Modern and contemporary grammars

By 1700 grammars of 61 vernacular languages had been printed. These were written primarily
for purposes of reforming, purifying, or standardizing language and were put to pedagogical use.
Rules of grammar usually accounted for formal, written, literary language only and did not apply
to all the varieties of actual, spoken language. This prescriptive approach long dominated the
schools, where the study of grammar came to be associated with parsing and sentence
diagramming. Opposition to teaching solely in terms of prescriptive and proscriptive (i.e., what
must not be done) rules grew during the middle decades of the 20th century.

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The simplification of grammar for classroom use contrasted sharply with the complex studies
that scholars of linguistics were conducting about languages. During the 19th and early 20th
centuries the historical point of view flourished. Scholars who realized that every living language
was in a constant state of flux studied all types of written records of modern European languages
to determine the courses of their evolution. They did not limit their inquiry to literary languages
but included dialects and contemporary spoken languages as well. Historical grammarians did
not follow earlier prescriptive approaches but were interested, instead, in discovering where the
language under study came from.
As a result of the work of historical grammarians, scholars came to see that the study of language
can be either diachronic (its development through time) or synchronic (its state at a particular
time). The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and other descriptive linguists began studying
the spoken language. They collected a large sample of sentences produced by native speakers of
a language and classified their material starting with phonology and working their way to syntax.
Generative, or transformational, grammarians of the second half of the 20th century, such as
Noam Chomsky, studied the knowledge that native speakers possess which enables them to
produce and understand an infinite number of sentences. Whereas descriptivists like Saussure
examined samples of individual speech to arrive at a description of a language,
transformationalists first studied the underlying structure of a language. They attempted to
describe the rules that define a native speakers competence (unconscious knowledge of the
language) and account for all instances of the speakers performance (strategies the individual
uses in actual sentence production). See generative grammar; transformational grammar.

The study of grammatical theory has been of interest to philosophers, anthropologists,

psychologists, and literary critics over the centuries. Today, grammar exists as a field within
linguistics but still retains a relationship with these other disciplines. For many people, grammar
still refers to the body of rules one must know in order to speak or write correctly. However,
from the last quarter of the 20th century a more sophisticated awareness of grammatical issues
has taken root, especially in schools. In some countries, such as Australia and the United
Kingdom, new English curricula have been devised in which grammar is a focus of investigation,
avoiding the prescriptivism of former times and using techniques that promote a lively and
thoughtful spirit of inquiry.

Apa tata bahasa modern dan tata bahasa tradisional

seperti?
Dalam tata bahasa modern, lebih gaul diterima secara luas, dan beberapa tanda
baca sedikit berbeda. Sebagai contoh, jika Anda menunjukkan kepemilikan jamak
dalam tata bahasa tradisional, "anjing

Apa perbedaan antara tata bahasa tradisional dan

linguistik modern?

Soona41
Dijawab terakhir
pertama, liguistic modern DESKRIPTIF (untuk menggambarkan cara orang
berbicara), sementara tata bahasa tradisional preskriptif (untuk meresepkan cara
orang berbicara, atau hanya untuk memberitahu orang-orang bagaimana berbicara
dan membiarkan orang tahu cara yang benar mereka berbicara)
kedua, tradisi tata bahasa membayar lebih memperhatikan bentuk tertulis bahasa,
sedangkan linguistik menempel lebih penting untuk berbicara daripada menulis.
Ketiga, tata bahasa tradtional telah dibatasi terutama untuk SYNTAX, yaitu, cara
kata-kata membuat pola untuk membentuk kalimat, sedangkan linguistik memiliki
cakupan asrama untuk meneliti, misalnya. pragmatik, psikolinguistik, sosiolinguistik,
dll. yang, sesuai, berada di luar lingkup tata bahasa tradisional.
Tentu saja, ada perbedaan lain antara appoaches lama dan baru untuk penelitian
bahasa, seperti diakronis vs sinkronis dan sebagainya ....

What is modern grammar and traditional grammar like?

In modern grammar, more slang is widely accepted, and some punctuation is
slightly different. For example, if you were showing plural possession in traditional
grammar, "dogs'

What is the difference between traditional grammar and

modern linguistics?

Soona41
Answered Last
firstly, modern liguistic is DESCRIPTIVE(to describe the way people speak) , whilst
traditional grammar is PRESCRIPTIVE(to prescribe the way people speak, or simply,
to tell people how to speak and let people know the correct way of their speaking )
secondly, tradition grammar pays more attention to the written form of language,
while linguistics attaches more importance to speaking than writing.
thirdly, tradtional grammar has been restricted mainly to SYNTAX, that is, the way
of words making patterns to form sentences, while linguistics has a boarder scope
for researching, eg. pragmatics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, ect. which,
accordingly, are out of the scope of traditional grammar.
of course, there are other differences between the old and new appoaches to
language research, such as Diachronic vs Synchronic and so....

TRADITIONAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR VS MODERN

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Posted on December 2, 2010 by adhinjunee
In the old days, silly teachers often mistakenly taught that an English sentence may not end with
a preposition, but that was simply incorrect, not formal grammar. Todays silly teachers
sometimes mistakenly teach that the pronoun I may be the object of a preposition Dad took
my sister and I to the beach but that is simply incorrect, not informal grammar. But, grammar
is important , and also had the different rules in writing system.
In Traditional English Grammar, grammar is important its what binds words together, but it is
not static. Traditional grammar is important. Sentence construction, as we know it, relies on
grammar to make it comprehensible. Because, grammar is the system of principles and rules that

allow us to organize our words and sentences into coherent, meaningful language. Grammatical
usage errors occur whenever any of us violate those principles or rules of grammatical
organization.
In Modern English Grammar, grammar is important too. But, it seems that the structures of
English grammar have changed. Academically speaking, certain expressions or sentence
structures which were considered wrong in the past are now pleasantly accepted as correct by
many experts of English. Because, nowadays, we live in a world of very fluid communication, so
people are exposed to all sorts of varieties simultaneously, and this will have an impact on the
language. Also, more and more non-native speakers are using it every day and they will also
change this.
Traditional grammar doesnt let you write like you talk. It doesnt, among other things, let you
end a sentence with a preposition or start a sentence with the word and. Some English teachers
still insist that people comply with each and every one of those archaic rules, but many writers
hace accepted and even recommended the use of modern grammar instead.
Modern grammar can be using not only in writing but also when you are talking with the other.
Modern Englisg grammar is a systematic and rigorous survey of the structure of contemporary
English grammar. Furthermore, the grammatically-acceptable sentences may not play a pivotal
role in modern writing. You can see this scenario even in academic writing or journal.
There is no difference between traditional English grammar with modern English grammar. The
differences is in the formal or written grammar. Both of them can be using the traditional or
modern grammar. I think there will be a greater simpilification of the grammar to enable it to
adapt to the globalised information society of todays requirements.
So you think you know grammar? All well and good, but which type of grammar do you know?
Linguists are quick to remind us that there are different varieties of grammar--that is, different
ways of describing and analyzing the structures and functions of language.
One basic distinction worth making is that between descriptive grammar and prescriptive
grammar (also called usage). Both are concerned with rules--but in different ways. Specialists in
descriptive grammar examine the rules or patterns that underlie our use of words, phrases,
clauses, and sentences. In contrast, prescriptive grammarians (such as most editors and teachers)
try to enforce rules about what they believe to be the correct uses of language.
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Language Studies

English Language Grammar

Grammar

Study Linguistics

English Speech

But that's just the beginning. Consider these ten varieties of grammar--and take your pick.
1. Comparative Grammar
The analysis and comparison of the grammatical structures of related
languages. Contemporary work in comparative grammar is concerned with "a
faculty of language that provides an explanatory basis for how a human
being can acquire a first language . . .. In this way, the theory of grammar is a
theory of human language and hence establishes the relationship among all
languages." (R. Freidin, Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar.
MIT Press, 1991)

2. Generative Grammar
The rules determining the structure and interpretation of sentences that
speakers accept as belonging to the language. "Simply put, a generative
grammar is a theory of competence: a model of the psychological system of
unconscious knowledge that underlies a speaker's ability to produce and
interpret utterances in a language." (F. Parker and K. Riley, Linguistics for
Non-Linguists. Allyn and Bacon, 1994)

3. Mental Grammar
The generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce
language that other speakers can understand. "All humans are born with the
capacity for constructing a Mental Grammar, given linguistic experience; this

capacity for language is called the Language Faculty (Chomsky, 1965). A

grammar formulated by a linguist is an idealized description of this Mental
Grammar." (P. W. Culicover and A. Nowak, Dynamical Grammar: Foundations
of Syntax II. Oxford Univ. Press, 2003)

4. Pedagogical Grammar
Grammatical analysis and instruction designed for second-language students.
"Pedagogical grammar is a slippery concept. The term is commonly used to
denote (1) pedagogical process--the explicit treatment of elements of the
target language systems as (part of) language teaching methodology; (2)
pedagogical content--reference sources of one kind or another that present
information about the target language system; and (3) combinations of
process and content." (D. Little, "Words and Their Properties: Arguments for a
Lexical Approach to Pedagogical Grammar." Perspectives on Pedagogical
Grammar, ed. by T. Odlin. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994)
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5. Performance Grammar
A description of the syntax of English as it is actually used by speakers in
dialogues. "[P]erformance grammar . . . centers attention on language
production; it is my belief that the problem of production must be dealt with
before problems of reception and comprehension can properly be
investigated." (John Carroll, "Promoting Language Skills." Perspectives on
School Learning: Selected Writings of John B. Carroll, ed. by L. W. Anderson.
Erlbaum, 1985)

6. Reference Grammar
A description of the grammar of a language, with explanations of the
principles governing the construction of words, phrases, clauses, and
sentences. Examples of contemporary reference grammars in English include
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, by Randolph Quirk et al.

(1985), the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (1999), and
The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (2002).

7. Theoretical Grammar
The study of the essential components of any human language. "Theoretical
grammar or syntax is concerned with making completely explicit the
formalisms of grammar, and in providing scientific arguments or explanations
in favour of one account of grammar rather than another, in terms of a
general theory of human language." (A. Renouf and A. Kehoe, The Changing
Face of Corpus Linguistics. Rodopi, 2003)

8. Traditional Grammar
The collection of prescriptive rules and concepts about the structure of the
language. "We say that traditional grammar is prescriptive because it focuses
on the distinction between what some people do with language and what
they ought to do with it, according to a pre-established standard. . . . The
chief goal of traditional grammar, therefore, is perpetuating a historical
model of what supposedly constitutes proper language." (J. D. Williams, The
Teacher's Grammar Book. Routledge, 2005)

9. Transformational Grammar
A theory of grammar that accounts for the constructions of a language by
linguistic transformations and phrase structures. "In transformational
grammar, the term 'rule' is used not for a precept set down by an external
authority but for a principle that is unconsciously yet regularly followed in the
production and interpretation of sentences. A rule is a direction for forming a
sentence or a part of a sentence, which has been internalized by the native
speaker." (D. Bornstein, An Introduction to Transformational Grammar. Univ.
Press of America, 1984)

10.Universal Grammar
The system of categories, operations, and principles shared by all human
languages and considered to be innate. "Taken together, the linguistic
principles of Universal Grammar constitute a theory of the organization of the
initial state of the mind/brain of the language learner--that is, a theory of the
human faculty for language." (S. Crain and R. Thornton, Investigations in
Universal Grammar. MIT Press, 2000)

If ten varieties of grammar aren't enough for you, rest assured that new grammars are emerging
all the time. There's word grammar, for instance. And relational grammar. Not to mention

cognitive grammar, construction grammar, lexical functional grammar, head-driven phrase

structure grammar . . . and many more.
Next:
Reflections on Grammar From 1776 to the Present
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