www.Vidyarthiplus.

com

UNIT V
AC voltage controller and
cycloconverter

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

4.1.1 Single-phase AC voltage controller

VT1
VT2
u1

u1
io
O
uo

R uo
O

io
The phase shift range
(operation range of phase
delay angle):

O
u VT

O
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Resistive load, quantitative analysis

RMS value of output voltage
Uo =

(
2U sint) d(t) =U

1

sin2 +
2

(4-1)

RMS value of output current

Uo
R
RMS value of thyristor current
Io =

(4-2)

U1 1 sin2
1 2U1 sint
(
)
d
t
=
(1 +
)
IT =

2
R
R
2

Power factor of the circuit

=

P UoIo Uo
=
=
=
S U1I o U1

1

sin 2 +
2

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

(4-3)

(4-4)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Inductive (Inductor- resistor) load , operation principle

u1
VT 1

O
io

uG1

VT2
R
u1

uo
L

O
uG2
O
uo

O
io

The phase shift range:

O
uVT
O

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

t
t

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

4.2 Other AC controllers

4.2.1 Integral cycle controlAC power controller

VT1
VT2
u1

io

Conduction 2N
uo angle = M

2U1

uo

R O
M

2
M

u1

uo,io
3
M

4
M

Line period
Control period = M *Line period

=2

Circuit topologies are the same as AC voltage controllers.

Only the control method is different.
Load voltage and current are both sinusoidal when thyristors are conducting.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

4.3 Thyristor cycloconverters

4.3.1 Single- phase thyristor-cycloconverter

Circuit configuration and operation principle
P

N
Z

uo

a p=

Output
voltage

Average

a p=0

output voltage

a p=

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Single- phase thyristor-cycloconverter

Modes of operation
uo

uo,io
O t1

iP
uP

t4

t3

t5

uN

iN
uo

t2
uo

uP

io

io

uN
t

uo

O
iP

P
N

O
iN

Rectifi

Inver

cation

sion

blocking

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

blocking
Rectifi

Inver

cation

sion

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Typical waveforms

uo
O

io
O

t
1

3
2

6
5

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Modulation methods for firing delay angle

Calculation method
For the rectifier circuit

u o = U d0 cos

(4-15)

u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u1
t

For the cycloconverter

ap3 ap4

output

uo =Uom sinot

(4-16)

Equating (4- 15) and (4-16)

us2 us3 us4 us5 us6 us1

uo

Uom
cos =
sinot = sinot
Ud0
therefore

(4-17)

= cos1 ( sinot)

(4-18)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Principle of cosine
wave-crossing method

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Output voltage ratio

(Modulation factor)

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.1

150

Uom
120
=
(0 1)
Ud 0
/( )
90

=0
=0.1
0.2
0.3
0.8
0.9
1.0

60
30
0

3 2 t
2
2
Output voltage phase angle

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

The configuration with common input line

4.3.2 Three- phase thyristor-cyclo converter

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

The configuration with star-connected output

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Typical waveforms

Output voltage

200t/ms

Input current with

Single-phase output

200 t/ms

Input current with

3-phase output

200 t/ms
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Input and output characteristics

The maximum output frequency and the harmonics in the output voltage
are the same as in single-phase circuit. Input power factor is a little
higher than single-phase circuit. Harmonics in the input current is a
little lower thanthe single- phase circuit due to the cancellation of some
harmonics among the 3 phases.
To improve the input power factor:
Use DC bias or 3k order component bias on each of the 3 output
phase voltages
Features and applications
Features:
Direct frequency conversionhigh efficiency
Bidirectional energy flow, easy to realize 4- quadrant operation
Very complicatedtoo many power semiconductor devices
Low output frequency
Low input power factor and bad input current waveform
Applications:
High power low speed AC motor drive
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

4.4 Matrix converter

Circuit configuration

input
b

c
u

S1

S1

S1

S2

S2

S2

Sij

v
output
w

S3

S3

S3

a)

b)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Usable input voltage

U1m
1 Um
2

Um

a)

3
U1m
2

b)

c)

a) Single-phase input b) Use 3 phase voltages c) Use 3 line-line voltages

voltage
to construct output
to construct output
voltage
voltage

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Features

Direct frequency conversionhigh efficiency can realize good input and

output waveforms, low harmonics, and nearly unity displacement
factor
Bidirectional energy flow, easy to realize 4- quadrant operation
Output frequency is not limited by input frequency
No need for bulk capacitor (as compared to indirect frequency converter)
Very complicatedtoo many power semiconductor devices
Output voltage magnitude is a little lower as compared to indirect
frequency converter.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com

www.Vidyarthiplus.com