CHAPTER

16

The Properties of Cases

PROB LEMS AN

6-1. In an issue of the journal Science a few years ago,

D SOLUTIONS

a research group discussed experiments in

which they determined the structure of cesium iodide crystals at a pressure of 302 gigapascals
(GPa), How many atmospheres and bars is this pressure?
2.98

I 06

atm, 3.02

106

bar

16-2. In meteorology, pressures

are expressed in units of millibars (mbar). Convert 985 mbar to torr

and to atmsspheres.

739 torr, A.972 atm

16-3. Calculate the

value of the pressure (in atm) exerted by a 33.9-foot column of water. Take the
density of water to be 1.00 g.mL-1.

We first convert the height of the column to metric units: 33.9 ft

16-4. At which

: pgh: (1.00 kg,dm-3;198.067

: 1.013 x 104 kg.dm-r.s-2
: 1.013 x 105 Pa: 1.00 atm

19.33 m. Now

dm.s-2)(103.3 dm)

temperature arp the Celsius and Farenheit temperature scales equal?

-40"
16-5. A travel guide says that

to convert Celsius temperatures to Farenheit temperatures, double the

Celsius temperature and add 30. Comment on this recipe.

481

482

Clrapter 15

as tsmperature
This will provide a rough estimate of the temperature, decreasing in accuracy
At room
degrees.)
zero
below
increases. (of course, it is not valid for celsius temperatures
temperatures, it is accurate enough for ordinary purposes'
Actual 7

("C)

Actual 7

("F)

Travel 7 ('F)
30

10

50

50

zv

68

'70

30

86

90

40

ta4

110

G-6. Research in surface science is carried out using ultra-high vacuum chambers that can sustain
pressures as low as 10-r2 torr. How many molecules are there in a 1.00-cm3 volume inside such an
apparatus at2g8K? What is the corresponding molar volume 7 at this pressure and temperature?

We

will

assume ideal gas behavior, so

PV

(16.1a)

RT
(10-'2 torr)(1.00 cm3)
(82.058 cm3 . atm. mol-' . K-' ) (760 torr' atm-' ) 1298 K)

5.38
so there arc 3.24

10-20

mol

: r

104 molecules in the apparatus. The molar volume is

tl

16-7.

=17

v
n

1.00 cm3

5.38

10-

mol

1.86

l0re cm3'mol-l

Use the following data for an unknown gas at 300 K to determine the molecular mass of the gas.

The line of best fit of a plot of P/p versus p will have an intercept of RT I M . Plotting, we flnd that
the intercept of this plot is 0.56558 bar'g-''dm3, and so M : 44.10 g'mol-r.

general chemistry that Dalton's law of partial pressures says that each gas in a
mixture of ideal gases acts as if the other gases were not present. Use this fact to show that the
partial pressure exerted by each gas is given by

16-8. Recall from

P,
-r

/rt\

IJ-

I P,^..,
toral
tota': /ry,P.^,^,

\Inr/
where P, is the partial pressure of the

jth

gas and

),

is its mole fraction.

486

Chapter 16

1.2

i.0
0.8
0.6

0,4

K
K

^,,

6*1

5. Use both the van der Waals

and the Redlich-Kwong equations to calculate the molar

volur:

of CO at20A K and 1000 bar. Compare your result to the result you would get using the ideal-s-.
equation. The experimental value is 0.04009

L.mol-r.

We can use the Newton-Raphson method (MathChapter G) to solve these cubic equations of s::
We can express f (T) for the van der Waals equation as (Example 16-2)

r(v)
and

s:

f '{V)

:r' - (ul- #) v' + 3v - #

as

f' (v)

3v'

z (r,

3:i
&.,3

T),

",

co, a:1.4734

dm6.bar.mol-2 and b:0.039523 dm3.mol-t lTable 16.3). Then, usr;:

the Newton-Raphson method, we find that the van der Waals equation gives a result of T -0.04998 dm3'mol-r. Likewise, we can express 717) tor the Redlich-Kwong equation as
For

;r:':

(Equation 16.9)

fr.*
i.,+

'j'r

r(v)/-':T' - Yv'
p

:,..;
' .{i:

and

Bf;r

v- (\"'n' + p - -4-)
iEF)'*Tvzp

AB

/'(V) as

A\
f'(V)=3V'-tIV-(n'+BRr
'
P'
P fiTF)
\"
17.208 dm6.bar.mol*z.Kt/2 and B : 0.02i394 dm3.mol-r (Table r6.4). App;..
the Newton-Raphson method, we find that the Redlich-Kwong equation gives a result r-:
7: 0.03866 dm3.mol-r. Finally, the ideal gas equation gives (Equation 16.1)

For

co, A =

nftr

--

(0.083145 dms.bar.mol-t.K-1)(200
1000 bar

K)

0.01663 dmj.mol_l

The experimental value of 0.04009 dm3 .mol-r is closest to the result given by the Redlich-K
equation (the two values differ by about3To).

16-16. Compare the

pressures given by (a) the ideal-gas equation, (b) the van der Waals equa:.
(c) the Redlich-Kwong equation, and (d) the Peng-Robinson equarion for propane at 40C i
and p - 10.62 mol'dm-3. The experimental value is 400 bar. Take cu 9.6938 L2.mol-r :=
f = 0.0563? L.mol-r for the Peng-Robinson equation.

Tlre Properties of

-,.e molar volume corresponding to a density

:.

487

of 10.62 mol'dm-3 is 0.09416 dm3.mol-r.

The ideal gas equation gives a pressure of (Equation 1 6. 1 )

b,

Cases

: yV

(0'083145 dm3

bar'mol-r'Kr)(400 K)

0.09416 dm' .mol-'

3s3.2bar

The van der Waals equation gives a pressure of (Equation 16.5)

s!--2

'= v -b

v"

= 9.3919 dm6,bar.mol-2 and D : 0.090494 dm3.mol-r (Table 16.3). Then

(0.083145dm3.bar.moI-r.K-')(400K) 9.3919dm6.bar.mol-2
0.09416 dm3.mol-r - 0.090494 dm3.mol-r (0.09416 dmr.mol-r)2

For propane, a

^
-r=
:
c.

8008 bar

The Redlich-Kwong equation gives a pressure of (Equation 16.7)

RT

'D_
- v-B
For propane, A

183.02 dm6'bar.mol-2.Kl/2 and B

= 0.062723 dm3.mol-r (Table

16.4).

Then

(0.083145dm3.bar,mol-r.-';i+OOf;
0.09416 dm3.mol-r - A.06ziZ3 dm3.mol-r

'^
:
d.

2 .Rt /2
1 83.02 dm6. bar. mo]
/'z(0.094
(400 K)'
1 6 dm3. mol-r ; 10.094 I 6 dm3. mol-r

0.a627 23 dm3 . mol- )

438.4 bar

The Peng-Robinson equation gives a pressure of (Equation 16,8)

p'r

D
._;-__
^'l
-

Forpropane,

-._

a :9.6938 dm6.bar'mol-z and fl :0.05632dm3,mo1-r.

Then

(0.083l45dm3.bar.mol-r.-'){+Oof;
0,09416 dm3.mol-r

0.05632dm3.moI-r
9.6938 dm6'bar'mol-2

(0.09416)(0.09416+ 0.05632) dm6'mol-2

:284.2bar

(0.05632)(0.09416

0.05632) dm6.mol-2

The Redlich-Kwong equation of state gives a pressure closest to the experimentally observed
pressure (the two values differ by about 107o).

. Use the van der Waals equation and the Redlich-Kwong equation to calculate the value of the
pressure of one mole of ethane at 400.0 K confined to a volume of 83.26 cm3. The experimental
value is 400 bar.

16-17

Here, the moiar volume of ethane is 0.08326 dm3 .mol-l

CHAPTER

19

The First Law of Thermodynamics

PROB LEMS AN

H
p

fl
ll

D SOLUTIONS

19-1.

Suppose that a 10-kg mass of iron at 20"C is dropped from a height of 100 meters. What is the
kinetic energy of the mass just before it hits the ground? What is its speed? What would be the final
temperature of the mass if all its kinetic energy at impact is transformed into internal energy? Take
the molar heat capacity of iron to be d" :25.1 J.mol-r.K-r and the gravitational acceleration
constant to be 9.80 m.s-t.

ii

Just before the mass hits the ground, all of the potential energy that the mass originally had
converted into kinetic energy. So
PE

: msh:

(10 kg)(9.80 m.s-2)(t00 m)

9.8 kJ

will

be

KE

Since kinetic energy can be expressed as ,nuz f 2, the speed of the mass just before hitting the ground
is

/zKE\tlz

I zo.B kD l'/2
:44ms-r
=L+ffi1

',:\;)

For a solid, the difference between

eu

and

E" is small, so we can write

A,lJ

ue

(Equation 19.39). Then

,LT

f;

li
il

LT:

9.8 kJ

,::to^+-) ,rt.t r.mot-''K-')

\55.85 B.mol-' 7 '--'

--2.2K

The final temperature of the iron mass is rhen22.2"C.

19-2. Consider an ideal

gas that occupies 2.50 dm3 at a pressure of 3.00 bar.

If the gas is compressed

isothermally at a constant external pressure, P.^,, so that the final volume is 0.500 dm3, calculate
the smallest value {*, can have. Calculate the work involved using this value of P"*,.
Since the gas is ideal, we can write

p"

P,!,

. = v, -

The smallest possible value of

{*,

(3.00 bar)(2.50 dm3)

0.500 dm,

15.0 bar

is Pr. The work done in this case is (Equation 19.1)

*=) :

3ooo

r
585

585

Chapter 19

sample of CO,(S) occupies 2.00 dmr at a temperature of 300 K. If the gas is

compressed isothermally at a constant external pressure, P..,, so that the final volume is 0.750 dm3,
calculate the smallest value {^, can have, assuming that COr(g) satisfies the van der Waals equation
of state under these conditions. Calculate the work involved using this value of {*,.

19-3. A one-mole

can have is P' where { is the final pressure of the gas. We can use the van
(Equation
16.5) and the constants given in Table 16.3 to find P,:
der Waals equation

The smallest value

{*,

RT"
a
z
- - vt-b _- V;
_ (0.083145 dm3.bar.mol-'.K-')(300 K) _ 3.6551 dm6.bar.mol-2
0.750 dm3.mol-r - 0.042816 drn3.mol-r (0.750 dm3.mol-r)2

= 28.8 bar
The work involved is (Equation 19.1)
'ur

: * P LV :-(2S.8 x 105 Pa)i-1.25 x 10-3 m3) :

3.60kJ

19-4. Calculate the work involved when one mole of an ideal gas is compressed reversibly from
1.00 bar to 5.00 bar at a constant temDerature of 300 K.

$
r"

ll

Using the ideal gas equation, we find that

nRT
V,: -{

$i

;i
4
-{

{
5
5
{

We can therefore wfite Vr/ V,

P,

tty^:- nRT

and

zp

'2

I Pr. Now we substitute into Equation 19.2 to find

1'):-lo*,ov--lt#r,
:

-nRT

- (-1

ln

(f) * -rtRT

ln

rn)
\P,)

mol) (8.31s J.mol-r.K-r )(300 K) In0.2

4.01 kJ

19*5. Caiculatetheworkinvolvedwhenonemoleofanidealgasisexpandedreversiblyfrom20.0dmr
to 40.0 dm3 at a constant temperature of 300 K.

We can integrate Equation 19.2 to find the work involved:

w:

_rtRT tn (/ v^\
#I

: (-1

\ "t/

mol)(8.315 J.mol- ' .K-') (3oo K) ln 2

: - I .73 kJ

19-6. Calculate the mlnlmum amount of work required to compress 5.00 moles of an ideal gas
isothermallv at 300 K from a volume of 100 dm3 to 40.0 dm3.

594

Chapter 19

and, finally,

T. / P.\RIT,
-:-l--!l
Tt \P'l

19-18.

Show that
,lo rrtTr,+nllc,
rl

o rrGr+n\lc
-- ,2rz

for an adiabatic expansion of an ideai gas. Show that this formula reduces to Equation 19.23 for

monatomic gas.

For an ideal gas,

PtVt

P,v'

Tl
Tz

We can substitute this expression into the equation from Problem 19-15 to write

(\\^'''
PrV"- \Vr)

PrV,
Taking the reciprocal gtves

P,v,

(L\o'',

PrV,- \%/
and rearranging yields

* _.(r+n72,,)
..(r+nZ")
%t '' = -PzVz'

P,

For a monatomic ideal gas, E,

] R, so

P,Vllt = PrVltt

(19.23,

19-1 9. Calculate the work involved when one mole of a monatomic ideal gas at298
reversibly and adiabatically finm a pressure of 10.00 bar to a pressure of 5.00 bar.

Because this process is adiabatic, 6q

expands

0. This means that

6w: dU = re ,dT
where eu is temperature-independent (since the gas is ideal). We can use the equation from
Problem 19-17 to write

/ P \RlI
rr:rrl*l
\r'l
For an ideal gas,

p:5R12,

so

r,:

(2e8r

(#H)'''

:226K

The First Law of ThermodYnamics

19-24, Liquid sodium is being considered as an engine coolant. How many grams of sodium are
needed to absorb 1.0 MJ of heat if the temperature of the sodium is not to increase by more than
lO'C. Take do : 30.8 J.K*r.mol-r for Na(l) and75.2J'K-r ,mol-r for HrO(l).
We must have a coolant which can absorb 1.0 x 106 J without changing its temperature by more
than l0 K. The smallest amount of sodium required will allow the temperature to change by
exactly 10 K. We can consider this a constant-pressure process, because liquids are relatively
incompressible. Then, substituting LT :10 K into Equation 19.40, we flnd

LH

:e ,l,r:

308 J.mol-r

Werequireonemoleof sodiumtoabsorb30SJof heat.Therefore,toabsorb l.0MJof heat,we

require

(r o x 10'D

fg)
f?ry) :746ks
\308J/ \ I mol /

74.6kgof liquid sodium is needed.

19-25. A 25.0-9 sample of copper at 363 K is placed in 100.0 g of water at 293 K. The copper and
water quickly come to the same temperature by the process of heat transfer from copper to water.
Calculate the final temperature of the water. The molar heat capacity of copper is24.5 J.K-t.mol-r
and that of water is75.2 J'K-t'mol-t.
The heat lost by the copper is gained by the water. Since LH : nC ,LT (Equation 19.40), we can
let.r be the final temperature of the system and write the heat lost by the copper as
2.5

gg

63.5 46 oo. mo 1- t

rto.tr'mol-r .K-l)(363 K - x)

and the heat gained by the water as

I 00.0 g

(t 8.0 i 52 g.mol -l ) rtt., r.mol-l .K-')(x -293K)

Equating these two expressions gives
3495J

J.K-')x: (418.0J.K-r)x 1.259 x 105 K: 42'1.6x

295 K: x

(9.628

1.224

10s J

The final temperature of the water is 295 K.

'19-26. A 10.0-kg sample of liquid water is used to cool an engine. Calculate the heat removed (in
joules) from the engine when the temperature of the water is raised from 293 K to 373 K. Take
e p :'75.2J'K-r .mol-r for Hro(l).
We can use Equation 19.40. where

L.H

nC

rLT =

LT :373

l0 .0 x g
9.'m
18 .0 l) 2 D

3340 kJ of heat is removed bv the water.

- 293K:

-l

"1

rrt

rr

80 K. This eives

mot-r

'K-')(80 K) =

3340 kJ

597

602

Chapter

19-34. Given the following data for sodium, plot ff 1fl - fltO) against I for sodium: melting point,361 K; boiling point, 1156 K; A,u.Ho:2.60 kJ.mol-l; A,ooHo =9'1.4 kJ.mol-r;
C" {r) : 28.2 1' mo|-t. x-' ; 2"(t) : 32.i J. mol-t t<-' ; Zr(g) : z}.BJ. mol*' K-'
.

We can use an extended form of Equation 19.46:

Err>

+ ar,,,E * ['- n(o) : ['"'e

o ,{r)n,

J r,,,,

,tt)ar + AH
\'ap

7T

+lr

l,n

r(gdr

Notice the very lalge jump between the liquid and gaseous phases.
140
t

r00

F-

l*

20

T/K
19-35. The A,H'

values for the following equations are

2Fe(s)

+ lor(e) -+ Fero,(s)

3 Fe(s)

+ 2 Or(e)

--+

Use these data to calculate the value of

A,H":

-206kJ'mol*'

-136 kJ.mol-l

Fe.,Oo(s) L,H"

A,H for the reaction described by

4 FerO.,(s)

Fe(s) ---+ 3 Fe,Oo(s)

Set up the problem so that the summation of two reactions will give the desired reaction:

4[FerOr(s)

3[3 Fe(s)

+ 2 Oz(g)

4 FerOr(s)

19-36.

2 Fe(s)

+ jOr(S)J

--+ FerOo(s)1

L,H :4(206) kJ
L,H :3(-136) kJ
a.Fl

Fe(s)---+3 FerOu(s)

416 kJ

Given the following data,

;Hr(c) + j Fr(s) -+ HF(g) A.Ho : -213.3 kJ.mol-l

Hr(s)
calculate the value of

; or(e) -+

A,H for

Hro(l)

A,Ho

-285.8 kJ.mol-'

the reaction described by

zFr($ + 2 Hzo(l) ---+ a HF(g) + or(s)

Tlre First Law of

Set up the ploblem so that the summation of two reactions

will give the desiled reaction:

4ljH2(s) + jFr(s) --+ HF(g)l

2[H,O(l) -.> Hr(g) +

2 F"(g)

Thermodynamics 603

L,H :4(*273.3)kJ

jo](c)l

L,H

* 2 H,o(l)---+a HF(g) * O,(g)

2(285.8) kJ

L,H = -521.6 ki

',9-37. The standard molar heats of combustion of the

isorners rn-xylene and p-xylene are
-4553'9 kJ'mol-r and -4556.8 kJ.mol-r, respectively. Use these data, together with Hess's
Law, to calculate the value of A.11'for the reaction described by
rn-xylene

->

p-xylene

Because m-xylene and p-xylene are isomers, their combustion equations are stoichiometrically
equivalent. We can therefore write

rn-xylene -> combustionproducts

combustion products --+

p-xylene

L,H = -4553.9kJ
L,"H

rn-xylene----+p-xylene L.H :
19-38. Given that A,H"

+2.9kJ

-2826.7 kJ for the combustion of 1 .00 mol of fructose at 298.15 K,

CuH,rOu(s)

and the

+4556.8 kJ

ArH" data in Table

Or(e)

->

19.2, calculate the value

6 CO'(B)

+ 6 HrO(l)

of A,H' for fructose at 298.15 K.

We ate given A,F/' for the combustion of fructose in the statement of the problem. We use the
values given in Table 19.2 for COr(S), HrO(l), and Or(g):

arH'[Co2(g)]

A,H"[or(g)l

: -393.509 kJ.mol-r
:0

arH'[H2O(I)]

-285.83 kJ.mol-'

Now, by Hess's law, we write

L,H"
-2826.7 kJ.mol-i

:f

nrA"lproductsl

-I

o,"'freaoanrs]

:6(-393.509 kJ.mol-r) + 6(-285.83 kJ'mol-r)

A.H"[fructose]

A.H'ffluctosel = 1249.3 kJ.mol -l

9-39.

Use the A, H" data in Table

described by the equations:

a.
b.

19

.2 to calculate the value

of A" H" for the combustion leactions

cH3oH(l) + I or(s) ---+ cor(g) + 2 Hro(t)

N2H4(l) + 02(g) ---+ N2(8) + 2 H'O(l)

Compare the heat of combustion per gram of the fuels CH.OH(l) and N,Hn(1).

604

Chapter 19

We

will

need the following values from Table 19.2:

A,H"[CO,(B)]
Af 11.[N2H4(l)]

= -393.509 kJ.mol-' ArH'[HzO(l)] - -285.83 kJ'mol-r

+50.6

ArH"[Nr(g)J:

a.

kJ.mol-r

Af H"[CH1OH(I)]

-239.1kJ'mol-'

Using Hess's law,

L,Ho

- | n,A"lproductsl - I ort"lreactants]
: 2(*28s.83 kJ) + (-393'5 kJ) - (-239.1 kJ)

: (\mol-126.:kI
,) f +g\ = _zz.tkJ s_,
methanol / \32.OaZ /
g

b.

Again, by Hess's law,

L,H"

: I

lrH'[products]

:2(-285.83

kJ)

-I

o,g"lreactants]

(+50.6 kJ)

: (\ -u??
f J++) : _ re 4 kJ.g-,
=t=\_t)
molNrH,
) \32.046 g/
More energy per gram is produced by combusting methanol.
Using Table 19.2, calculate the heat required to vaporize 1.00 mol of CCln(l) at298 K

Ig-40.

CCl,(l)
We can subrracr ArH"[CCl4(1)] from

A"ooH

-+

CClr(B)

ArH'[CCl4(g)] to find the heat required to vaporize CClu:

-102.9 kJ + 135.44 kJ

32.5 kJ

19-41. Using the ArH" data in Table 19.2, calculate the values of A,H' for the following:
a' crHoG) + HrO0l ----+ CrHtoH(l)

b.

CHo(e)

1+ Clr(S)

----+ CClo(l)

a HCl(g)

In each case, state whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic.

a.

Using Hess's law,

L,Ho

-27'7'69 kJ

(-285.83 kJ + 52'28kJ)

-44'14kJ

135'44 kJ

(-74'81 kJ)

-429'87 kI

This reaction is exothermic.

b.

Again, by Hess's law,

L,H" -- 4(-92.31kJ)

This reaction is also exothermic.

Use the following data to calculate the value of A,,ooH'of water at298 K and compare
your answer to the one you obtain from Table 79.2: A,,orH" at 373 K=40'7 kJ'mol-t;

1942,

rQ)

75.2

J.mol-r.K-r;

e rG) = 33-6J'mol-r'K-r.

608

Chapter 19

We can solve this polynomial using Simpson's rule or a numerical sofware package. Working in
Mathematica, we find that the final temperature will be 4040 K.

1947.

Explain why the adiabatic flame temperature defined in the previous problem is also called the
maximum flame temperature.

The adiabatic flame temperature is the temperature of the system if all the energy released as
heat stays within the system. Since we are considering an isolated system, the adiabatic flame
temperature is also the maximum temperature which the system can achieve.

19-48. How much energy

as heat is required to raise the temperature of 2.00 moles of O2(g) from

298 K to 1273 K at 1.00 bar? Take

?"tor{s)l/n :3.094+

(1.561

x l0-3 K-t)T -

(4.65

x l0-7

9-2172

We can use Equation 19.M:

A,H: Ifr, nC,dT

,4

f-:.

(2.00mol)R

[""

Jzss

1r.rro+ (1.561 x i0-3 K-t)r

g.6sx r0-7 l".-2)72]dr

:64.795 kJ.mol-r

d$

ill
g['
yrt-

#i
hdI
H;
lii..'
dl,:

1949.

When one mole of an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically to one-half of its original volume.
the temperature of the gas increases from 273 K to 433 K. Assuming that eu is independent of
temperature, calculate the value of Zu for this gas.

Equation 19.20 gives an expression for the reversible adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas:

,ar

: -ffav

Integrating both sides and substituting the temperatures given, we find that

T
J[9tar:-[!a,
JV
e

,nl=
433

Culnfr:
e
-J 19-50.

-Rh

-Rln2
1.59

Use the van der Waals equation to calculate the minimum work required to expand one mole
of COr(g) isothermally from a volume of 0.100 dm3 to a volume of 100 dm3 at n3 K. Compare
your result with that which you calculate assuming ideal behavior.

Hu tA,
l0:

ff#^rw^w=

@a

lq : l,4lq J130,41,4Y

0 5}.^|d w{f}\ 1l^ri"

R= o,caa'

t,s,r6

PE=

D,3lt+:
34'P:L
J1" n"l

rl .tr?*Im

KL=D

+?*0
Tncr*na*
APE -- Pr

(xo^) -

PE bk

| = - 4q0,5 hd m, s-L :

KL

--

ry'

/r)

)U
1

)Wt
bl*'-""'f'"-d
Uv

q4rr^A^e

-4gO,S

?350I
:
tA* ^K3WKlFor
^efua"L
lEec tW
(r^qgtre t"lc\*"r
C ' ot+ Coz,
-3q3
^hf,lmot"
%=
ilra"*D

@ | *.*lputrc
{

tlx,"

@ \$40prt *1,v4 r tooo s"d- K 4 \14 -t = wo^lob

lW_ t),?d. lJg

33 @
M,r^
O \00 W =,*
* ^l u tdrf[ ^f6ff =

,L4

*lAL

Lo*.: Alt= cA*@

Q
|-t
* Fcru on .rrtul oo'/LLL__
Tae

nCv,,

AT t*q dw,,w.*n T
con

A,nt

,nd,,*t* &u,\rwyn

clta'r,rX<"

U har.tdrogo

o"

rCI

(carnpuausn

on

lo brr-)

', fuaPt6na*l
0"1\1t11=

Vi

$o.{fu,wnatfu ,rn{a 14 AT 6r.

=
(

k*ry*^"f.h

eb,--,tej ro:
AltL=1 pf
1r= - k)c

Firu,r\^o&ts

cur.oir=")

%urnLs {g= -

w^ attlnr-url "/Yxtav

R{V) JV
[/t
,lV
L

F'u
^a,"il

T, pUr= ng]

F^r Vi,V; *\lGLxYV

Vi

0.1ttrU

V'=4'1xtlu

(tat^W%51.*r)

tt

ttcrwptpe^'

Tt a*

ctl co'tu , p,taA,\il^!

frr = _ _^sl; dV --

/b
t

- pfve-lf,) ' -pAV

Uba'at-

is \\e

Dt\r/"e- pex

laerot'I,k2

,@

o-+

uh*,h

uu*,

i.aAAInd-

r,)c

tl)c=

440,q?

Alt. =e

(blc

bo^'l=

44,0q?

Ar=o)

AlJe=Q=++rDe
(.de= -(c
cb.= -14,ffi7T

Xp,org.n 5kp? 5or.,'o cta al,ar^s

d^& Vi- o'1ffi9? L,

NU-e-=

Q=

Qe=
v

[r) e =

te
r$e

t;=

'

,lr*

Jrqr*r,*;)

-ll]e

-pexav = - (lo b*0

tl)e=
Fon-

(e suh.Afr

we+
hle

b^* Po= lO ba'L, Vr -- iSlfZL,

(.q tqq ?

- 4\;011^=- 4,4095 T

L- 0,1\997 D

*4,4 oq,tf

bU, skpo N'll-ro+ = AUgf NIIg= 01 *DJ=C[

j1,bt?.[T
ldto+ -- 4A,01?T -4 $oqnr =
Tot

trtru*mrl& {nM,

--

-j1,6?4f

p=

t" phrro6X},v$D u$Jv-!44}il^-^

tds=

^oJqqtL

-tJqsuouNV

h,RJ an"
Ltic=

l't^al copto ov*

<-erv.o\a,,t

-npr \o'

dV

tnt?L

Jqntr+r- V

wc-- - n Rr^0nV

$ "t*sr*p,

ey

Awt+t1o

l4.qwr,t[r)c = - Grn*)to,oze

r.'c-= l\1.1? L

iar M^.1. rwt-t K ,)baf

bon-

!^/t lggjz\
\<

n867 LJ

= I r,4t?
(u, i-@ btcl-\u u ,trrtf^r.*,,\

41,t.= oI=

llflsq: + ?c
v
-lt,{8?T
$"=

bo t\u.

sorna,

cvr'v+=
A?/"

4mf

arya'r'dry''tb, bru+r l4'r mr,vr''aA98r+l

q er L^Je Ce srrl*,.rp dJ^d^a

D-

"4p*r*r*)

he= -nR1,Unl{etr?L\ = -f t/S"l

\ DlqwL/

t" = +11,4?? f

<t

4^ t"+'o ptLoue'ry"a

runarirttpa"rra
,l,t-ror---Os
Qrc+ = OT
'(Awv =otr

&dlurtt

fo*t^"
- P' 4--rio-.
V-nb

\dcn-h-=

dy
-(v*
{u>
JV.

Tv,

rWt'tu!tte./rY\!6Aa ptU) 'L",& he aof

r,5

t"

Hr.cry*,

rruu/L =

p cy\ a-Qj SkX."

- ['tt nR-t dV u (totlL dV

)qv V-nb Jqu TV'

TDr\\,aivti{,"9 rynoant T

-ar

lto

,RJ, cu C,cr,l.r c.g.wt-

f 'otj- dt/

)as
Lvj
trryL l( A nO(oor3i4s

VL

bL
I

l{u

(:m r). l,n/@.j

gt\
l,nl@'\
+t\(:mr).
K

m,t
rn,t

{ L-0rn
4
L-h"x)t) {c,o1a;/r}'')
lc,Aal L.nA'))

--{f,*t)h w K)

*tutK r,,,i1

$n$*4'r\

t3D

Ll b,(L--t
L
t

\lD

4t
')

,% bDS V a*f T,
\{'"lndflh nihat l"t;oUL"n
bo- rlnqo trn\ortv Tb i2p cer^ ryn Nlt,gr,,ha^*t^:+)r*

t.ll

{.,,

1ot't/

,t-

C-S gvlrXf
,t1,-)

a-.X

tr\ to'tl
a
rt
t@rlr_ilq

ldt

rfx\ bb'b'bEee

,F ro\ll

t'
i

0D'l
t\{\
(ft$'ot
"d )ot \\
"\\o

Lv 1,1:l'01tFi
0)
t\{
rJow
rl{PI\ ). J\\
I V1
u)4 t- )g
)9?
v"\
lf{\
'il
o\l\
\or
,\$
--{
t
vl
).H
,tGl
g 9V I,ru
.V,eg
t',
ott\
l..Wh
l,t
t\v
9v
^ v\\ro
,?lC
"fl
,SL
pH
(r)(
a)}tl
/,C/.t\
t(tlltD{ Ig
low
us{glY =((*' 0"H ).
, '[,
tbe
1,?,
tt' lr*,',-il
oJ
toUIItr
l(
bNr)
-^l(I t*).lhA
^ftfltul L 'e 'ge> -_(l('u|t
1
:nuNt)
:H\
,V
VT
(l

rIIll r

q$r1ou

',

Ir

.tt"i
.L{itr"

l,

t\\v

i!

iuxn

lWto

rt q0a6)

)U'rn1 - ot

1u

=\Y^.)
d

tlT'=[
qu-A
_il=.n$lrg
9u+

=d WilA

,f*
(ht)

'U
c*hqanrr? 1tfrd 'fdurQ

^(tr),- +\

=tlJ

4,fi-irrrur\ "eF

,4*

'"

-on, ryru

fll\i

((t

uz s

?od

il

a)

'r-i.,-S

- (ve' 8v) rz)' (s ght - Xz)

lgbQ o

"pq& o\

..,ru%o\

V\'b+

,-

tg .

=rr-gqEF,';Fq't

-Iruft>t

hL!

- = (eS?J"tlrV

Grfttz)ruegeg)tr)1.')f (Baf-098)r u*1* bLt- = (astJ"\\'V

-,,07i :fff;'7r:atW{=d)v

},n\o?

rrVbv

11

ry

)(z -Q

il'

e5
5

(ozlH))H J\\r

c . (nor. yv(
(t:fI rtt! VE
i)+
rr3 '(e)

(*t sf{'

r)ltl

"bk

-{\ ryule

;wrl 11,fjT\t'8g
bI:

ul/ g,{Iob)((' 7
,t)01l,t
z)
) -Q'
( e/,n)rt.ssslselo' .)
'Q{nt/\e{
u/
)rtttl
:b)ee
L- (r) tt(f0".t/
6 6',I
i\''QIve7-ll('(e
D\ 1l
r,

t(*az).'dy =tort]

19'g1t- = (sbtJ"HrV

ile'/r, o)(\)

:\ (CI] +c$)tr

=(grzl"Hrq

w (t ) = (gWJ,HrY

wwlwill
n ^aalrUlJ

r\\ iS
79,o?_HA

r-pold

r/A^v
-t

lA S - ftr."t

,, r$or-*v;Vgr

t$rzg

!f S =(gb1)"Hrv
tirl

62119 I

(s)vl

lD

\N" @- 3>oK'"

lDy'u
{
aA

=Ft{3k\ \ = gew
" lr\,r{"Nb" =b

x\rn,*,-pox -tq3els

e3{tt"

lro

Fn- ql'ryvuunl Mr,n, fuot apla

a,a
'
J^lp&Alr/,"o
trath-oo

,;.!. C*, d!//rt

fil'L'I4r"

d\s^, \nn
q

f ;-fltl*
(nt",W-n,:,",*)

rLa6/mo-a4

6T

H"ot = -(r;g)lLqlqQs;u'', *,.1-'.

Wq7rc)

Ht\fu,o,rcX3ioK)

50 K )r^rjr*

,nl

twar^l,f'.e- al"a-*
h" |fi^ok_
,u* O {&i/ rt t^rl ^- lo }-\ [^)lr). l,l* cl*." a,^ {,1^._
A
tl.,t'fu ao cLbn^J b,S

"f