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Fractured Reservoir
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Introduction
The Akal reservoir, discovered in 1976 and located about 50 miles offshore in the Bay of
Campeche, Mxico, Fig. 1, is part of the Cantarell Complex, that additionally includes the
Nohoch, Chac and the deeper Sihil block located under the Akal field1. This complex covers
and area of about 41019 acres.
The Akal reservoir structure consists of an asymmetric anticline, bounded on the West by a
normal fault and by an inverse fault on the Northern and Easter sides. The Southern portion
of this anticline presents formation characteristics of low porosity, and it is limited by a water
oil contact.
The exploitation from the Akal reservoir started in June 1979, with the Akal 1-A well which
produced 34000 STB/D, of 22 API gravity. This super giant field has an original oil in place
(OOIP) of 32 billions stock tank barrels. The main pay zones of the Akal field are
hydraulically continuous over a thickness of 1200 m, corresponding to highly fractured and
vuggy carbonate formations, from Jurassic, Cretaceous and lower Paleocene ages; others
less important calcarenite and sandstone formations are from the upper Paleocene and
middle Eocene.
Oil in this reservoir was initially undersaturated, with a pressure at the reference depth of
2300 meters subsea level, mssl, of 270 kg/cm2; all reservoir pressures in this paper unless
otherwise stated, will be referred to this depth. Average porosity in the reservoir is 8 percent;
secondary porosity (micro fractures, fractures and vugs) may account for up to a 35% of this
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
value; typical absolute permeability for the primary (matrix) and secondary systems of this
naturally fractured reservoir are 0.3 and 5000 md, respectively.
Initially the wells of the Akal field produced at an average rate of 29000 STB/D. As an
example, the 1981 production for the field of 1.5 MMSTB/D was provided by 40 wells, Fig. 2.
However, due to the pressure depletion of the field, the 1995
1MMSTB/D production required 150 gas-lift wells, which gives an average production well of
about 7000 STB/D.
The purpose of this study is to present the results of a systematic study of a complete data
set of temperature, pressure and composition of the fluids of the Akal reservoir, with the aim
of evaluating the gravity segregation mechanism, the thermal convection and molecular
diffusion effects, on the reservoir behavior under initial and dynamic conditions, which
provided a conceptual reservoir model of this naturally fractured macrovugular reservoir.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
the oil in this portion of the reservoir, that was part of the original oil zone (OOZ), has been
displaced, remaining under residual conditions (Sorw).
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
reported differences in some properties and/or parameters that were bigger than the
estimated experimental errors.
With the purpose of analyzing the variation of the PVT properties and of the hydrocarbon
composition with depth, at the original reservoir conditions, the results of five analysis were
used, see Table 2; it should be noticed in this table that the sampling depth range was 1326
m, between the shallowest production interval, for well C-94A, and the deepest for well C-82.
Fig. 9 presents the variation of methane (C1) and of heptanes plus (C7+) vs. depth, for the
samples of Table 2, showing that contrary to what is found in reservoirs where gravity
segregation is the main producing mechanism, the C1 and C7+ compositions decrease with
depth.
Figure 10 presents complementary results of the variation of other components vs depth,
such N2, H2S, CO2, C2, C3, iC4, and nC4 and for iC4, nC5 and C6, showing again as already
discussed for Fig. 9 that the compositions decrease with depth for the former group and
increase for the heavier latter.
Figures 11, 12, 13 and 14 show the variation of the saturation pressure pb, and of the
following properties at this pressure, the solution gas ratio and the GOR, the oil formation
volume factor, and the oil density, vs. (the middle production interval) depth, it is observed
that within the experimental accuracy, these results confirm that the oil composition and PVT
properties of the central shallower part of the reservoir, at original conditions were essentially,
constant which indicates active convection fluid flow conditions.
results indicate that the first two listed parameters present an increasing behavior with depth
and the last of them show a decreasing sequence, with a range between the maximum and
the minimum value of around 1.5%, that may be within the experimental measurement
accuracy for this parameter; another possible explanation for these results will be next
presented. Table 4 presents the composition of the three oil samples up to heptanes plus,
C7+; it can be noticed that the mole percent for the C7+ for the samples of wells C-49 and C79, taken at a near and intermediate distance from the GOC, increase with depth, in
accordance to what would be expected for alterated samples collected in the gassing zone
(that between the oil zone and the gas cap, Fig. 6); however, for the sample of well C-285, the
C7+ mole fraction is very close to the value estimated at original conditions (see Table 2),
concluding that this sample was collected in the undersaturated oil zone (Fig. 6).
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
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Figure 18 shows the downward movement of the gas-oil contact (GOC) level vs time,
estimated from TDT and production logs.
With the purpose of estimating the variation of the volumes of the secondary gas cap, of the
gassing zone and of the oil zone, with the exploitation time, a calculation of the variation of
the reservoir pressure vs. depth was made for the years 1980, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 94,
97, 98 and 2000, based on the data of the average reservoir pressure shown in Fig. 5 and of
the pressure gradients computed using the density information. Fig. 19 shows the results
obtained; in this figure the data for the original bubble point pressure is also included, clearly
presenting two different behaviors, a constant (vertical) for the central portion of the field and
the remaining that shows a decrease with depth. Fig. 20 presents the three saturation
pressures reported in the 1997 study24; it can be noticed that the samples collected in wells
C-49 and C-79 have a bubble point pressure practically coincident with the reservoir
pressure, but this is not the case for the well C-285 samples, that has a bubble point pressure
higher than the reservoir pressure, which means that it was collected in the undersaturated oil
zone (Fig. 6).
Figure 21 shows a comparison of the EOS predictions for years 1980, 88 and 97, of the
solution gas ratio Rs vs. depth, using the PVT results of the 1980 study of the sample of well
C-94-A (Table 2); it can be observed that at the initial undersaturated conditions, the ratio Rs
was constant and as the exploitation time increases the Rs decreases for depths below the
GOC, due to the already discussed upward gas flow, and as the upper limit of the saturated
oil zone is reached, the ratio increases until the original Rs behavior, and then follows a
constant value for depths in the oil zone. Also shown in this figures are the values for the
ratio Rs reported in the 1997 study, observing a good agreement between the calculated
(simulated) and measured data for wells C-49 and C-79; however, the deviation previously
described (Fig. 20) for the results of the well C-285 sample, is also shown for the Rs value,
confirming that this sample was collected in the under-saturated oil zone.
Figure 22 presents a comparison of the EOS predictions for years 1980, 88 and 97, as
already discussed for Fig. 21 of the oil density vs. depth; it can be noticed that for the undersaturated 1980 conditions the density increases with depth. The behavior of this parameter
for exploitation times when the secondary gas cap has been formed shows a growing
tendency presenting constant bigger values with respect to that at original conditions for
depths corresponding to this cap, and as the gassing zone is reached, the behavior follows a
decreasing trend, that changes to increasing as we enter into the oil zone. This figure also
shows the results for the oil density obtained from the 1997 study, with similar results as
discussed for Figs. 20 and 21.
Figure 23 shows a comparison of the calculated and measured oil density vs. depth; the
conclusions that can be made are again just about the same to those stated in relation to
Figures 20 to 22, with the only exception that the more recent study did not report values for
the oil density.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
Estimations for the additional oil and gas recoveries, resulting from this nitrogen injection
project are 2324 MMSTB and 870 MMMcf, respectively.
The gas cap pressure maintenance project started in May 2000 with a rate of 300 MMscf/D
and by same year December, the design 1200 MMscf/D injection rate was reached. Nitrogen
is injected into the gas cap through seven wells, completed at the top of the reservoir
structure. The field behavior has been closely followed up through an implemented
systematic program for the monitoring of pressure, nitrogen concentration and the gas-oil
contact downward movement31.
Discussion of Results
The main finding from the results presented in the last section is based on the fact, that there
is a close agreement between the EOS predictions based on the characterization of PVT
results of original samples, and those measured in the 1997 study, which basically means
that the convection and diffusion effects under the primary exploitation conditions of the
reservoir are negligible. This means that the viscous and gravity segregation forces dominate
the fluid flow in the reservoir. However, as previously discussed in this paper with regard to
the variation of the temperature, composition and PVT properties vs. depth, initially before the
start of exploitation the reservoir presented active convection conditions. Figures 24 and 25
show comparisons of the variations of the measured bubblepoint pressure and of the
percents for C1 and C7+ vs. depth, with the EOS calculated (simulated) values, based on the
PVT results of the oil original sample of well C-94; it can be observed that the differences are
important, because the real measurements are under the effect of fluid convection, while the
simulated results do not consider this effect.
Conclusion
The purpose of this paper has been to present the results of a systematic study of a complete
data set of temperature, pressure and composition of the fluids of the Akal reservoir, with the
main aim of evaluating the gravity segregation, thermal convection and molecular diffusion
mechanisms on the reservoir behavior, under initial and dynamic conditions, which would
provide a conceptual reservoir model of this naturally fractured and vuggy reservoir.
From the results of this study, the following conclusions are pertinent:
1) Based on the measured temperature gradients, important convection effects were acting
at initial conditions in the structurally central upper part of the reservoir. In the lower part
of the reservoir normal gradients were measured, which indicates that convection is not
important.
2) Confirming conclusion (1), the variation of the initial bubblepoint pressure vs. depth was
essentially constant in the central higher part of the reservoir, and increases in the lower
part of the formation.
3) The mole percent of heptanes plus, C7+, for initial conditions decreases with depth,
indicating the effect of convection of fluids.
4) The convection effect prevailing at initial conditions is associated with the main naturally
fractured and macrovugular characteristics of the reservoir. This effect is only acting at
initial conditions.
5) The PVT results of the 1997 study indicates that the Akal reservoir under primary
production has been mainly producing under the effect of gravity segregation, and that for
these dynamic conditions the fluid convection effects have not important.
References
1. Ortega Gonzlez, G.: Mantenimiento de Presin y Bombeo Neumtico, la Mejor Alternativa para
Explotar las Reservas del Complejo Cantarell, paper presented at the Annual Conference of the
Mexican Association of Petroleum Engineers.
2. Herrera, G.R., personal communication, UNAM, Mxico, D.F. (2002).
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
3. Samaniego V.F.: Mecanismo de Segregacin Gravitacional y su Efectividad en el Yacimiento akal,
PEMEX, Internal Report, Mxico, D.F., (1980).
4. Cook, R.E.: Analysis of Gravity Segregation Performance During Natural Depletion, Society of
Petroleum Engineers Jour. (Sept. 1962) pp. 261-274.
5. King, R.L., Stiles, J.H. Jr. and Wagooner, S.M.: A Reservoir Study of the Hawkins Woodbine Field,
th
paper SPE 2972 presented at the 45 Annual Fall Meeting of SPE, Houston, Texas, 4-7 Oct., 1970.
6. Joslin, W.J.: Applying the Frontal Advance Equation to Vertical Segregation Reservoirs, Jour. Pet.
Tech. (Jan. 1961) 87-94.
7. Pemex Exploracin y Produccin: Las Reservas de Hidrocarburos en Mxico, Volumen 2: Los
Principales Campos de Petrleo y Gas en Mxico, First Edition, Mxico, D.F. (April 1999).
8. Jimnez B.O.E. and Godina R.A.: Campo Cantarell Evaluacin del avance del Contacto Gas-aceite,
Ingeniera Petrolera, (Nov. 1990), 9-19.
9. Samaniego V.F.: Estudio de la Productividad del Pozo Akal 1-A, Ingeniera Petrolera, Vol. XX, No. 6
(June 1980) 13-17.
10. Godina R.A. and Torres R.A.: Akal Field (Cantarell Complex) Conditions of Exploration, Analysis
and Prediction, paper SPE 28714 presented at SPE International Petroleum Conference & Exhibition
of Mxico, Veracruz, Mxico, 10-13 October 1994.
11. Arvalo, V.J.A., Samaniego, V.F., Lpez, C.F.F. and Urquieta, S., E.: On the Exploitation
Conditions of the Akal Reservoir Considering Gas Cap Nitrogen Injection, paper SPE 35319
presented at the SPE International Petroleum Conference & Exhibition of Mxico, Villahermosa,
Mxico, 5-7 March, 1996.
12. Limn H., T., de la Fuente, G., Garza P., G. And Monroy H., M.: Overview of the Cantarell Field
Development Program, paper OTC 10860 presented at 1999 Offshore Technology Conference,
Houston, Texas, 3-6 May.
13. Rodrguez, F., Ortega, G., Snchez, J.L. and Jimnez, O.: Reservoir Management Issues in
Cantarell Nitrogen Injection Project, paper OTC 13178 presented at 2001 Offshore Technology
Conference, Houston, Texas, 30 april-3 May.
14. Limn H., T., Garza P., G. And Lechuga A., C.: Status of the Cantarell Field Development Program:
An Overview, paper OTC 13175 presented at 2001 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
Texas, 30 April-3 May.
15. Miguel H.N., Durn A., R., Zona Regional Conectada por Acufero Asociado a los Yacimientos de la
Formacin Brecha-Cretcico de la Regin Marina, Ingeniera Petrolera, Vol. XXXVI, No. 10 (Oct.
1996).
16. Advisory Study of the Caan field located in the Bay of Campeche, Mxico. A NSAI study for
PEMEX E&P, Houston, TX, January 1999.
17. Andresseb, K.H., Baker R.I. and Raoofi J.: Development of Methods for Analysis of Iranian Asmari
Reservoirs (June 1963).
18. Yamamoto R.H., Pedgett J.B., and Ford W.T.: Compositional Reservoir Simulation for Fissured
Systems: The Single Block Model, paper SPE 2666 presented at the Annual Fall Meeting, Denver
Co. Oct. 1969.
19. Peaceman D.W.: Convection in Fractured Reservoir The Effect of Matrix - Fissure transfer on the
Instability of a Density Inversion in a Vertical Fissure, paper SPE 5523, presented at the Annual Fall
Meeting Dallas, Tx. (1975).
20. Saidi, A.M.: Reservoir Engineering of Fractured Reservoirs, Fundamental and Practical Aspects,
Edition Presse, Paris (1987), Chapter 5.
21. Saidi, A.M.: Twenty Years of Gas Injection History into Well Fractured Haft Kel Field Iran, paper
SPE 35309 presented at the 1996 SPE International Petroleum Conference & Exhibition in Mexico, 57 March, Villahermosa, Tab.
22. Freeman H.A. and Natanson: S.G.; Recovery Problems in a Fractured Pore Systems: Kirkuk Field,
(1959).
23. Jacqmin D: Interaction of Natural Convection and Gravity Segregation in Oil Gas Reservoirs, SPE
Reservoir Engineering (May 1990) 233-238.
24. Ghoreyeb K. and Firoozabadi A.: A Numerical Study of Natural Convection and Diffusion in
Fractured Porous Media, paper SPE 52347.
25. Len G.A., Samaniego, V.F., Flores C., S., Ladrn de G., J.E., Ascencio C., F., Galindo N., A.,
Rodrguez de la G., F. and Snchez B., J.L.: Variacin de las Propiedades PVT en el Yacimiento
Akal Debido a los Efectos de Conveccin y Segregacin Gravitacional, technical report, Pemex (Dec.
1980) 127 pp.
26. Whitson, C.H. and Brule, M.R.: Phase Behavior, SPE monograph, Vol. 20, Richardson, Texas
(2000).
27. LE Romander J.F. and Kalayjian F.: Study of Nitrogen Injection in the Cantarell Complex (Mxico),
Final Report of Project B4392015, French Petroleum Institute (2000).
28. Advisory study of the Cantarell Complex fields (Akal, Chac, Kutz and Nohoch) located offshore
Campeche Mxico, prepared for PEMEX E&P, by NSAI, June 1996
29. Cantarell Complex Special Simulation Runs, Schlumberger-geoquest, Denver, CO., August 1998.
30. Feasibility Study of Gas Injection in Offshore Mexican Oil Reservoirs, a Unigas, CO. study
prepared for PEMEX E&P, Norman, OK., December 1996.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
31. Snchez, J.L., Astidillo, A., Rodrguez F., Morales, J. And Rodrguez, A.: Nitrogen Injection in the
Cantarell Ckomplex: Results after Four Years of Operation, paper SPE 97385 presented at the Latin
American and Caribeean Petroleum Engineering, Conference and Exhibition, Ro de Janeiro, Brazil,
20-23 June, 2005.
Acknowledgments
The authors want to thank you Mr. Guillermo Ortega G., Head of the Cantarell Assett, and to
Mr. Oscar Jimnez B. and Mr. Alfonso Urriza V. of the Exploitation Design of this Asset, for
their help and permission to present this paper.
TABLE 1. AVERAGE TEMPERATURE CORRELATIONS FOR THE WELLS IN THE DIFERENT PLATAFORMS.
PLATAFORM
GRADIENT
(oC/100m)
EQUATION
(T=C),
H=DEPTH [MBSL]
TEMPERATURE
(at 2300 MBSL)
AKAL I
0.47 UPPER *
1.48 LOWER
T=0.004717H+85.8726
T=0.0148H+66.23
96.72
100.27
AKAL D
0.28
T=0.002849H+92.572
49.01
AKAL B
1.10
T=0.0116H+69.177
95.80
AKAL E
0.54
T=0.0054H+90.129
102.50
AKAL F
0.41
T=0.0041H+92.43
101.80
AKAL G
0.30
T=0.003077H+92.763
99.84
AKAL H
0.36
T=0.0036H+69.735
105.01
AKAL J
1.27
T=0.0127H+73.633
102.80
AKAL M
1.67
T=0.0167H+55.45
93.80
AKAL N
0.14
T=0.001403H+93.313
96.54
AKAL L
0.90
T=0.0090H+76.3509
97.05
AKAL O
1.89
T=0.0189H+54.868
102.00
NOHOCH A
1.20
T=0.0120H+84.000
111.60
NOHOCH B
1.75
T=0.01757H+74.297
112.40
AKAL P
1.71
T=0.0171H+63.714
103.00
AKAL R
1.00
T=0.010H+88.000
111.00
TABLE 2. COMPOSITION AND PVT PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT ORIGINAL SAMPLES OF THE AKAL
RESERVOIR CRUDE OIL.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
WELL
C-94A
C-57-A
C-8
C-2011-D
AKAL 2 AKAL 3
DATE OF
SAMPLING
15/9/78
COMPONENT
C-82
AKAL 701
30/9/78 27/4/80
6/5/80
21/4/79
(COMPOSITION (% MOL)
H2S
1.03
1.13
1.32
1.43
1.05
CO2
1.85
2.96
1.64
1.62
1.68
N2
0.28
0.40
0.26
0.20
0.98
C1
28.84
28.20
29.58
26.84
29.52
C2
8.68
8.38
8.63
8.47
8.40
C3
6.22
5.68
6.37
6.47
6.57
IC4
0.96
1.64
1.18
1.03
1.06
NC4
3.34
3.27
3.07
3.44
3.47
IC5
1.21
1.03
1.60
1.49
1.14
NC5
1.29
1.71
2.17
2.31
1.25
C6
2.49
3.78
2.89
4.29
3.45
C7
43.81
41.82
41.29
42.41
41.43
TOTAL
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
MWC7+
315.00
330.00
326.00
328.00
328.79
rC7+
0.929
0.934
0.931
0.930
0.936
Depth (mbsl)
1246
2477
2062
2260
2572
Temp.(oC)
97
101
86
102
101
Pb (kg/cm2)
151
150
147
137
159
Bob (m3/m3)
1.321
1.308
1.306
1.31
1.322
Rsb (m3/m3)
87.6
84.2
86.9
82.3
87.6
ob (gr/cm3)
0.787
0.798
0.790
0.791
0.807
sc (gr/cm3)
0.912
0.913
0.919
ob (cp)
2.32
2.54
2.78
2.27
2.03
GOR (m3/m3)
72.10
68.04
79.61
70.89
75.16
0.914
TABLE 3. PVT PROPERTIES OF THE SAMPLES OF WELLS C-79, C-49 AND C-285,COLLECTED IN DECEMBER
1997.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
WELL
LIGHT
CRUDE
GAS
LIQUID
CRUDE
OIL
OIL
MOLECULAR MOLECULAR
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
WEIGHT
FRACTION
WEIGHT
N2-C11
HEAVY
CRUDE
OIL
FRACTION
C11+
DEPTH
Rs
(mv)
(m3/m3)
gr/mol
s.c.
Gr/mol
s.c.
gr/mol
(% weight)
(% weight)
79
1967
52
29.66
320
194.56
22.2
63.84
49
2269
65
29.98
316
177.46
23.37
61.18
285
2630
72
30.74
312
169.55
24.56
61.08
pb
Bob
sc
COMMENTS
*
WELL
TEMPERAPRESSURE
TURE
ob
(C)
kg/cm2
kg/cm2
(m3/m3)
gr/cm3
gr/cm3
79
97
91.80
85.68
1.23
0.81
0.92
Taken near
the gas
oil contact
49
101
114.24
114.24
1.23
0.80
0.93
Intermediate
285
102
141.77
126.47
1.28
0.80
0.93
Deep
TABLE 4. COMPOSITION OF THE OIL IN WELLS C-49, C-79 AND C-285, COLLECTED IN DECEMBER 1997.
COMPONENT
CANTARELL-79
CANTARELL-49
CANTARELL-285
MOLECULAR
MOLECULAR
MOLECULAR
MOLE
WEIGHT
MOLE
WEIGHT
MOLE
WEIGHT
N2
CO2
H2S
C1
C2
C3
Ic4
NC4
IC5
NC5
C6
C7+
0.03
1.50
1.49
20.60
8.85
7.10
1.12
3.46
1.58
2.15
4.19
47.93
28.02
44.01
34.08
16.04
30.07
44.10
58.12
58.12
71.92
72.15
85.32
357.14
0.06
1.35
1.68
24.21
8.64
6.99
1.20
3.94
1.79
2.35
3.92
43.87
28.02
44.01
34.08
16.04
30.07
44.10
58.12
58.12
71.95
72.15
85.36
357.65
0.20
1.38
1.46
25.18
8.66
7.08
1.26
4.27
2.09
2.84
4.62
40.96
28.02
44.01
34.08
16.04
30.07
44.10
58.12
58.12
71.95
72.15
85.41
363.02
TOTAL
100.00
CORRECTED
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT C7+
100.00
342.00
100.00
333.98
317.63
TABLE 5. COMPARISON OF THE MEASURED AND EOS CALCULATED OIL COMPOSITION WELLS. C-79, C-49
AND C-285 AND C-94A.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
COMPONENT
WELL C-79
WELL C-49
WELL C-285
(kg/cm2)
86
86
114
114
126
126
H2S
1.49
1.04
1.68
1.04
1.46
1.03
CO2
1.50
1.65
1.35
1.78
1.38
1.82
N2
0.03
0.15
0.06
0.22
0.20
0.25
C1
20.60
20.33
24.21
25.28
25.18
27.28
C2
8.85
8.44
8.64
8.61
8.66
8.66
C3
7.10
6.57
6.99
6.38
7.08
6.29
IC4
1.12
1.05
1.20
1.00
1.26
0.98
NC4
3.46
3.71
3.94
3.49
4.27
3.41
IC5
1.58
1.37
1.79
1.28
2.09
1.24
NC5
2.15
1.47
2.35
1.36
2.84
1.32
C6
4.19
2.87
3.92
2.65
4.62
2.56
C7+
47.93
51.35
43.87
46.91
40.96
45.16
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
460
500
540
580
620
MALOOBMALOOB-103
BACAB LUMLUM-1
ZAAPZAAP-1
KU
Kutz
2170
EK
BALAM
CANTARELL
Chac
TARATUNICH Kutz
IXTAL
IXTOCIXTOC-1
301 101
201
CAAN
BATAB
TOLOC
POL
OCH
ABKATUN
CHUC
KAXKAX-1
Akal
Nohoch
1 TAKIN
2130
UECH
200 m.
47 miles
SINAN 101A
1A
100 m.
KABKAB-101
50 m.
MISONMISON-1
YUMYUM-2
401
2-B
2090
KIXKIX-1
KIXKIX-2
CIUDAD DEL
CARMEN
MAYMAY-1
25 m.
2050
YAXCHEYAXCHE-1
FRONTERA
DOS BOCAS
30 Km
ESCALA GRAFICA
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
Fig. 3. Typical whole core of the Paleocene breccia of the Akal reservoir.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
Fig. 4. Computer tomography images for a vuggy naturally fractured whole core.
Fig. 5. Field and reservoir simulation static pressures for Akal field.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
11
Fig. 6. Pressure and fluid behavior vs. depth for a gravity segregation reservoir .
Fig. 7. Variation of the reservoir temperature vs. depth, as related to the measurement date, for the Akal field.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
Fig. 9. Variation of the mole percent of C1 and C7+ vs. depth for the original oil samples of the Akal reservoir.
Fig. 10. Variation of the mole percent of N2, CO2, H2S, C2, C3, iC4, nC4, iC5 and C6 vs. depth, for the original oil
samples of the Akal reservoir.
150
200
DEPTH (MBSL)
1000
2000
3000
Fig. 11. Variation of the saturation pressure vs. depth for the Akal reservoir, from compositional PVT results obtained
based on original oil samples.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
Fig. 12. Variation of the solution bubblepoint solution gas ratio and of the GOR vs. depth for the Akal reservoir, from
compositional PVT results obtained based on original oil samples.
Fig. 13. Variation of the oil formation volume factor vs. depth for the Akal reservoir, from compositional PVT results
obtained based on original oil samples.
Fig. 14. Variation of the oil density vs. depth for the Akal reservoir, from compositional PVT results obtained based on
original oil samples.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
Fig. 15. Variation of the bubble point pressure and of the static bottomhole pressure vs. depth, for the oil samples of
wells C-79, C-49 and C-285.
Fig. 16. Variation of the solution gas ratio vs. depth, for the oil samples of wells C-79, C-49 and C-285.
Fig. 17. Variation of the oil density vs. depth, for the oil samples of wells C-79, C-49 and C-285.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
Fig. 18. Downward movement of the gas-oil contact (GOC) level vs. time for the Akal reservoir.
Fig.19.Pressure behavior vs. depth for different exploitation times, of the Akal reservoir.
Fig. 20. Comparison of the reservoir pressure and of the bubblepoint pressure variation vs. depth, based on PVT
data from the samples of wells C-49, C-79 and C-285.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
Fig. 21. Comparison of the variation of the solution gas ratio vs. depth for well C-94 with results from samples of
wells C-49, C-79 and C-285.
Fig. 22. Comparison of the variation of the oil reservoir pressure and of the bubblepoint pressure vs. depth for well C94 with results from samples of wells C-49, C-79 and C-285.
Fig. 23. Comparison of the variation of the oil viscosity vs. depth for well C-94 with results from samples of wells C49, C-79 and C-285.
A Study of the Initial and Exploitation Conditions of the Super Giant Akal Offshore Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Block 1, Forum 3 poster
SATURATION PRESSURE (kg/cm2)
0
50
100
150
200
DEPTH (MBSL)
1000
2000
3000
Pb SIMULATED
Pb MEASURED
Fig. 24. PVT and EOS simulated (well C-94) bubblepoint pressure for the Akal reservoir.
COMPOSITION (% mole)
0
20
40
60
DEPTH (MBSL)
1000
2000
3000
C1 SIMULATED
C7+ SIMULATED
C1 MEASURED
C7+ MEASURED
FIG. 25. PVT and EOS simulated (well C-94) mole percents for C1 and C7+ for the Akal reservoir.