Physics 111: Lecture 9

Todays Agenda
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Work & Energy

Discussion
Definition
Dot Product
Work of a constant force
Work/kinetic energy theorem
Work of multiple constant forces
Comments

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 1

Work & Energy

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One of the most important concepts in physics

Alternative approach to mechanics

Many applications beyond mechanics

Thermodynamics (movement of heat)
Quantum mechanics...

Very useful tools

You will learn new (sometimes much easier) ways to
solve problems

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 2

Forms of Energy
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Kinetic Energy of motion.

Kinetic:
A car on the highway has kinetic energy.

We have to remove this energy to stop it.

The breaks of a car get HOT!
This is an example of turning one form of energy into
another (thermal energy).

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 3

Mass = Energy (but not in Physics 111)

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Particle Physics:
E = 1010 eV

(a)

e+

e+ 5,000,000,000 V

(b)

(c)

- 5,000,000,000 V
M

E = MC2

( poof ! )

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 4

Wilberforce

Energy Conservation

Returning
Can

Energy cannot be destroyed or created.

Just changed from one form to another.

We say energy is conserved!

conserved
True for any isolated system.
i.e. when we put on the brakes, the kinetic energy of the
car is turned into heat using friction in the brakes. The total
energy of the car-breaks-road-atmosphere system is the
same.
The energy of the car alone is not conserved...
It is reduced by the braking.

Doing work
work on an isolated system will change its energy
energy...

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 5

Definition of Work:
Ingredients: Force (F
F), displacement (Drr)
Work, W, of a constant force F
acting through a displacement Drr
is:
W = Fi Drr = F Drr cos q = Fr Drr

F
q

Fr

Drr

Dot Product

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 6

Definition of Work...
Hairdryer
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Only the component of F along the displacement is doing

work.
Example: Train on a track.

F
q

Dr
F cos q

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 7

Aside: Dot Product (or Scalar Product)

a

Definition:

a b = ab cos q
= a[b cos q] = aba

ba
q
b
a

= b[a cos q] = bab

Some properties:
ai b = bi a
q(a
ai b) = (qb
b)i a = bi (qa
a)
ai (b
b + c) = (a
ai b) + (a
ai c)

q
b

ab
(q is a scalar)
(c
c is a vector)

The dot product of perpendicular vectors is 0 !!

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 8

Aside: Examples of dot products

y

.i=j.j=k.k=1
i.j=j.k=k.i=0
i

Suppose
a=1i+2j+3k
b=4i -5j+6k

Then

.
.
.

a b = 1x4 + 2x(-5) + 3x6 = 12

a a = 1x1 +
2x2 + 3x3 = 14
b b = 4x4 + (-5)x(-5) + 6x6 = 77

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 9

Aside: Properties of dot products

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Magnitude:
a2 = |a|2

=a a
= (ax i + ay j) (ax i + ay j)
= ax 2(ii i) + ay 2(jj j) + 2ax ay (ii
= ax 2 + ay 2

. j)

ay

Pythagorean Theorem!!
ax

j
i

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 10

Aside: Properties of dot products

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Components:
a = ax i + ay j + az k = (ax , ay , az) = (a
a

Derivatives:

. i, a . j, a . k)

d
da
db
( a b ) =
b + a
dt
dt
dt

Apply to velocity
d 2 d
dv
dv
v = ( v v ) =
v + v = 2 v a
dt
dt
dt
dt

So if v is constant (like for UCM):

d 2
v = 2 v a = 0
dt

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 11

Back to the definition of Work:

Skateboard
Work, W, of a force F acting
through a displacement D r is:
W = Fi D r

F
Dr

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 12

Lecture 9, Act 1
Work & Energy
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A box is pulled up a rough (m > 0) incline by a rope-pulleyweight arrangement as shown below.

How many forces are doing work on the box?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 13

Lecture 9, Act 1
Solution
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Draw FBD of box:

Consider direction of
motion of the box

Any force not perpendicular

to the motion will do work:

N does no work (perp. to v)

T does positive work
f does negative work

3 forces
do work

mg

mg does negative work

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 14

Work: 11-D Example

(constant force)
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A force F = 10 N pushes a box across a frictionless

floor for a distance Dx
x = 5 m.

Dx
x
Work done by F on box :
WF = Fi Dxx = F Dx
(since F is parallel to Dx
x)
WF = (10 N) x (5 m) = 50 Joules (J)

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 15

Units:
Force x Distance = Work
Newton x
[M][L] / [T]2

mks
N-m (Joule)

Meter = Joule
[L]
[M][L]2 / [T]2

cgs
Dyne-cm (erg)
= 10-7 J

other
BTU
calorie
foot-lb
eV

= 1054 J
= 4.184 J
= 1.356 J
= 1.6x10-19 J

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 16

Work & Kinetic Energy:

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A force F = 10 N pushes a box across a frictionless

floor for a distance Dx
x = 5 m. The speed of the box is v1
before the push and v2 after the push.

v1

v2
F

m
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Dx
x
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 17

Work & Kinetic Energy...

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Since the force F is constant, acceleration a will be

constant. We have shown that for constant a:
v22 - v12 = 2a(x2-x1) = 2aDx.
1/ mv 2 - 1/ mv 2 = maDx
multiply by 1/2m:
2
2
2
1
1/ mv 2 - 1/ mv 2 = FDx
But F = ma
2
2
2
1

v1

v2
F

a
i

Dx
x
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 18

Work & Kinetic Energy...

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So we find that
1/2mv22 - 1/2mv12 = FDx = WF

Define Kinetic Energy K:

K = 1/2mv2
K2 - K1 = WF
WF = DK (Work/kinetic energy theorem)
v2

v1
F

a
i

Dx
x
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 19

Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem:

{Net
Net Work done on object}
=
{change
change in kinetic energy of object}

Wnet = DK
= K 2 - K1

1
1
2
2
mv 2 - mv1
2
2

Well prove this for a variable force later.

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 20

Lecture 9, Act 2
Work & Energy
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Two blocks have masses m1 and m2, where m1 > m2. They
are sliding on a frictionless floor and have the same kinetic
energy when they encounter a long rough stretch (i.e. m > 0)
which slows them down to a stop.
Which one will go farther before stopping?
(a) m1 (b) m2

(c) they will go the same distance

m1

m2

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 21

Lecture 9, Act 2
Solution
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The work-energy theorem says that for any object WNET = DK

In this example the only force that does work is friction (since
both N and mg are perpendicular to the blocks motion).

N
f

mg

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 22

Lecture 9, Act 2
Solution
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The work-energy theorem says that for any object WNET = DK

In this example the only force that does work is friction (since
both N and mg are perpendicular to the blocks motion).
The net work done to stop the box is - fD = -mmgD.

This work removes the kinetic energy that the box had:
WNET = K2 - K1 = 0 - K1

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 23

Lecture 9, Act 2
Solution
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The net work done to stop a box is - fD = -mmgD.

This work removes the kinetic energy that the box had:
WNET = K2 - K1 = 0 - K1
This is the same for both boxes (same starting kinetic energy).
mm2gD2 = mm1gD1

Since m1 > m2 we can see that

m2D2 = m1D1

D2 > D1

m1
D1

m2
D2
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 24

A simple application:
Work done by gravity on a falling object
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What is the speed of an object after falling a distance H,

assuming it starts at rest?
Wg = Fi Dr = mg Dr cos(0) = mgH
v0 = 0
Wg = mgH

Drr

mg
g

H
Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem:
Wg = mgH = 1/2mv2

v = 2 gH

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 25

What about multiple forces?

Suppose FNET = F1 + F2 and the
displacement is Drr.
The work done by each force is:
W1 = F1i Drr

W2 = F2 i Drr

F1

FNET
Drr

WTOT = W1 + W2
= F1i Drr + F2i Drr
= (F
F1 + F2 )i Drr

WTOT = FTOTi Drr

F2

Its the total force that matters!!

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 26

Comments:

Time interval not relevant

Run up the stairs quickly or slowly...same W

Since W = Fi Dr
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No work is done if:

F=0
or
Dr = 0
or
q = 90o

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 27

Comments...
W = Fi D r
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No work done if q = 90o.

T
No work done by T.

v
N
No work done by N.

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 28

Lecture 9, Act 3
Work & Energy
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An inclined plane is accelerating with constant acceleration a.

A box resting on the plane is held in place by static friction.
How many forces are doing work on the block?

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 29

Lecture 9, Act 3
Solution
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First, draw all the forces in the system:

FS
a
mg

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 30

Lecture 9, Act 3
Solution
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Recall that W = Fi rr so only forces that have a

component along the direction of the displacement are
doing work.

FS
a
mg

The answer is (b) 2.

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 31

Recap of todays lecture

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Work & Energy

Discussion
Definition
Dot Product
Work of a constant force
Work/kinetic energy theorem
Properties (units, time independence, etc.)
Work of a multiple forces
Comments

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 32

Physics 111: Lecture 10

Todays Agenda
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Review of Work
Work done by gravity near the Earths surface
Examples:
pendulum, inclined plane, free fall
Work done by variable force
Spring
Problem involving spring & friction

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 33

Review: Constant Force

Work, W, of a constant force F

acting through a displacement Drr
is:
W = Fi Drr = F Dr cos(q) = Fr Drr

F
q

Fr

Drr

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 34

Review: Sum of Constant Forces

Suppose FNET = F1 + F2 and the
displacement is S.
The work done by each force
is:
W1 = F1i Drr
W2 = F2i Dr
WNET = W1 + W2
= F1i Drr + F2i Drr
= (F
F1 + F2 )i Drr
WNET = FNET i Drr

F1

FTOT
Drr

F2

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 35

Review: Constant Force...

W = Fi Drr
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No work done if q = 90o.

T

No work done by T.

v
N
No work done by N.

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 36

Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem:

{Net
Net Work done on object}
=
{change
change in kinetic energy of object}
WF = DK = 1/2mv22 - 1/2mv12
v1

v2
F
m

WF = FDx

Dx
x
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 37

Work done by gravity:

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Wg = Fi Drr = mg Drr cos q

= -mg Dy
m

mg
g

Wg = -mg Dy

Drr q
-Dy

Depends only on Dy !

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 38

Work done by gravity...

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W NET = W1 + W2 + . . .+ Wn
= Fi Drr 1+ Fi Drr2 + . . . + Fi Drrn
= Fi (Drr1 + Drr 2+ . . .+ Drrn)
= Fi Dr
= F Dy

m
Drr1

Dy

Drr3

Wg = -mg Dy
Depends only on Dy,
not on path taken!

Dr

mg
g

Drr2

Drrn

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 39

Lecture 10, Act 1

Falling Objects
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Falling
objects

Three objects of mass m begin at height h with velocity 0. One

falls straight down, one slides down a frictionless inclined
plane, and one swings on the end of a pendulum. What is the
relationship between their velocities when they have fallen to
height 0?
v=0

v=0

v=0

H
vf
Free Fall
(a) Vf > Vi > Vp

vi
Frictionless incline
(b) Vf > Vp > Vi

vp
Pendulum
(c) Vf = Vp = Vi
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 40

Lecture 10, Act 1

Solution
v=0

v=0

v=0

H
vf
Free Fall

vi

vp

Frictionless incline

Pendulum

Only gravity will do work: Wg = mgH = 1/2 mv22 - 1/2 mv12 = 1/2 mv22

vf = v i = v p = 2gH

does not depend on path !!

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 41

Lifting a book with your hand:

What is the total work done on the book??
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First calculate the work done by gravity:

Wg = mg
gi Dr = -mg Dr

Now find the work done by

the hand:
WHAND = FHANDi Dr = FHAND Dr

Drr

FHAND
v = const
a=0
mg
g

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 42

Example: Lifting a book...

Wg
= -mg Drr
WHAND = FHAND Drr
Drr
WNET

Textbook

FHAND
v = const
a=0

= WHAND + Wg
= FHAND Drr - mg Drr
= (FHAND - mg) Drr
mg
g
= 0 since K = 0 (v = const)

So WTOT = 0!!

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 43

Example: Lifting a book...

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Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem says: W = DK

{Net
Net Work done on object} = {change
change in kinetic energy of object}
In this case, v is constant so DK = 0
and so W must be 0, as we found.

Drr

FHAND
v = const
a=0
mg
g
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 44

Work done by Variable Force: (1D)

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When the force was constant, we

wrote W = F Dx
area under F vs. x plot:

F
Wg
x
Dx

For variable force, we find the area

by integrating:
dW = F(x) dx.
F(x)
x2

W = F ( x )dx
x1

x1

dx

x2

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 45

Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem for a

Variable Force
x2

W = F dx
x1
x2

= m dv dx
x dt
1

v2

= m v
v1

F = ma = m dv
dt
dv dx dv
dv
=
= v dx (chain rule)
dt
dt dx

dv
dx
dx

v2

= m v dv
v1

1
1
1
= m (v22 -v12 ) = m v22 - m v12 = KE
2
2
2

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 46

1-D Variable Force Example: Spring

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For a spring we know that Fx = -kx.

F(x)

x1

x2
x

relaxed position

-kx
F = - k x1
F = - k x2
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 47

Spring...
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The work done by the spring Ws during a displacement

from x1 to x2 is the area under the F(x) vs x plot between
x1 and x2.
F(x)

x1

x2
x

relaxed position

Ws
-kx

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 48

Spring...
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Spring

The work done by the spring Ws during a displacement

from x1 to x2 is the area under the F(x) vs x plot between
x1 and x2.
x2

F(x)

x1

Ws = F ( x )dx
x1

x2

x2

x
Ws
-kx

= ( -kx )dx
x1

1
= - kx 2
2

x2
x1

1
Ws = - k (x22 - x12 )
2
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 49

Lecture 10, Act 2

Work & Energy
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A box sliding on a horizontal frictionless surface runs into a

fixed spring, compressing it a distance x1 from its relaxed
position while momentarily coming to rest.
If the initial speed of the box were doubled and its mass
were halved, how far x2 would the spring compress ?
(a)

x2 = x1

(b) x2 = 2 x1

(c)

x2 = 2 x1

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 50

Lecture 10, Act 2

Solution
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Again, use the fact that WNET = DK.

WNET = WSPRING = -1/2 kx2
DK = -1/2 mv2

In this case,
and

so

kx2 =

mv2

v1

In the case of x1

x1 = v1

m1
k

x1

m1

m1
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 51

x =v

m
k

Lecture 10, Act 2

Solution

So if v2 = 2v1 and m2 = m1/2

x2 = 2v1

m1 2
k

= v1

2m1
k

x2 = 2x1
v2

x2

m2

m2
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 52

Problem: Spring pulls on mass.

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A spring (constant k) is stretched a distance d, and a mass m

is hooked to its end. The mass is released (from rest). What
is the speed of the mass when it returns to the relaxed
position if it slides without friction?
m

relaxed position

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m

after release

v
m

back at relaxed position

vr
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 53

Problem: Spring pulls on mass.

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First find the net work done on the mass during the motion
from x = d to x = 0 (only due to the spring):
1
1
1
Ws = - k (x22 - x12 )= - k (0 2 - d 2 )= kd 2
2
2
2

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m
vr

relaxed position
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Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 54

Problem: Spring pulls on mass.

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Now find the change in kinetic energy of the mass:

1
1
1
K = mv 22 - mv12 = mv r2
2
2
2

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m
vr

relaxed position
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Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 55

Problem: Spring pulls on mass.

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Now use work kinetic-energy theorem: Wnet = WS = DK.

1
1
kd 2 =
mv r 2
2
2

vr = d

k
m

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m
vr

relaxed position
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Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 56

Problem: Spring pulls on mass.

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Now suppose there is a coefficient of friction m between the

block and the floor
The total work done on the block is now the sum of the work
done by the spring WS (same as before) and the work done by
friction Wf.

Wf = f r = - mmg d
Drr
m stretched position (at rest)
d
m
vr

f = mmg

relaxed position
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Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 57

Problem: Spring pulls on mass.

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Again use Wnet = WS + Wf = DK

1
2
W
=
kd
S
Wf = -mmg d
2
1 2
1
2
kd - mmgd = mv r
2
2

DK =

vr =

1
2
mv r
2

k 2
d - 2 gd
m

Drr
m stretched position (at rest)
d
m
vr

f = mmg

relaxed position
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Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 58

Recap of todays lecture

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Review
Work done by gravity near the Earths surface
Examples:
pendulum, inclined plane, free fall
Work done by variable force
Spring
Problem involving spring & friction

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 59