Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Helmut Eschrig
Leibniz-Institut fr Festkrper- und Werkstofforschung Dresden
Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Preliminaries

Historical Remark

Quantum Hall Effect

(2r + 1)-Dimensional Chern-Simons Field Theory

Bloch and Wannier functions

Kubos formula

Dimension Reduction

Z2 -Symmetry

Summary

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Local coordinates on a real manifold M of dimension m:

U M is an open set small enough to be trivialized:

Preliminaries

Historical Remark

Quantum Hall Effect

(2r + 1)-Dimensional Chern-Simons Field Theory

Bloch and Wannier functions

Kubos formula

Dimension Reduction

Z2 -Symmetry

lie Cartans external calculus on M does not need a metric:

external 0-form: f : x 7 f (x) = f (x) R,
P
external 1-form: = df =(
f /x i )dx i = j j dx j ,
P
external 2-form: = i<j ij dx i dx j = (2!)1 ij dx i dx j ,

P
external r -form: = i1 <...<ir i1 ...ir dx i1 dx ir =,
= (r !)1 i1 ...ir dx 1 dx r
alternating tensor i1 ...ir .

Summary

y = y(x) : df = (f /x i )dx i = (f /y j )(y j /x i )dx i = (f /y j )dy j .

Helmut Eschrig

M U x x =x
= (x 1 , . . . , x m ) Rm

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

d =

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

di1 ...ir dx i1 dx ir =

i1 <...<ir

X X i ...i
r
1
dx j dx i1 dx ir .
x j

i1 <...<ir

U i <...<i
r
1

i1 ...ir dx i1 dx ir ,

D(x 1 , . . . , x r ) j1
dy dy jr .
D(y 1 , . . . , y r )

dx i1 dx ir =
Stokes:
Z

d =

M: boundary of M.
Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

For instance the action integral of a Maxwell field,

Z
Z
d 4 xF F = d 4 xF g g F
depends on the pseudo-Riemannian metric g ,
while
Z
Z

d 4 x0123
F F = d 4 xE B
is a topological term.

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Preliminaries

Historical Remark

Quantum Hall Effect

(2r + 1)-Dimensional Chern-Simons Field Theory

Bloch and Wannier functions

Kubos formula

Dimension Reduction

Z2 -Symmetry

Summary

Helmut Eschrig

An action integral over M which is an integral of an external

form depends only on the topology of M, not on a metric; it is
called a topological term.

Theoretical prediction of quantum oscillations in xy :

xy

nec
1
+
xx .
B
c

T. Ando, Y. Matsumoto and Y. Uemura, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 39,

279 (1975).
Discovery of QHE:
K. von Klitzing, G. Dorda and M. Pepper, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45,
494 (1980).

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Kubos formula as a Chern number: (TKNN-number)

D. J. Thouless, M. Kohmoto, M. P. Nightingale and M. den
Nijs, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 405 (1982).
Edge currents: B. I. Halperin, Phys. Rev. B 25, 2185
(1982).
Berrys phase: M. V. Berry, Les Houches, 1983; Proc. R.
Soc. A 392, 45 (1984).
Identification of Berrys phase and TKNN-number as Chern
numbers: Barry Simon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 2167 (1983).

Preliminaries

Historical Remark

Quantum Hall Effect

(2r + 1)-Dimensional Chern-Simons Field Theory

Bloch and Wannier functions

A case of combinatorial topology:

Shiing-Shen Chern and James Simons, Ann. Math. 99, 48
(1974).

Kubos formula

Dimension Reduction

Relevance in gauge-field theory and string theory:

Edward Witten, Commun. Math. Phys. 121, 351 (1989).
In this paper Witten coined the names
Chern-Simons field theory and Chern-Simons action.

Z2 -Symmetry

Summary

Helmut Eschrig

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Helmut Eschrig

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

(2 + 1)-dimensional Chern-Simons field theory:

X.-L. Qi, T. L. Hughes and S.-C. Zhang, Phys. Rev. B 78,
195424 (2008).

Sint =

d 3 x A j =

j =

H
2!

d 3 x 012
A A ,

Sint

=H 012
A ,
A

cycl{012}

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,
x

012

Hall conductance

Helmut Eschrig

= +1,

j = H F ,

F = 012
A

j 0 = c = H B,

= 0, 1, 2;

j 1 = H E 2 ,

0 = j

j 2 = H E 1 .

1 B z
c t

F 0 = 1 A2 2 A1 = B (= B z ),
F 1 = 2 A0 0 A2 = E 2 ,
F 2 = 0 A1 1 A0 = E 1 .

= ( E)z : Faradays law of induction.

cycl{210}
012
= 1,

012 = 0 else.

Theory of Topological Insulators

Helmut Eschrig

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Kubo:
H =

e2
h

1
2
|

T2

occ.
X
n


(2i)( 1 un | 2 un) d1 d2 ,
{z

integer (first Chern number)

e2 1
H =
~ (2)2

T2

d 2 ij12 tr( i Aj ),

Stokes:

i =

dA =

i
q = (qA ) = (ct, x 1 , x 2 , 1 , 2 ),
A

A =

,
qA

(AA ) = (A0 , A1 , A2 , 0, 0, ), (AA ) = (0, 0, 0, A3 , A4 ),

Z
e2
1
ABCDE
AA B AC tr(D AE ),
d 5 q 01234
Sint =
~ 2!(2)2

Ajmn = (i)(um | j un )
A=

A = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,

Aj dj : Berry-Simon connection form

F = DA = dA + i[A, A] =
(tr([A, A]) = 0)
X
i j
A di dj : Berry-Simon curvature form
=

ij

Helmut Eschrig

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Preliminaries

Historical Remark

Quantum Hall Effect

(2r + 1)-Dimensional Chern-Simons Field Theory

Bloch and Wannier functions

Kubos formula

Dimension Reduction

Z2 -Symmetry

Summary

Helmut Eschrig

Helmut Eschrig

integer r th Cern number Cr of r th Chern character:

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r !


Z
F
F
2
2
12
tr
d kF
=

= tr
2
2
2

Z 
1
tr F 12 F 34 F 2r 1,2r dk1 dk2 dk2r =
=
(2)r
Z


1
d 2r k i122r
tr F i1 i2 F i3 i4 F i2r 1 i2r .
=
r
r
1 i2 i2r
r !2 (2)

1
Cr =
r!

(2r +1)

Sint

Theory of Topological Insulators

Helmut Eschrig

Z
e2 Cr
A0 1 A2 2r 1 A2r cdt dx 1 dx 2r =
~ (2)r
Z
e2
Cr

=
d 2r +1 x 0122r
A A .
r
~ (r + 1)!(2)

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Example: 4D QHE
S.-C. Zhang and J. P. Hu, Science 294, 823 (2001).
r = 2,
r th order response:
e2 Cr
j =
A. A ,
~ r !(2)r 0122r
(2r +1)

Sint

Z
e2
1
A0 A1 A4r
d 4r +1 q 014r

~ r !(r + 1)!(2)2r


AA0 A1 A2r 1 AA2r tr DA2r +1 AA2r +2 DA4r 1 AA4r .

A0 = A1 = A4 = 0, A2 = B3 x1 , A3 = E3 ct :

e2 C2
B3 E3 = H E3 ,
~ (2)2

Z
Z
e
e2 C2
dx1 dx2 j 4 =
C2 N E3 ,
dx1 dx2 B3 E3 =
2
~ (2)
2
{z
}
|
j4 =

N0 =N2~/e

12-plane

j4
E3 

34-plane

B3 

Helmut Eschrig

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Helmut Eschrig

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Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Simple (2r + 1)D model, topologically equivalent to

most conceivable 2r D band structures:
(2r + 1)D Dirac model:
Z

 X
= d 2r x i

j j + 0 m ,
H

r =2:
d (k ) =


h
4
X

m+c
cos kj , sin k1 , sin k2 , sin k3 , sin k4 ,
j=1

[ , ]+ = 2 I,

j = 1, . . . , 2r ,

, = 0, 1, . . . , 2r ,

2r D Dirac lattice model (tb):


X
X X
=
j sin kj + 0 (m + c
H
cos kj ) k =
k
k

Helmut Eschrig

X


d (k ) k ,

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c : NN hopping integral.

Theory of Topological Insulators

sX
d2 (k ),
k =

Z
3
C2 =
2
8

= 3

The are (r r )-matrices of a faithful representation of the

so(2r + 1) Lie algebra (Clifford algebra).

Theory of Topological Insulators

Helmut Eschrig

abcde
d 4 k 01234
da 1 d b 2 dc 3 dd 4 d e =

|m| > 4c,

4c < m < 2c,
2c < m < 0,
0 < m < 2c,
2c < m < 4c.
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Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

gapless surface states on 3D surface (open x 4 boundary) for

k = 0 for some k .
1 Dirac cone at k = 0 for |C2 | = 1,
3 Dirac cones at k = (, 0, 0), (0, , 0), (0, 0, ) for |C2 | = 3.

Preliminaries

Historical Remark

Quantum Hall Effect

(2r + 1)-Dimensional Chern-Simons Field Theory

Bloch and Wannier functions

Kubos formula

Dimension Reduction

Z2 -Symmetry

Summary

For more details see Qi at al. (2008).

Helmut Eschrig

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Helmut Eschrig

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Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

d-Tori Tdr (unit cell) and Tdk Brillouin zone.

R G = 2 integer.

Change of polarization:
occ.

Crystal Hamiltonian:
P =

2
= ~ 2 +V , H
nk = nk nk , (nk | ) = nn (k k ),
H
nk
2m

nk (r ) =

eik r
unk (r ), unk (r +R) = unk (r ), unk +G (r ) = unk (r ),
|Tdk |1/2

2
k unk = unk nk , (unk | un k ) d = nn ,
k = ~ (i+k )2 +V , H
H
Tr
2m
Z
occ.
X
1
anR (r ) = d
d d k eik (r R)
Unn (k )un k (r ), U (k ) = U 1 (k ),
|Tk | Tdk
n

(anR | an R ) = nn RR ,

occ.
XX
R

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

|anR (r )|2 = (r).

Theory of Topological Insulators

=
occ.
X
n

e X
|Tdr | n

e
i

|Tdr |
|Tdk |

d d r r |an0 (r )|2 =
ddk

Tdk

occ. Z
X
n

Tdr

d d r (Uu)nk k (Uu)nk .

occ.

X


(Uu)nk | k (Uu)nk =
(unk | k unk )+tr U 1 (k )k U(k ) ,
n

trU 1 U = tr ln U = tr ln U = ln det U = i, det U = ei ,

X
k R, (k +G) = (k ),
det U(k +G) = det U(k ) (k ) = (k )+
R

P
P is only determined modulo (e/|Tdr |) R R.
Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Adiabatic parameter t:
=H
t ,
H

Consider a 1D crystal:
R = Na, G =

2
a,
a2

|T1r | = |a|, |T1k | =

0 t 1,

unk untk ,

2
.
|a|

(k ) = (k ) + Nk ,

Z 1
occ.
X


a
e
(i)
dk
(Uu)nk | k (Uu)nk .
P = 1
2
|Tr |
0
n


P(0) = 0, P(1) = P,
U(k ) U(k , t).

6
t

M
U
-

T1k

Helmut Eschrig

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Helmut Eschrig

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

t be periodic, H
1 = H
0 , then, M = . Is P(1) = P = 0?
Let H
Z
e a
trA =
1
|Tk | 2 M
Z
Z 1
e a
P
trF,
= 1
=
dt
t
2 M
|T
0
k|

P = P(1) P(0) =

Amn = i (Uu)mtk | k (Uu)ntk dk ,
(Uu)m,ntk occupied,


t
k
Fmn = i (Uu)mtk | (Uu)ntk dtdk ,
(Uu)m,ntk occupied,
trA :

A:
F:

J. Zaks Berry phase due to the k -torus,

J. Zaks Berry connection,

J. Zaks Berry curvature.

J. Zak, Phys. Rev. B 62, 2747 (1989).

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Recall that P was via A only determined modulo (e/|T1k |)Na.

Z
1
trF = N = integer (= first Chern number C1 ).
2 M
While trA dependts on U(k , t), trF depends only on U(k )
(for smooth U(t)).
trF = dtrA holds locally, its continuation to all M is obstructed,
if C1 6= 0.
This is a case of the general Chern-Weil theorem:
While trF is uniquely defined in such cases, it is independent of
the local gauge (U(t)) of trA.
Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Preliminaries

Historical Remark

Quantum Hall Effect

(2r + 1)-Dimensional Chern-Simons Field Theory

Bloch and Wannier functions

Kubos formula

Dimension Reduction

Z2 -Symmetry

Summary

Helmut Eschrig

L. Smrcka and P. Streda, J. Phys. C 10, (1977); TKNN, 1982.

conductivity current-current correlation function;
for non-interacting Bloch electrons at zero temperature:

H =

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

e X Ri h
j = ep
.
=
,H
2 |
~
m|T2r |
|T
i
r
i=1

Helmut Eschrig

d 2

occ. unocc.
X (um |j x |un )(un |j y |um ) c.c.
X

(m n )2

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H =
=

2 + )2
un = unn, H
= ~ (
+V ,
= i+(e/~c)e y (BxEct).
H
2m

d 2

Helmut Eschrig

choose (e/~c)B R 1 R 2 = 2 integer, then

i~
(2)2

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Ax = 0, Ay = Bx Ect, B = Be z , E = Ee y ,


2
~
e
e 2
2 
=
H
+
Bx Et
) + i
+ V (x, y )
i
2m
x
y
~c
~


T (R) = exp iR i (e/~c)e y Bx , R = n1 a1 + n2 a2 ,


T (R)] = 0,
T (R)T (R ) = exp (ie/~c)BRR T (R )T (R), [H,

H =

i~
(2)2

e2
2~

1
2

e2
C1 ,
2~

T2r

occ.
X

(2i)( 1 un | 2 un) d1 d2

C1 Z
G=

i =

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.
i

un ( n )1 un ,

C1



tr P occ (G G1 )(G 1 G1 )((G 2 G1 ) d d1 d2 .

(m n )2

Theory of Topological Insulators

occ. unocc.
X (um |j x |un )(un |j y |um ) c.c.
X
n

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Preliminaries

Historical Remark

Quantum Hall Effect

(2r + 1)-Dimensional Chern-Simons Field Theory

Bloch and Wannier functions

Kubos formula

Dimension Reduction

Z2 -Symmetry

Summary

Remark regarding the literature:

G = 1 (G

)G + G

G = 0;

tr(G1 G ) = tr(G G1 )
.

Helmut Eschrig

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Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Helmut Eschrig

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Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

D. J. Thouless, Phys. Rev. B 27, 6083 (1983);

Consider a QHE setup with a strip long in y -direction (further
on with periodic boundary conditions with macroscopic length
Ly ) but constraint in x-direction by width Lx , and let the
magnetic field adiabatically change.
A0 = 0,

Ax = 0,

Ay = B(t)x,

Ay
Ay
x B
B (t) =
= B(t),
E y (t) =
=
.
x
ct
c t
e

H
(x,t),(x) .
+
B(t)x,
H

2 =
(x) = i
y
~c

(x, t) const. within a unit cell: adiabatic and quasiclassic.

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Theory of Topological Insulators

i
= x B epy = x B j y .
,H
c t m
c t

jx =

P x
,
t

(t, x, ) = (q0 , q 1 , q 2 ),
AA =

occ.
X

j x

2P x
=
=
:
x
t
tx
x
ij P
, i, j = 0, 1.
= j 0,
j i = 01
q j

(i)(unq | A unq ),

F = dA,

i =

Helmut Eschrig

Theory of Topological Insulators

ji =

1 012

2 i2j

,
q i

i = 0, 1, 2 :

dq 2 dq j F 2j .

i = 0 : quantized charge flow across the QHE strip (Laughlin,

1981).
i = 1 and B(t) periodic: quantized charge pumping through a
1D conductor (Thouless, 1983).
Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Now the magnetic state is not any more in a closed position

space without boundary (unit cell torus or Born-van Karman
torus T2r ); it is bounded in x-direction by edges.
Since outside the edges the vacuum state has C1 = 0 and the
Chern number is topological prodected as long as the
electronic spectrum is gapped, C1 6= 0 in the QHE strip can
only happen, if there are gapless edge states.

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

(2r +1)

Z
e2
1
A0 A1 A4r
d 4r +1 q 014r

2r
~ r !(r + 1)!(2)


AA0 A1 A2r 1 AA2r tr DA2r +1 AA2r +2 DA4r 1 AA4r ,

remove a term A2r 1 AA2r ,

remove the integrations over dx 2r dk2r /(2),
multiply by the original power r of the external potential A, after
s reduction steps find


Z
2r +1s
e2
A0 A1 A4r 2s
(2r +1s)
r
S(s) int
=
d 4r +12s q 01(4r
2s)
~ (2r + 1 s)!(2)2r s
AA0 A1 A2r 2s1 AA2r 2s


tr DA2r 2s+1 AA2r 2s+2 DA4r 2s1 AA4r 2s .
Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

gave a general prescription how automatically an analogous

dimension reduction form a fundamental (2r + 1)D
Chern-Simons field theory to an adiabatic and quasi-classical
((2r + 1) s)D Chern-Simons field theory is obtained.

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Start with the (2r + 1)D Chern-Simons action

Sint

X.-L. Qi, T. L. Hughes and S.-C. Zhang, Phys. Rev. B 78,

195424 (2008).

Theory of Topological Insulators

There are at most r descendants from a fundamental (2r + 1)D

Chern-Simons theory, then there is no external gauge potential
A left any more for reduction.
To arrive in our D 3-dimensional physical position spaces,
the following cases are possible:
(0+1)

Sint
(2+1)

S1 int

(4+1)

Sint
Sint

(1+1)

S2 int ,

S1 int

(3+1)

S2 int ,

(3+1)

(2+1)

S3 int

(0+1)

(2+1)

S4 int ,
(3+1)

S5 int
dHvA, QHE,
TRI, QSHE
Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

In order to have a topological protection of a non-trivial Chern

number state in a dimension reduced Chern-Simons theory, an
additional symmetry is needed which enforces the boundary
states to be gapless.

Preliminaries

Historical Remark

Quantum Hall Effect

(2r + 1)-Dimensional Chern-Simons Field Theory

Bloch and Wannier functions

charge conjugation:

k C = H
t ,
CH
k

Kubos formula

time reversal:

k T = H
t ,
T H
k

Dimension Reduction

Z2 -Symmetry

Summary

Helmut Eschrig

(2r +1)

Chern-Simons Lagrangian Lint

C:
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Theory of Topological Insulators

(2+1)
S2 int

This is why non-trivial

and
must be time-reversal
invariant. (In the first (second) descendant of a fundamental
(2r + 1)-dimensional case an adiabatic quasiclassical
polarization (gauge curvature) appears in the action instead of
one (two) external potential factor(s) with the same
transformation properties as the latter.)

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(2r +1)
(1)r +1 Lint
,

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

:
(2r +1)

T : Lint

Theory of Topological Insulators

Theory of Topological Insulators

Preliminaries

Historical Remark

Quantum Hall Effect

(2r + 1)-Dimensional Chern-Simons Field Theory

Bloch and Wannier functions

Kubos formula

Dimension Reduction

Z2 -Symmetry

Summary

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

(2r +1)

(1)r Lint

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

A Chern-Simons theory, depending on the properties of the

kinetic terms, may be C-invariant for r odd and T -invariant for r
even.

(3+1)
S1 int

(2r +1)
Lint

C C = C C = 1,

T T = T T = 1.
(
A0
T : A
Ai

C : A A ,

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Helmut Eschrig

Such a symmetry may be one of the ubiquitous discrete

symmetries of the kinetic terms in the action:

Theory of Topological Insulators

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Pre Hist QHE CS BW Kubo Red Z2 Sum

Chern-Simons action integrals are integrals of external

forms and hence independent of a metric: topological
terms.
The QHE is the prototype of such a theory in solid state
physics.
A Chern number is the 2r -dimensional integral of a 2r -form
(Chern form) which is an invariant polynomial of the
Berry-Simon curvature form. It locally derives from a
Chern-Simons form obtained from the Berry-Simon
connection form, but does not depend on the choice of the
connection (Berry gauge invariance).

Thank you for your attention!

The theory combines a Berry phase gauge theory with a

gauge field theory of an external field.

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators

Helmut Eschrig

IFW Dresden

Theory of Topological Insulators