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3. Materials
Pressure Class
Reliability
Materials of construction
Materials
Determine wall thicknesses
Valves
3. Materials
3. Materials
Strength of Materials
Bases for Design Stresses
B31.3 Material Requirements
Materials -
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3. Materials
Strength of Materials
Stress
Strain
Stress-Strain Diagram
Elastic Modulus
Yield Strength
Ultimate Strength
Creep
Fatigue
Brittle versus Ductile Behavior
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Strength of Materials
Stress (S): force (F) divided by area (A)
over which force acts, pounds force/inch2
(psi), Pascals (Newtons/meter2)
Strain (): change in length (L) divided
by the original length (L)
F
L
L
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3. Materials
Stress
Strength of Materials
ST = Tensile Strength
SY = Yield Strength
E = Elastic Modulus = Stress/Strain
Strain
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Stress
Strength of Materials
ST = Tensile Strength
SY = Yield Strength
Proportional Limit
0.2% offset
Strain
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3. Materials
Strength of Materials
Creep: progressive permanent
deformation of material subjected to
constant stress, AKA time dependent
behavior. Creep is of concern for
Carbon steels above ~700F (~370C)
Stainless steels above ~950F (~510C)
Aluminum alloys above ~300F (~150C)
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Strain
Strength of Materials
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Rupture
Creep Rate (strain/unit time)
Time
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3. Materials
Strength of Materials
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Strength of Materials
Stress
Number of Cycles
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3. Materials
Strength of Materials
Brittle failure:
Ductile deformation:
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Brittle failure:
Stress
Strength of Materials
Toughness
Ductile failure:
Stress
Strain
Toughness
Strain
3. Materials
Strength of Materials
Measuring Toughness
using a Charpy impact
test
W
H1 -H2
Pendulum
H1
H2
= Energy Absorbed
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Strength of Materials
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3. Materials
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3. Materials
Stress, ksi
20.00
15.00
2/3 of Yield
1/3 of Tensile
10.00
Allowable
5.00
0.00
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Temperature, F
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Stress, MPa
140.0
120.0
2/3 Yield
100.0
1/3 Tensile
80.0
Allowable
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, C
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3. Materials
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3. Materials
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3. Materials
Temperature Limits
Listed materials may be used above the
maximum described in the Code if (323.2.1)
There is no prohibition in the Code
The designer verifies serviceability of the
material, considering the quality of mechanical
property data used to determine allowable
stresses and resistance of the material to
deleterious effects in the planned fluid service
(323.2.4)
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Temperature Limits
Listed materials may be used within the
temperature range described in the Code if
(323.2.2)
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3. Materials
Table 323.2.2
Requirements for Low Temperature Toughness Tests
ge 2
a
p
See
nt.
e
m
pple
u
s
e
of th
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Temperature Limits
Listed materials may be used below the
minimum described in the Code if (323.2.2)
There is no prohibition in the Code
The base metal, weld deposits and heat
affected zone (HAZ) are qualified in
accordance with Column B of Table 323.2.2.
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3. Materials
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Figure 323.2.2A
Minimum Temperatures without Impact Testing for Carbon Steel
e 22
g
a
p
See
nt.
e
m
ple
p
u
es
h
t
f
o
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3. Materials
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Fig.323.2.2B
Reduction in Minimum Design Temperature w/o Impact Testing
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3. Materials
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1
4
12
30
0.178
(4.52)
0.237
(6.02)
0.500
(12.70)
1.000
(25.40)
0.71
0.74
0.86
0.97
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3. Materials
Deterioration in Service
Selection of material to resist deterioration
in service is not within the scope of the
Code. (323.5)
Recommendations for material selection
are presented in Appendix F.
General considerations
Specific material considerations
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Deterioration in Service
General considerations
Fire resistance
Possibility of brittle fracture
Susceptibility to crevice corrosion
Possibility of galvanic corrosion
Chilling effect of the loss of pressure
Compatibility of materials such as
Packing
Gaskets
Thread sealants
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3. Materials
Deterioration in Service
Specific material considerations
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