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Documente Cultură
AucklandUniversityofTechnology,PrivateBag92006,Auckland,NewZealand
4/43AlverstonSt,Waterview,Auckland,NewZealand
GloversFoodProcessors,P.O.Box97479,SouthAucklandMailCentre,Auckland,NewZealand
Received31August2002;revised27May2003;accepted8October2003
Abstract:Twosensorydifferencetestshavebeen
usedtoassesstheabilityofanuntrained
populationtoperceivecolourdifferenceina
cosmeticproduct.Thetwotestsusedwerethe
triangletestandthetwooutoffivetest.
Participantswerepresentedwithgroupsof
sampleswithvaryingcolourdifferencesand
askedtoidentifytheoddsampleinthetriangle
testandthepairinthetwooutoffivetest.
Fromthesedata,thenumberofcorrect
responseswascorrelatedwiththecalculated
colourdifferenceusingthreecolourdifference
equations(CMC,CIE94,andCIEDE2000).
Thesecorrelationswereoptimizedbyvarying
theparametersinthecolourdifference
equations.Withtheparametersoptimized,each
ofthethreecolourdifferenceequationsgavea
correlationcoefficientof0.97withthetwoout
offivetestandacorrelationcoefficientof0.79
withthetriangletest.Thesecorrelationcoeffi
cientssuggestthatsensorydifferencetestingcan
beusedtoinvestigateperceptionofcolour
difference.However,forthetriangletestthe
correlationbetweenthesensorydataandthe
calculatedcolourdifferenceisweakandthe
twooutoffivetestshouldbepreferred.The
minimumperceptiblecolourdifferencewas
estimatedfromtheregressionplotsbetweenthe
optimisedcolourdifferenceequationsandthe
sensorydata.
INTRODUCTION
2004WileyPeriodicals,Inc.ColResAppl,29,299
304,2004;Pub
lishedonlineinWileyInterScience
(www.interscience.wiley.com).DOI
10.1002/col.20025
*Correspondenceto:RogerWhiting,Auckland
UniversityofTechnology,PrivateBag92006,
Auckland,NewZealand(email:roger.
whiting@aut.ac.nz)
2004WileyPeriodicals,Inc.
Theuseofdifferencetestinghasbeenwell
establishedinthefieldofsensoryscience.1,2
Oneofthemostcommonlyusedofthese
differencetestsisthetriangletest.Inthe
triangletest,theparticipantorpanelistis
presentedwiththreeitems,twoofwhichare
identical,whereasthethirddifferent,andis
askedtoidentifytheodditem.Another
differencetestisthetwooutoffivetest,
wherethepanelistisgivenfivesamplesof
whichthreeformanidenticaltrioandthe
othertwoformanidenticalpairdifferentfrom
thetrio.Thepanelistisaskedtoidentifythe
pair.Thesesensorytestsaresimpleandrapid
toperform.Theycanbeusedwhenthe
differencebetweenthesamplesmaybethe
productofseveralvariablesbutassessingthe
contributionofeachvariabletotheperception
ofdifferencecanbedifficult.
Inrecentyears,therehasbeenasignificant
researchefforttoinvestigatetheperception
andcalculationofcolourdifference
(reviewedbyMelgosa3).Thelatest
developmenthasbeenthepublicationofthe
CIEDE2000colourdifferenceequation.4
Muchoftheresearchinthecolourdifference
fieldhasrevolvedaroundanumberofdata
Keywords:colordifference;perception;
sensorydifferencetests;liquidfoundation;
cosmetics
sets,notablytheRITDupontdataset,5which
isbasedonaluminiumplatescoatedwith
automotivelacquer,andtheLuoRiggdata
set,6whichisbasedondyedtextilesamples.
Themethodsusedtodevelopthedatasets
werethegrayscale7,8andthepair
comparison9methods.Bothofthese
299
methodsdifferconsiderablyfromthe
triangletestandthetwooutoffivetest.
Theaimofthisstudywastoinvestigate
whethercolourdifferencecouldbetreated
inasimilarwaytoothersensory
phenomena(e.g.,tasteandodor)andto
determineaminimumperceptiblecolour
differenceforthegeneralconsumerthat
couldbeusedtoassistthederivationofa
colourdifferencelimitforqualitycontrol
purposesincosmeticmanufacture.To
obtaindatarelevanttothegeneralpopu
lation,panelswerechosentobeuntrained
incolourmatching.Itshouldbenotedthat
anumberofthepreviousstudieshaveused
observerswithexperienceinthefieldof
colourmatching.
Astheresultsweretobeappliedinthe
cosmeticsindustry,samplesofliquid
foundationmakeupsealedinclearplastic
containerswereusedassamples.No
attemptwasmadetoviewthesamples
appliedtoskinasthisintroducedtoomany
variables.
METHODSANDMATERIALS
Samples
Samplesofliquidfoundationmakeupwere
obtainedfromalocalcosmetic
manufacturer.Althoughtheexactformula
tionoftheproductiscommercially
sensitivethemajorcomponentswerewater,
paraffinoil,emulsifiers,andpigments
(titaniumdioxide,ironoxides,andcarbon
black)formulatedfornonoilyCaucasian
skin.Thecoloursforthesesampleswere
measuredusingaMinoltaCR200bchroma
meter(usingD65illuminationandCIE1931
colourmatchingfunctions)andacuvettein
alighttightcontainertominimizeany
possibleeffectsoftranslucence.Tensam
plepairswithcolourdifferences[
E(CMC1:1)]between0.2and1.6were
selectedplusonepair(pairX)with
E(CMC1:1)5.2.Thecoloursofthesamples
rangedforL*from74to62,fora*from9
to14,andforb*from16to20.
Portionsofthesamplesweredispensedinto
50mmwaterwhiteplasticPetridishes,
whichwerecompletelyfilledandsealed
aroundtheedgewithclingfilm.Thisgave
asampledepthof8mm.FivePetridishes
werefilledfromeachsampletogiveapair
forthetriangletestandatripletforthetwo
outoffivetest.Colourmeasurementmade
onthesealedsamples(usingaLabex
spectrophotometer)indicatedthatthe
colourdifferenceofthesamplepairswas
unchangedbyenclosureinthePetridish.
Panelists
Seventyfourpanelists,whowererecruited
fromstaffandstudentsatAuckland
UniversityofTechnology,completedthe
sensorytests.Agesrangedfrom16to54
withequalnumbersofmalesandfemales.
ViewingConditions
Sampleswereviewedinasensorybooth
withgray(L*78.1,a*2.8,b*2.8)walls
andbase.IlluminationwasD65at1000lux.
Theviewingdistancewas60cmandeach
samplesubtendedanangleof6.Samples
werepresentedtothepanelistsonwhite
plastictrayswithgray(L*62.4,a*3.4,b*
3.1)nonwovenfabricoverthebottomof
thetray.Thesampleswereplacedinaline
touchingeachother(Fig.1)andattachedto
thetrayusingVelcro.Thearrangementof
thesamplesonthetraysisshowninFig.1.
Panelistsweregivenaresponseformthat
listedeachsetofsamplesinthesame
sequenceastheyappearedonthetray.
MechanicsoftheSensoryTests
Theprospectivepanelistswerefirst
requiredtosignaconsentformandthen
theyundertookacolourblindnesstest
(Ishihara).Panelistswithnormalcolour
visionwerethenaskedtoviewthe11
samplepairsthatwerepresentedwithinsets
of3forthetriangletestandthentoview
the11samplepairswithinsetsof5forthe
twooutoffivetest.Forbothtypesoftest,
thefirstsamplepairwaspairX[
E(CMC1:1)5.2].Thishelpedthepanelists
tounderstandthemechanicsofthetest.All
theresultswerediscardedforpanelists
whoscoredincorrectlyforpairX.
Eachpanelistwasgivenanindividual
responseformforthetriangletest.The
responseformshowedeachsetofthreePetri
dishesthatthepanelistwasgoingtoviewin
theorderthatthesetswouldbepresented(the
firstsettobeviewedwasatthetop).Each
Petridishhadanindividualrandomthree
digitnumberandontheresponseformeach
setof
300
Two-out-of-five
Pair
The number of correct
E(CMC1:1)
Triangle test
test
choices of 74
1
0.2680
34
4
2
0.3772
33
12
3
0.4379
26
7
4
0.5674
42
25
5
0.7033
41
14
6
0.9077
55
threedisheswasshownastheindividual
numbersonthedishesmakingupthatset.
Theorder(lefttoright)ofthedishesonthe
traywasthesameasthatshownonthe
responseform.Thepanelistscircled,onthe
responseform,thenumberthatappearedon
thedishthatwasthesingleinthatset.On
completingonesetofthreedishes,the
panelistwaspresentedwithanotherset
untileachsamplepairhadbeenviewed.
Thetwooutoffivetestwasconductedina
similarmannerexceptthatthepanelistwas
requiredtocirclethenumbersappearingon
twodishesthatmadeupthepairineachset
of5.Overall,eachpanelistviewed22sets
andthistookapproximately15min.
15
7
0.7972
Randomization
48
21
8
1.0424
61
29
9
0.9765
40
33
10
1.6165
ThearrangementofthePetridishesinthe
triangletestsandinthetwooutoffive
testswasrandomized(usingpublished
tables1,2)toensurethatallpossible
arrangementsappearedwithequal
frequency.Inthetwooutoffivetestthe
numberofpossiblearrangementsexceeded
thenumberofpanelists,soonlysome
arrangementswereviewedandthesewere
viewedonlyonce.Withoneexception
(samplepairX,whichalwaysappeared
first)theorderinwhichthesamplepairs
werepresentedwasrandomized(usingpub
lishedtables)sothateachpanelistsawthe
pairsinadifferentorder.
53
35
StatisticalTreatment
Thevisualcolourdifferencesforthesample
pairswerecalculatedusingCMC,CIE94,and
CIEDE2000witharangeofvaluesforlandc
SensoryResults
intheCMCequationandforkLandkCinthe
CIE94andCIEDE2000equations.Thecor
relationofthevisualcolourdifferenceswith
thesensoryresultswasinvestigatedforeach
Theresultsofthesensorytestsareshownin
TableIalongwiththecolourdifference
setofparameters,landcorkLandkC,using
Minitab13.Thecolourdifferenceequations
wereoptimizedbyfindingthecombinations
ofparametersthatgavethelargest
correlationcoefficient.Thevaluesforlandc
orkLandkCwerevariedfrom0.5to2.0(or
2.5whereappropriate)instepsof0.5.The
valueofkHwaskeptat1.00forbothCIE94
andCIED2000.Aroundthemaxi
calculatedasE(CMC1:1).Thesensorytest
datafromTableIwerethencorrelatedwith
thevisualcolourdifferencescalculatedusing
CMC,CIE94,andCIEDE2000.The
parametersineachofthesecolourdifference
equationswerevariedtofindthecombination
ofparametersthatgavetheoptimum
correlationcoefficients.
CorrelationCoefficients
muminthecorrelationcoefficient,smaller
steps(0.25)weretriedinthevaried
parameterstoensurethatatruemaximum
wasfound.
Foreachcolourdifferenceequation,the
setofparametersthatgavethebest
correlationwiththesensorydatawasthen
investigatedfurther.Theresidualswere
testedtoensurethattherewereno
systematicdifferencesbetweenthe
regressionplotandthedata.Theregression
plotwasinspectedtofindthepointat
whichthesensorydataindicatedthatthere
wasa95%confidencethattherewasa
significanteffectbeingmeasured.
Statistically,with74panelists,thepointat
whicharealeffectisbeingobservedatthe
95%confidencelevelis34correctchoicesfor
thetriangletestand12correctchoicesforthe
twooutoffivetest.Usingtheequationsfor
theregressionplots,thesepoints(34or12
correctchoices)thengavethevisualcolour
differenceatwhichthereisa95%probability
thatsomeobserverscouldperceiveacolour
difference.
Themaximumcorrelationcoefficientforeach
colourdifferenceequationwitheachsensory
differencetestisshowninTableIIalongwith
thevaluesfortheappropriateparameters.
ThedatainTableIIindicatethereisaweak
positivecorrelationbetweenthetriangle
testsensorydataandthecolourdifferences.
However,inthecaseofthetwooutoffive
testthiscorrelationisstrong.Thusthetwo
outoffivetestisamoreappropriatetestto
applytocolourdifferenceperception.The
twooutoffivetesthasamuchlowerlike
lihood(P0.1)ofachievingacorrectchoice
bychance
Colour-difference
Correlation
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
equation
coefficient
CIEDE2000
Equation parameters
0.78
kL1 and kC0.5
Two-out-of-five test
CMC(l:c)
0.98
Triangle test
l1.25 and c0.3
CIE94
CMC (l:c)
0.77
0.97
kL2.5 and kC0.4
301
comparedwiththetriangletest(P0.333)
andhenceisnormallyconsideredamore
selectivetest.
FittedLinePlots
Regressionplotsweregeneratedforthe
twooutoffivetestsensorydatawitheach
ofthecolourdifferenceequa
tionsusingtheoptimumvalues(asshown
inTableII)fortheappropriateparameters.
Thesethreeregressionplotsareshownin
Fig.2.Astheoptimumcorrelationcoeffi
cientsbetweentheTriangletestsensory
dataandtheoptimizedcolourdifference
equationsweremuchpoorerthanforthe
twooutoffivetest,regressionplotsarenot
shown.
E
L2
C2
H
2
0.5
AnalysisofResiduals
Therearefourassumptionsimplicitinthe
regressionmodel:namely,alinear
relationshipbetweenxandy,aconstant
variationwithinthedata,anormal
distributionoftheresiduals,and
independentyvalues.Theresidualswere
plottedagainstthecolourdifferencesand
werefoundtoberandomlydistributedand
evenlyspread,therebyprovingthatthey
valueswereindependentwithconstant
variation.Thenormalprobabilityplots
(showninFig.3)gavePvalues0.05,which
indicatethatthedistributionoftheresiduals
isnormal.Withthreeofthefour
assumptionssatisfied,thehighcorrelation
coefficientsindicatethatthereisalinear
relationshipbetweenthecolourdifferences
andthesensorydata.
(1)
kLSL
MinimumPerceptibleColourDifference
kCSC
Minimumperceptiblecolourdifferences
werecalculatedfromtheequationsforthe
regressionplotsforeachoptimizedcolour
differenceequation.Theseareshownin
TableIII.Theoptimizedparametersfor
thesecolourdifferenceequationswere
unexpected.Thethreecolourdifference
equationshavethefollowinggeneralform:
kHSH
productandpurposeforwhichthecolour
differenceisbeingdetermined.Thelarger
thevaluethelessimportancethatparticular
attributehastothecalculatedcolour
withCIEDE2000,includinganangular
difference.ThevaluesforkL,kC,andare
indicatedinexpressionforthecolour
functionaswell.ThetermsSL,SC,andSh
arefunctionsoftheregionin
difference(e.g.,CIE94(1:1)usekL,kC,and
colourspacethatthesamplepairare
situated.TheydependonL,C,andHand
givetherelativeimportancethatdiffer
encesinlightness,chroma,andhuehaveto
havecolourdifferenceinthatregionof
colourspace.
perceptiblecolourdifference.10Theresults
ofthisstudysuggestagreateremphasison
chromaandlessonlightness.
ThetermskL,kC,andkHareweightingsfor
lightness,chroma,andhuefortheparticular
302
kHequalto1).TypicallyCMC(1:1)and
CIE94(1:1)havebeenindicatedas
appropriatecolourdifferenceequationsfor
Alsounexpectedwastherelativelysmall
value(0.46to0.75)oftheminimum
perceptiblecolourdifference.These
unexpectedvaluescouldbedueto
variationsinthewaythetermminimum
perceptiblecolourdifferenceisused.Here
thetermisusedtodescribethecolour
differenceatwhichthereisa95%
probabilitythatoneormoreuntrained
observerswilldetectacolourdifference,
whereasother
Minimum perceptible
Equation
colour difference
Parameters
CMC (l : c)
0.75
l1.25 and c0.3
CIE94
CONCLUSION
0.46
kL2.5 and kC0.4
CIEDE2000
0.67
kL1.25 and kC0.3
workhasrelatedittocomparisonstoan
anchorcolourdifferencepair.6Another
possiblesourceofvariationintheminimum
perceptiblecolourdifferenceisthe
weightingsgiventotheL,C,andH
components.IfkL,kC,andkHwere,for
example,halved,thenthecorrelation
coefficientwouldremainunchangedbutthe
magnitudeoftheminimumperceptible
colourdifferencewouldbedoubled.
Itisalsonotablethatinthisstudythe
parametricfactorsofthetwooutoffive
testaredifferentfromthoseofthegray
scaleandthepaircomparisonmethods.In
thetwooutoffivetestthesamplesare
presentinawaythat,althoughtheytouch,a
clearlydefinedseparationisapparent
betweenthem.Thisclearlydefined
separationwouldnormallybeexpectedto
resultinacolourdifferencebeingmore
difficulttodetect.Henceitwouldbe
expectedthatalargerminimumperceptible
colourdifferencewouldresultfromthese
Fromthecorrelationcoefficientsbetween
thesensorydifferencetestdatawiththe
variouscolourdifferenceequationsitcan
beconcludedthatthetriangletestandthe
twooutoffivetestcanbeusedfortesting
perceptionofcolourdifference.Thetwo
outoffivetestgavemuchbettercorrelation
thanthetriangletestbetweenthesensory
dataandthecalculatedvisualcolour
differenceandwouldthereforebe
consideredthepreferredtestforvisual
colourdifference.Thespeedatwhichthe
testcanbeperformedwouldrecommendit
incomparisonwithmoretraditionaltech
niquesfordeterminingvisualcolour
difference.Inthepresentexperiment,22
colourpairswereassessedin15minwith
noreportedcasesofpanelistfatigue.
Therelativelylargevalueforthe
weightingsofLintheoptimizedcolour
differenceequationssuggeststhatthe
lightnessdifferenceisnotasimportantas
chromaorhuedifferencesintheperception
ofcolourdifferenceundertheconditions
usedintheexperiment.
Thecompanysupportingthisresearchis
nowusingthecolourdifferenceequation
CIEDE2000asameasureofcolour
differenceforqualityassurancepurposes.
differencetests.11
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
FIG. 3. Normal probability plots for the twoout-of-five test sensory data with optimized
colour-difference equations.
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UniversityofTechnologythroughresearch
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