Table of Contents

Phonology
Morphology
Morphophonology
Syntax
Grammar
Greetings & Farewells
Basic Questions/Info
Prepositions
Simple Transitive Verbs
Simple Intransitive Verbs
Irregular Verbs
Double Irregular Verbs
Derived Verbs [ADJ]
Derived Verbs [Noun]
Idiomatic Verbs
Time
Quantity
Space/Direction
Adverbs
Adjectives
Kinship
Politics
Society
Action
War
Economy
Careers
People
City
House
School
Clothes
Food/Cooking
Agriculture
Nature
Camping
Health
Emotions
Crime/Punishment
Islam
Animals
Tools
Materials
Sex
Body
Sound
Measurement
Cultural Concepts
Phrasing
Expressions
Idioms
Onomatopeia
Sound-Alikes
-WL(I)
Calendar
Statistics
Map of Afghanistan
Map of NWFP/FATA
Provinces
Regions

Major Cities
Dialects
Tribes
Factions
History
Modern History
Current Events
Key Individuals
Literature
Scholarship
Proverbs
Landays
Government Structure

Phonology

Grammar Constructions
byd + V
de + V
S -t O p kr COP3 + V-ay wy
p kr di che V
p kr w che V-ay wy
khw m khw larl che
km na km larl che
d S X COP3

Must/Have to

To have, To possess, To own

To be about to

Vstem-unkay + COP
p V-o ke
d S p V-o ke

be verbing
be verbing
On verbing

preda/rdza che V

Let's VP

X sara jo COP
X sara guzara kedl

Be in agreement with X
Be in agreement with X

aryn COP
p X (ke) lagya COP
X S-ta mlum COP
b'es ba wgerdzi

To be amazed
To be busy w/ X
X is known to S
will cause

m kor jor kawl khatm/khlas krr

d V-o payl wkr
p N payl shwam

I finished building
I started
I started

IMPERSONALS (V agrees with O)

(imply accident as passives/impersonals. Delbierate actions for active/personal).
O S-na V3 mt sho
O S-na V3 her sho
O S-ta bad rtll
O S-ta x rtll
O S-ta za kedl
S-ta garm kedl
S-ta so kedl
S-ta taba COP
S-ta perzo COP
S-ta zakat/yakhnay wahl
O S-ta khwaxawl

S accidentally broke O
S forgot O
S likes O
S dislikes O
for S to
for S to be warm
for S to be cold
for S to have a fever
for S to
for S to have a cold
S likes O

COMPARATIVES/SUPERLATIVES
A l B na er AP COP
A is more AP than B
A l B na kam AP COP
A is less AP than B
A l B na zit NP VP
A VP more than B
A l B na l NP VP
A VP less than B
A l toluna na
A l wruna na
A l jum'a na

A VP the most/least AP/NP

"
"

POTENTIALS
S + {ba} + wo? V-ay shS + V-ay + wo? + shwS + ba + V-ay shS + V-ay shw-

will be able to
was able to
may be able to
may have been able to

m kor jorawalay sho

za kor ta tlalay shwam

I was able to build

I was able to go home

CONDITIONALS
ka za lrsham, no za ba wkhlam
ka za tlay wai, no m ba akhistalay wai

if i go, i'll buy

If I had gone, I would have bought

ka m kor jorr kray way, no m ba dase kar kray way

ka m kawalay sho che kor jor kram, no ma ba dase kar kray way
ka m kawalay sho che kor me jor kray way, no ma ba dase kar kray way

Verb Tenses
Greetings & Farewells
roghbr

greetings

staay m shy
khwr m shy
zhwanday osy
khoshhl osy

hail! greetings! hello! (may you not tire (m))

(may you not be miserable) (dated)
live alive
live well

loy shy
p khayr rghl y
shpa p khayr
p era khoshhli

be well, be great
welcome
good evening
well met

harkala osy
harkala rdzy/rsha

live always
welcome always

jo(a) ye?
taka ye?
tsnga ye?

are you well?

are you strong?
how are you?

d khdy p amn
p mkha de xa
chr de xa
xa chra
khdy ta de sprm
tr TIME ba ml shu

good-bye (In Gods Protection)

good-bye (Face the good)
good luck
good luck
farewell (I send you to God)
until TIME

amin t sara
pm kawa
yd lara
khabardr sha
khabar sha
bedr sha
pohe sha
saay sha
huxyr sha
kamaqal m kea
wgora

be safe
mind yourself
dont forget
take care
beware
be careful
stay on guard
be a man
be wise
dont be a fool
watch your back

Basic Questions/Info
tsa hl day
tsa rawn day?
tsa gerdzi?
tsa dar pexa da?
tsa wshw
X p s shay shaway
tsa kedl

whats up?
whats up?
whats going on?
whats the matter?
what happened?
what happened to X?
what was going on?

d ch wka
d kum dzy ye?
cherta pyda shaway ye?

who did this?

where are you from?
where were you born?

khwaxa na laram
khwaxa me na darlod
khair day
hets parw?
fikr na shta
keday shi
d kr kawunkay day

I have no choice
I had no choice
nevermind
nevermind
nevermind
its possible
its possible

d kr kedunkay day

its possible

d wshwl
d ba kedl
d de wshi
d ba wkrrl shi
d ba kay way
pex shaway wo
d keday na sho
d hitstsok na shi kawlay
gora che ___
d d sharm khabara da

it was done
it used to be done
it may be done
it will be done
it may have been done
it mightve happened
it couldnt be done
no one can do it
see if ___ !
that's a shame

It've been good if he'd've done it

he would have done it
I wouldn't have been able to do it
tsumra plan
tsumra prkh
tsumra jawar
tsumra lwar
tsumra lare?
kum lore?
kum khw?

ka dse kray way no xa ba way

dagha sarray ba hagha kr wkrray shi
za ba ye w na kray sham (maybe shwam?)

how wide?
how wide?
how deep?
how long?
how far?
which way?
which direction?

Prepositions
p ___ ke
p ke

in, at, among

in it/them

p ___
pre

by, with
with it/them

p ___ bnde
pre bnde

on
on it, on them

p ___ pase
pre pase

following
following it/them

___t
___l
tre

for, to
for, to
to it/them/him/her

(l) ___ (n)a

(l) ___ tskha
tre

from
from
from it/them

l ___ sara
d ___sara

with
with

be l ___ (n)a

without

d ___ d pra
d ___ l pra

for
for

tr ___ lnde
d ___ lnde

under
under

tr ___ pore
l tr ___

until
until

l ___ na wrusta
d ___ sh ta
tr ___ sh

behind
behind
behind

l ___ bahar (n)a

d ___ bahar (n)a

outside
outside

d ___ d psa
d ___ l psa

over
over

prata l ___ (n)a

except

d ___ p lor

toward

d ___ p shn/dzir/ like

kher/tarz

d ___ shwkhw
around
l ___ na gerdchapera around
l ___ na charchapera around

d ___ p bra/bb/ about

hakla bnde

d ___ tskha
___ pore/ ta nide

d ___ w
___ tr mendz (ke)

between

d ___ gae/ki/
chape khw ta

left of

d ___ p zid/khlf against

d ___ p zarya
through
d ___ tr tsng
beside
d ___ p(r) dzy
in place/stead
l ___ na h agha khw beyond
d ___ p sh
in back of

d ___ xi khw ta
d ___ xi ls ta

right of
right of

d ___ p mawjib/ because of

sebab/waja/ l khw by

d ___ mkhke
l ___ na wnde
d ___ d wnde

near
near

in front of
in front of
in front of

___ pore mkhmkh across from

d ___ p mkha bnde acc to
tr ___ d mkha
acc to

Simple Transitive Verbs

larl
tal
likl
tskxl
manl
stl
astawl
lel
gal
karal
ganl
zgel
khrayl
garl
chichl
xayl
wahl
shal
tall
xkrl
brexl
udl
anl
akawl
skwll
shkawl
mexl
akhel

have
tie, close
write
drink
accept
keep
send
send
win
sow
sew
sew
shave
consider
bite
show
hit, beat
expel, shoo
weigh
seem, appear
seem, appear
braid
grind
knock
pick
shear
rub
smear

tsnl
apell
chalawl
dzghalawl
ghordzawl
ghwardzawl
shindl
achawl
rebl
machawl
xkwll
ghardzedl
woredl
lwedl
wall
ghawchawl
tol
khaxl
tapl
a(n)wl
spell
tkl
xwayawl
tsel
shkedl
weshl
styl
zbexl

shake
swallow
drive, operate
drive, operate
shake, throw, spread
shake, throw, spread
shake
throw
reap
kiss
kiss
fall
fall
fall
call
dig
scrape
bury
assc w/
choose, change, turn
whistle
assign
betray
investigate
distribute
praise
suck

chupl
ghndl
wzwl
alwoyl
teyl
tsrl
pechl
tsirl/edl
gumrl
dzapl
tsawl
shanl
plorawl
ghwarapl

suck
condemn, accuse
chew
fry
fry
watch
twist
rip/tear
appoint/assign
oppress
throw
sell
gulp

Simple Intransitive Verbs

(ras)edl
(os)edl
(awr)edl
(taxt)edl
(khodz)edl
(rap)edl
(zghl)edl
(tsats)edl
(gerzd)edl
zeedl

arrive
live
listen
flee
move
blink
run
leak, drip
be born

Irregular Verbs
khatl
watl
khwrl
ghuxtl
pezhandl
mundl
niwl
wishtl
wazhl
lwistl
lidl
ktl
akhistl
aghuxtl
alwatl
wayl
wishtl/yishtl
naxtl
chwdl
ixodl
nghuxtl

(khedz-)
(wz-)
(khw-)
(ghw-)
(pezhan-)
(mun)
(nis)
(wal)
(wazhn-)
(lwan-)
(win-)
(gor-)
(akhl-)
(aghund-)
(alwaz-)
(w-)
(bs-)
(nax-)
(chw-)
(d-)
(gh-)

climb
leave
eat
want
know
catch, get
shoot
kill
read
see
look
buy, take
dress
fly
say
take out, remove
get stuck
blow up
put, place

chnawl
ledawl
txtawl
motasawr
perawl
bachatawl
barbadawl
farwl
lmandzl
ghwolawl
+ dzn
ghwaawl
ghardzawl
zghwarawl

skim
load
abduct
accruse, realize
pursue
save $
mess up
exile
respect
deceive
avoid
spread oil
take around
save

kanodl
(kan-)
zhal
(zh-)
xkl
(k-)
rawdl
(raw-)
awuxtl/awedl (aw-)
ball
(bol-)
yesedl
(yes-)
marl
(m-)
rghuxtl
(rgh-)
xodl
(xay-)

cry, wail
draw, write, take
suck
invite
seem
die
roll around
show

Double Irregular Verbs

Derived Verbs [ADJ]
dzawredl
dzawrawl
tsrgandl
drawl
dzarawl

be annoyed
bother
seem, appear

Derived Verbs [Noun]

ghwanedl
ghaawl
laawl

gather

Idiomatic Verbs
Time
Quantity
Space/Direction
chap, kinn, gas
xi, xay
markazi, wasti
pas
xkata
mkhke
waps, sh ta
danana
bahar
lnde
d psa, pas
kuz
ps, porta, bas

left
right
middle
up
down
front
back
inside
outside
under
over, above
lower
upper

l wrya
afar
wnde
beyond/past
tegh, mkhmkh, straight
wnde
gard chapera
around
mkhke, wnde
in front, before
wrusto
behind
mkhke, mkhmkh ahead
khw
across
naskor(a)
sar khata pxe porta
(d) chapa

facedown
turned over, upset
inside out

sda, sam
lndine
numawaay
motaqbil
tsng tr/p tsng
p lra ke
p yawa aa
p de akh
pore (khw)
selma
yaw khw bl khw
dzy p dzy
gardchapera
chrchapera

righside up
following
aforementioned
mutual?
side by side
on the way
at one side
at this side
other side
furthest, outward
all over
all over
all around
all around

aa, khw,
taraf, palaw

side

daridz
moqm
mahl
psor
ugdwli
jgwli
jawarwli
fasla, wt
sima
mashat
qotr
prkhty
moraba
triangle

Adverbs
albata, okana,
of course
kho dse da,
be shaka
ntspa, be tsfa,
suddenly
ngh
takhminn
nearly
hargora
indeed
hatman, harumaru, certainly
mlumdr,
n (d) che, hata
khamkha
compulsory
ahyata
carefully
l bada shmeta,
unfortunately
la bada mrgha
maslahtan
conveniently
hodudn, qaribn
approximately
daqiqan, aynan
exactly
bikhi, blkul, garda completely, totally
fawran, samdasti
immediately
p yaw dam
sam d lsa
akhernay
finally, at last
ngumna
unexpectedly
ngahna
by chance
p de shpo/wradze ke lately
filhla, d st, d ml,
d wkht
presently
kala n kala
seldom
p grna
scarcely
dubra
again
d mkha l
already

place
rank, position
location
width
length
heighth
depth
distance
area, region, zone
area squared
volume
diameter
square
circle
masalas
rectangle

khor
mashakhsn

quickly
personally

Adjectives
Kinship
Politics
Society
Action
War
Economy
Careers
People
fl lidunkay

City
House
School
Clothes
Food/Cooking
Agriculture
Nature
Camping

fortune-teller

Health
Emotions
Crime/Punishment
Islam
Animals
Tools
Materials
Sex
Body
Sound
Measurement
Cultural Concepts
Phrasing
*Frequently causes dependent clause to become perfective
dzk (che),
d X p sebab
wali sa,
l X amala,
d X l amala
ka tsa
sara l de
bar sar p de
by ham
sa che + neg VP
sa kawa che ___
na ___ sa che
tr so che ___

because, since,
due to, on account of

although
in spite of this
even though
not even
let alone
let alone
just as

sa che sa (na) ___

that which
ka S khpl na PERF without having

Expressions
Idioms
wo na wo

oncen upon a time

Onomatopeia
Sound-Alikes
ghwolawl
+ dzn
ghwaawl
ghardzawl
zghwarawl
dzghalawl
ghordzawl /
ghwardzawl
ghardzedl

deceive
avoid
spread oil, anoint
take around
save
drive, operate
shake, throw,
spread
fall

-WL(I)
Calendar
Statistics
Map of Afghanistan
Map of NWFP/FATA
Provinces
Regions
Major Cities
Dialects

Tribes
Factions
History
Modern History
1971-2
Afghanistan:
Pakistan:

severe drought.
Zulifkar Ali Bhutto is PM. Left begins to rise [PakPeepPrty].
2nd Dem Era [71-77]

1973
Afghanistan [july]: King Zahir Shah [in italy] deposed byformer PM and cousin M. Sardar Daoud
Khan. Republic declared. [NatlRevolParty]. RepubAfg.
Pakistan:
Balochistan rebellion
1977
Afghanistan:
Pakistan:

One party constitution approved by Loya Jirga.

M. Zia al-huq takes power in coup.

1978
Afghanistan:

Saur Revolution [PDPA coup]. Daoud and family killed. DemRepubAfg.

1979
Afghanistan:
Pakistan:

Hafizullah Amin.
Bhutto executed by 4-3 decision.

Current Events
Key Individuals
Literature
Scholarship
Proverbs
Landays
Government Structure

Most Common Verbs

Copula
Present
ym
ye
day
da
yu
yst(y)
di

Present
Present
Past
Past

Present

Past

shm
she
shi
shi
shu
shy
shi

wm
we
w
wa
wu
wy
we

Past

()

shwm
shwe
shw
shwa
shwu
shwy
sh