 

-:>-C

-:>-C

-:>-C

-:>-C

-:>-C

-:>-C

-:>-C

[W]
wa

(j:

wa

[V]
ya

ya

ya

yai

ya-ina-ya
yara

yara

-)

-)
(J)

.:

(j:

(j:

yo

J:

yori

J:

')

yori

J:

')

yori

J:

')

yori

J:

')

[Z]
ze

if

zo

zutsu

-(