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Delta Modulator
2.
3.
4.
However the difference signal d(t) will be converted by a limiter, then we can obtain a signal (t)
given as
After the signal (t) is sampled, we can obtain the expression of delta modulation signal as
Finally we integrate the delta modulation signal to take as the next reference signal x, (t) of delta
modulation signal. The expression is given as
Although delta modulation has the advantages of simple structure and small transmission bandwidth,
it also has the disadvantage of slope overload. As a result of delta modulation is the capacity of the
variation in the T, region, therefore the maximum slope of the delta modulation is / T, = f . If
the maximum slope of the input signal exceeds / T, = f s, that means the step size is too small,
then slope overload will occur in the delta modulation. Consequently the slope of the input
signal must satisfies the prerequisite condition of delta modulation, which is given as follow
Slope overload will cause the modulation signal changes cannot follow closely enough to the
input signal, and then the recovery of the original signal will become distorted. In order to prevent
slope overload, we notice that from equation (7-6), the slope of the input signal cannot be too high
and we can also increase the values of fs or .
By adding a shunt resistor R 16 between integrator U3 and capacitor C 1, we can improve the low
frequency response of the integrator. Assume that R16 and C1 are equivalent impedance, then we get
where
4. Let J2 and J4 be short circuit, i.e. the connection between X 1 and X is on. At the signal input
port (I/P1), input a 2 V amplitude and 1 kHz sine wave frequency. Next at the CLK input port
(I/P2), input a 5 V amplitude and 64 kHz TTL signal. Then by using oscilloscope, observe
on the output signal waveforms of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and O/P signal. Finally record the
measured results in table 7-2.
5. According to the input signals in table 7-2, repeat step 4 and record the measured results in table
7-2.
6. Let J1 and J3 be short circuit, i.e. the connection between X 2 and X ison. At the signal input port
(I/P1), input a 2 V amplitude and 1.5 kHz sine wave frequency. Next at the CLK input port (I/P2),
input a 5 V amplitude and 128 kHz TTL signal. Then by using oscilloscope, observe on the
output signal waveforms of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and O/P signal. Finally record the measured results
in table 7-3.
7. According to the input signals in table 7-3, repeat step 6 and record the measured results in table
7-3.
8. Let J1 and J4 be short circuit, i.e. the connection between X 3 and X ison. At the signal input port
(I/P1), input a 2 V amplitude and 2 kHz sine wave frequency. Next at the CLK input port (I/P2),
input a 5 V amplitude and 256 kHz TTL signal. Then by using oscilloscope, observe on the
output signal waveforms of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and O/P signal. Finally record the measured results
in table 7-4.
9. According to the input signals in table 7-4, repeat step 8 and record the measured results in table
7-4.
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
DM O/P
500 Hz
2V
Table 7-1 Measured results of delta modulation with 32 kHz CLK signal (Continue).
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
DM O/P
1 kHz
2V
Table 7-1 Measured results of delta modulation with 32 kHz CLK signal (Continue).
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
2 kHz
2V
Table 7-1 Measured results of delta modulation with 32 kHz CLK signal (Continue).
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
DM O/P
3 kHz
2V
Table 7-2 Measured results of delta modulation with 64 kHz CLK signal.
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
DM O/P
1 kHz
2V
Table 7-2 Measured results of delta modulation with 64 kHz CLK signal (Continue).
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
2 kHz
2V
T5
DM O/P
Table 7-2 Measured results of modulation with 64 kHz CLK signal (Continue).
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
3 kHz
2V
T5
DM O/P
Table 7-2 Measured results of delta modulation with 64 kHz CLK signal (Continue).
Input Signals
4 kHz
2V
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
DM O/P
Table 7-3 Measured results of delta modulation with 128 kHz CLK signal.
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
DM O/P
1.5 kHz
2V
Table 7-3 Measured results of delta modulation with 128 kHz CLK signal (Continue).
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
DM O/P
3 kHz
2V
Table 7-3 Measured results of delta modulation with 128 kHz CLK signal (Continue).
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
DM O/P
5 kHz
2V
Table 7-3 Measured results of delta modulation with 128 kHz CLK signal (Continue).
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
DM O/P
7 kHz
2V
Table 7-4 Measured results of delta modulation with 256 kHz CLK signal.
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
DM O/P
2 kHz
2V
Table 7-4 Measured results of delta modulation with 256 kHz CLK signal (Continue).
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
DM O/P
4 kHz
2V
Table 7-4 Measured result of delta modulation with 256 kHz CLK signal (Continue).
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
DM O/P
6 kHz
2V
Table 7-4 Measured results of delta modulation with 256 kHz CLK signal (Continue).
Input Signals
Measured Results
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
DM O/P
8 kHz
2V
4. If the signal of CLK in figure 7-3 is not TTL signal, then describe what will the outputbe.