Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Lecture No 2
Title:
Reactivity and Reactivity Coefficients
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology
KTH
Spring 2005
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 1
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 2
N0*keff
N0*(keff)2
N0*(keff)3
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 3
Reactivity (1)
If there are N0 neutrons in the preceding generation,
then there are N0*keff neutrons in the present generation
The gain or loss in the neutron population N0*keff - N0
expressed as a fraction of the present generation N0*keff
is referred to as reactivity
N 0keff N 0
N 0keff
keff 1
keff
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 4
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 5
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 6
Solution:
the reactivity is as follows:
= (keff-1)/keff = (1.002-1)/1.002=0.001996 k/k =0.1996% k/k
= 199.6 pcm
= (keff-1)/keff = (0.998-1)/0.998= -0.002 k/k = -0.2% k/k
-200 pcm
Applied Reactor Technology and
Nuclear Power Safety - Lecture 2
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 7
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 8
Fuel depletion
Temperature
Pressure
Poisons
Control rod insertion
Etc
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 9
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 10
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 11
keff 1 1 keff
1 keff
T =
=
= 2
keff T
T T keff keff T
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 12
1 keff
1 k
1 PFNL
1 PTNL
=
+
+
keff T
k T PFNL T
PTNL T
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 13
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 14
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 15
Solution:
= T T = (-16 pcm/K)*(-2.5 K) = 40 pcm
thus the reactivity addition due to the temperature
decrease was positive because of the negative
temperature coefficient
Applied Reactor Technology and
Nuclear Power Safety - Lecture 2
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 16
The major reactor types that are currently employed use moderating
materials to reduce fission neutron energies to the thermal range
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 17
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 18
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 19
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 20
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 21
Over
moderated
keff
Resonance escape
probability
Thermal utilization
factor
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 22
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 23
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 24
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 25
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 26
Example: moderator
temperature coefficient for
a BWR reactor
-5
-10
Moderator
temperature
coefficient,
pcm/K
-15
-20
-25
-30
0
50
100
150
200
250
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
300
Moderator
temperature,
C
Slide No 27
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 28
1 1 f 1 p 1
1 PFNL
1 PTNL 1 f
+
+
+
+
+
T f T p T T PFNL T
PTNL T
f T
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 29
f = U
m
p
c
a + a + a + a
U
a
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 30
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 31
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 32
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 33
1 1 f 1 p 1
1 PFNL
1 PTNL 1 p
+
+
+
+
+
T f T p T T PFNL T
PTNL T
p T
Assuming
NF I
p = exp
1 p N F I
N I (300 K )
=
= F
p T s T
s 2 T
Then
T , F =
Since
I (T ) = I (300 K ) 1 +
T 300
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
)]
Slide No 34
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 35
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 36
Volume of vapor Vv
=
Total volume
V
Note that for the void fraction is used the same symbol
as for the reactivity coefficients, but they should not be
confused! The reactivity coefficient always have
subscript indicating variable parameter, e.g.
T is the temperature coefficient of reactivity
Applied Reactor Technology and
Nuclear Power Safety - Lecture 2
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 37
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 38
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 39
Exercises (1)
Exercise 3: Calculate the thermal utilization factor for a
homogenized core composed of (in % by volume): UO2
35% and H2O 65%. The enrichment of the fuel is 3.2%
(by weight). Microscopic cross sections [b] for absorption
are as follows: water 0.66 [b], oxygen O: 2x10-4 [b], U235: 681 [b], U-238: 2.7 [b].
Density of UO2: 10200 kg/m3
Density of water: 800 kg/m3
How the thermal utilization factor changes if the water
density increases to 900 kg/m3 ?
Applied Reactor Technology and
Nuclear Power Safety - Lecture 2
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 40
Exercises (2)
Exercise 4: Calculate the moderating power and the
moderating ratio for H2O (density 1000 kg/m3) and
Carbon (density 1600 kg/m3). The macroscopic cross
sections are given below:
Isotope
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
0.332
27x10-5
0.0034
38
3.76
4.75
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 41
Exercises (3)
Exercise 5: Calculate the resonance escape probability
for a reactor as in Exercise 3 assuming the fuel
temperature T = 1500 K and the effective resonance
integral for fuel at T = 300 K equal to 25 [b]. Microscopic
cross sections for scattering are as follows: water 103
[b], oxygen O: 6 [b], U-235: 8 [b], U-238: 8.3 [b].
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 42
Exercises (4)
Exercise 6: Calculate the fuel reactivity coefficient for a
reactor as in Exercise 3 assuming the fuel temperature T
= 1500 K and the effective resonance integral for fuel at
T = 300 K equal to 25 [b]. Microscopic cross sections for
scattering are as follows: water 103 [b], oxygen O: 6 [b],
U-235: 8 [b], U-238: 8.3 [b].
Henryk Anglart
Nuclear Reactor Technology Division
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Slide No 43