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Examples
Losses in Francis turbines
NPSH
Main dimensions
Traditional runner
X blade runner
SVARTISEN
P = 350 MW
H = 543 m
Q* = 71,5 m3/S
D0 = 4,86 m
D1 = 4,31m
D2 = 2,35 m
B0 = 0,28 m
n = 333 rpm
La Grande, Canada
P = 169 MW
H = 72 m
Q = 265 m3/s
D0 = 6,68 m
D1e = 5,71m
D1i = 2,35 m
B0 = 1,4 m
n = 112,5 rpm
Outlet
draft tube
Outlet
runner
Inlet
runner
Outlet
guide vane
Inlet
guide vane
Hydraulic efficiency
h =
c1u u1 c2u u2
=
g Hn
c 32
c12
g h1 + + z1 g h 3 + + z 3 losses
2
2
c 32
c12
g h1 + + z1 g h 3 + + z 3
2
2
Draft tube
Output Energy
Head [m]
Output Energy
Output [%]
Friction losses
Gap losses
Gap losses
Friction losses
Friction losses in
the spiral casing
and stay vanes
Guide vane losses
Gap losses
Runner losses
Draft tube losses
Relative path
Velocity triangles
c32
= h b Hs + z 2 +
2g
J
= h b Hs + J
1
h2 = hb + h2'
NPSH
h2
c 22
= hb H s
J > hva
2g
NPSH
NPSH = h b h 2 H s
NB:
HS has a negative
value in this figure.
NPSH required
NPSH R
< h b h va H s
= NPSH A
cm2 2
u22
NPSH R = a
+b
2 g
2 g
Turbines
a 1.05 < a < 1.15
Pumps
1.6 < a < 2.0
Main dimensions
Dimensions of the outlet
Speed
Dimensions of the inlet
D1
D2
cm2 2
u22
a (u2 tan 2 ) + b u22
NPSH R = a
+b
=
2 g
2 g
2 g
2
13o <
35 <
1,05 <
0,05 <
2
u2
a
b
<
<
<
<
22o
(Lowest value for highest head)
43 m/s (Highest value for highest head)
1,15
0,15
D 22
cm2
Q =
4
cm2
Q4
=
D 22
D1
4Q
D2 =
cm 2
D2
Speed
Connection between n and choose u2 :
D2 n
u2 =
60
u 2 60
n=
D2
3000
n=
zp
for
f = 50Hz
Example
Given data:
Flow rate
Head
Q = 71.5 m3/s
H = 543 m
We choose:
a = 1,10
b = 0,10
2 = 22o
u2 = 40 m/s
D 2
Find D2 from:
4Q
4Q
D2 =
=
cm 2
u2 tan 2
4 71,5
D2 =
= 2.37 m
D
40 tan 22
u2 60 40 60
n=
=
= 322 rpm
D2 2.37
u2K
2
c2
c2K
4Q
D22
w2
4Q
D22 K
cm 2 cmK
tan 2 =
=
=
=
u2 u2 K
nK D2 K
n D2
60
60
nK D23K = n D23
D2 K
n D23
322
3
3
=
= 2.373
= 2.35m
nK
333
u 1 c u1
h 0,96 =
= 2 u 1 c u1
gH
h
0,96
c u1 =
=
2 u1 2 u1
D1 n 2 D1
=
u1 =
2
60
2
D1
u1 60
D1 =
n
D2
c m1 A1 = c m 2 A 2
We choose:
1.1 D
B1 D1 =
4
2
2
B1 = B0
Inlet angle
cu1
u1
c1
cm1 1
w1
c m1
tan 1 =
u1 c u1
Example continues
Given data:
Flow rate
Head
Q = 71.5 m3/s
H = 543 m
We choose:
h = 0,96
u1 = 0,728
cu2 = 0
h = 2 u 1 c u1
0.96
c u1 =
=
= 0,66
2 u1 2 0,728
u1 60 75,15 60
D1 =
=
= 4,31 m
n
333
D1
B1
Inlet angle
cu1
u1
c1
cm1 1
w1
c m1
=
2gh
13,9
= 0,135
2 9,81 543
c m1
0,135
= arctan
= 62.9D
0,728 0,659
u 1 c u1
1 = arctan
SVARTISEN
P = 350 MW
H = 543 m
Q* = 71,5 m3/S
D0 = 4,86 m
D1 = 4,31m
D2 = 2,35 m
B0 = 0,28 m
n = 333 rpm