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Cold end
Hot end
Inside the system, there is a fluid (usually termed refrigerant)
Hot end
Heat pipes
Heat pipes
Heat pipes
Heat pipes
Thermosyphons
LiquidVapor
Mixture
Hot
Component
Liquid
Air
988
1200
Falling tube
Condenser
101510
PCB
Example of a
Thermosyphon
cooling three
components in
parallel
Rising tube
Condenser
Schematic of a Thermosyphon
27 273
Evaporator
Evaporator
Liquid head:988+27=1015 mm
Areas in a thermosyphon
Example of a
Thermosyphon
cooling three
components in
series
4 times
Component, 1 cm2
Evaporator, front, 2.2 cm2
Evaporator, inside, 3.5 cm2
Condenser, inside, 108 cm2
Condenser, facing air,
(heat sink included), 5400 cm2
Contact
resistance
Saturation
temperature
Evaporation
Condensation
Condenser
Thermosyphon
Temp
Fin to
air
Evaporator
Boiling
Contact
resistance
Saturation temp
Condensation
Hot side
Air
Cold side
Evaporator geometries
12
R142b
Filling Ratio = 39%
Evaporator2
10 mm
Temp.difference (C)
10
14.7 mm
d=1.5 mm
d=2.5 mm
d=3.5 mm
Tc, d=0.8 mm
Condenser
2
0
d=1.1 mm
40
80
120
160
P (W)
Thermosyphons - Applications
Thermosyphons - Applications
Thermosyphons - Applications
Immersion cooling
Thermosyphons
Rahmatollah Khodabandeh
E = 1 + (x ) Prl l 1
g
0.35
](
1)
k
h l = 0.023 l (Re l )0.8 (Prl )0.4
d
Rtot =Rcr+Rbo+Rco+Rcv
(K/W)
Rcr is the contact resistance between the simulated component and the
evaporator front wall. In order to reduce Rcr a thermally conductive
epoxy can be used.
Rbo, is the boiling resistance.
Rco, is the condensing resistance. This resistance is in fact very low due
to the high heat transfer coefficient in condensation and the large
condensing area.
Rcv is the convection resistance between the condenser wall and the air.
p = f1 w2
f1 = 0.158Re
wd
Re =
w=
V
=
A
m
d 2
Q/ h fg
d 2
7/ 4
p = 0.241
LQ
d
19 / 4
4Q
h fg d 2
1/ 4
h 7fg/ 4
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
NH3,M=17.03
R32,M=52.02
R600a,M=58.12
20000
15000
10000
R134a,M=102
R12,M=120.9
R22,M=86.47
5000
0
R11,M=137.4
10
15
20
Ps (bar)
25
2.50E-08
2.00E-08
R32, M=52.02
NH3,M=17.03
1.50E-08
R12, M=120.9
R134a, M=102
1.00E-08
R22, M=86.47
5.00E-09
R600a, M=58.12
0.00E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Pressure (bar)
h-Cooper (W/mK)
L
d
1/ 4
30
35
40
Another important
parameter when choosing
working fluid is the critical
heat flux.
Figure shows calculation of
Kutateladze CHF correlation
versus reduced pressure for
pool boiling.
As can been seen ammonia
once again shows
outstanding properties with
3-4 times higher than the
other fluids.
2400
CHF (W)
2100
R600a, M=58.12
1800
R11, M=137.4
1500
NH3, M=17.03
1200
R134a, M=102
900
R12, M=120.9
600
R22, M=86.47
R32, M=52.02
300
0
0
FC fluids
R600a (Isobutane)
Tests were done at five reduced pressures ;
p
350000
p r = p cr
; 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3.
Two types of evaporators: smooth and
pr=0.3
pr=0.02
300000
250000
q (W/m)
200000
150000
100000
Isobutane
Smooth tube
50000
0
10
15
20
25
DT (C)
40000
30000
25000
h = constantpr
R2 = 0.9957
20000
15000
0.317
Q=110 W
10000
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
pr
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
pr=0.3
pr=0.2
pr=0.1
pr=0.05
pr=0.02
35000
5000
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
45000
h (W/m.K)
DT (C)
DT (C)
20
40
60
Q (W)
80
100
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
120
10 W
30 W
50 W
70 W
90 W
110 W
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
pr
Comparison between
Coopers correlation and
experimental results
The Fig. shows heat transfer coeff.
comparison between Coopers pool
boiling correlation versus
experimental results for smooth
tube surfaces at different reduced
pressure.
y = 0.8761x0.5755
R2 = 0.9984
R600a
20
15
h=f (qn)
10
h=f (q0.57)
5
0
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
q (kW/m)
25%
Q=50 W
Q=70 W
30000
Q=90 W
25%
Q=110 W
20000
10000
0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
h-exp (W/mK)
10 W
50000
30 W
25%
50 W
40000
70 W
30000
25%
90 W
110 W
20000
10000
0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
h-exp (W/mK)
R600a as refrigerant
Tests were done with 7, 5,4, 3, 2 and 1 vertical
channels with diameter of 1.1, 1.5,1.9, 2.5 3.5 and
6 mm.
Smooth surface
At reduced pressure 0.1 (p/Pcr)
Conclusions
Influence of diameter
Heat transfer coefficient vs.
heat flux at different diameters.
30
h-exp. (kW/mK)
Q=30 W
40000
Influence of diameter
Testing condition
h-LW(W/mK)
Q=10 W
50000
h-Cooper (W/mK)
25
h (kW/m.K)
25
d=6 mm
20
d=3.5 mm
15
d=2.5 mm
d=1.9 mm
10
1.5 mm
d=1.1mm
0
0
transfer coefficient.
h=f (prm) m=0.317
h=f (qn) where n=0.57
Conclusion
Conclusion
been investigated.
Threaded surface has a minor effect on CHF.
Open thermosyphon
Closed thermosyphon
Pipe thermosyphon
Single-phase flow
Two-phase flow
The nature of boundaries (Is the system open or closed to mass flow)
The regime of heat transfer (convection, boiling or both)
The number of type of phases present (single- or two-phase state)
The nature of the body force (is it gravitational or rotational)
Open Thermosyphon:
The most common industrial thermosyphon applications
include:
gas turbin blade cooling
electrical machine rotor cooling
transformer cooling
nuclear reactor cooling
steam tubes for bakers oven
cooling for internal combustion engines
electronic cooling.
Closed Thermosyphon
(simple pipe)
A simple single-phase naturalconvection closed system in the form
of a tube closed at both ends.
It has been found that the closed
single-phase thermosyphon can be
treated as two simple open
thermosyphon appropriately joined at
the midtube exchange region.
The primary problem is that of
modeling the exchange region.
It has been found that the exchange
mechanism is basically convective.
1.
Condenser
Evaporator
Thermosyphon
Thermosyphon pipe
2.
3.
4.
Thermosyphon
Simple thermosyphon
loop
Advanced thermosyphon
loop
Two-phase thermosyphon
10
16 2 G L
Re d
G
2 l
where
is an empirical constant which is a function of
curvature and inner diameter.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
11
One of the simplest predictions of pressure drop in twophase flow is a homogeneous flow approximation.
Homogeneous predictions treat the two-phase mixture as a
single fluid with mixture properties.
In the homogeneous flow model it is assumed that the two
phases are well mixed and therefore have equal actual
vapor and liquid velocities.
In other words in this model, the frictional pressure drop is
evaluated as if the flow were a single-phase flow, by
introducing modified properties in the single-phase friction
coefficient.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cicchitti et al.
h = x g + (1 x ) L
Beattie- Whalley
1
x 1 x
=
h = L (1 )(1 + 2.5 ) + g
x al
et
h.
h =
g x h
g
al.
L (1 x ) h
L
Mc Adams
Dukler et
p G , R = m g H r
=
1
u g (1 x) g
1+
uL x L
h =
1
(1 x ) g
1+
x
L
12
Fig. 1
Experimental setup
glass tube
77
186
255
150
Condenser
ID=6.1 mm
1160
v specific volume
974
Downcomer
939
Abs.
pressure
transduc
er
Evaporator
10 15 10
Not to scale
C
B
95
5 hl
holemed
with d_f=1.5
d_f=1.5 mm
mm
CHF
CHF=f(pr, G, x)
Effect of pressure on
CHF:
R600a (Isobutane)
Tests were done at three reduced pressures;
pr=0.2
0.003
0.002
0.001
smooth channel
0
0
According to the
simulations the vapor
quality at different
pressure on CHF is almost
constant.
pr=0.1
20
pr=0.2
15
10
0.035
5
0
smooth channel
0.1
0.2
m_dot (kg/s)
pr=0.1
0.004
pr=0.035
25
pr=0.035
0.005
30
Effect of vapor
quality on CHF
35
DT(C)
Testing condition
1
pr=0.035
0.9
0.8 pr=0.1
0.7 pr=0.2
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 smooth channel
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Qcri (W)
13
700
600
Qcri (W)
500
400
300
200
threaded
100
smooth
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Comparison between
Kutateladzes
correlation and
experimental results
The Fig. shows CHF,
comparison between
Kutateladzes pool boiling
correlation versus
experimental results for
smooth tube surfaces.
pr
700
15%
600
Q_cri_pb. (W)
500
-15%
400
300
200
100
0
0
14