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Base Metal
Weld
FIGURE 1. (Left) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) secondary electron image of transverse RathGibson laser welded 304L tube section,
which was weld decay tested using HCl acid per the ASTM A249 S7 supplement. Please note base metal thinning in excess of weld thinning.
Also please note that this RathGibson weld lacks the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) attack present in competitive laser welds. (Right) Optical image
of 304L laser weld at higher magnification, showing complete weld recrystalization.
Data shown is typical, and should not be construed as limiting or necessarily suitable for design. Actual data may vary from those shown herein.
FIGURE 2. (Left) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) secondary electron image of transverse laser welded 304L tube section, which was
weld decay tested using 85% Phosphoric Acid for 24 hours. Please note weld-metal thinning in excess of base-metal thinning. Please note
these results are essentially reversed from the HCl test. (Right) Optical image of 304L laser weld at higher magnification, showing complete
weld recrystallization.
316L
2205
825
625
C-276
S7 Ratio
1.53.71
2.06
1.6
~2.0
1.2
Condition / Form
Mill Anneal
GTAW
Mill Anneal
Laser
Furnace Anneal
GTAW
Mill Anneal
GTAW
Mill Anneal
Laser
Seamless
Seamless
Furnace Anneal
GTAW
Seamless
Furnace Anneal
GTAW
59.3*
1,087
3650
>180+
23.5
5121*
13.3
Data shown is typical, and should not be construed as limiting or necessarily suitable for design. Actual data may vary from those shown herein.
FIGURE 4. Skeletal retained weld ferrite in as welded (GTAW) 304L. Photo on the top displays the weld and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) at the ID or
the root of the weld. Photo on the bottom is the same weld area only at higher magnification.
Weld decay corrosion ratios will vary by the alloy because of each
alloys chemistry and resultant weld retained ferrite. For example,
in alloy 316/316L ferrite is nominally controlled to a weld ferrite
number range of 25. However, for alloy 317/317L a slightly higher
ferrite number of 48 is necessary to achieve appropriate weld
cracking resistance3. In addition to the higher ferrite level, Alloy 317
has a higher nominal chromium and nickel content, the combination
of which makes it difficult to achieve good S7 ratios in 317.
Manufacturers will frequently speak to their 304 S7 achievements
(low ratios), mostly because they do not manufacture a full range
of alloys, or understand what is required in some alloys for weld
cracking resistance. Table 2 is a listing of RathGibsons average
S7 ratios. Please note ratios are very much dependent on the alloy
and predicted ferrite levels. Alloy 310, while being heavily alloyed by
chromium and nickel has no ferrite and tests very well without any
extended heat treatment! This is strictly related to the alloys lack
of ferrite. Ferrites major benefit is in weld solidification cracking
resistance. In most alloys S7 performance can be improved through
chemistry control and elimination of ferrite. In effect, alloys such
as 304, 316, and 317 could be produced without ferrite. As the
alloy 310 example demonstrates, this would have a significant
impact on S7 results. However, an elimination of ferrite would
come with a significant weldability penalty. Alloy 310 cannot tolerate
deliberate additions of sulfur because no ferrite is possible. This
reduces ease of penetration, slows welding speed and makes the
alloy far more susceptible to weld cracking. RathGibson does not
take this approach. Instead S7 ratios are achieved through Laser
Data shown is typical, and should not be construed as limiting or necessarily suitable for design. Actual data may vary from those shown herein.
S7 Ratio
Ferrite Number
Cr (wt %)
Ni (wt %)
Cr + Ni
304/304L
0.74
6.8
18.3
8.4
26.7
Alloy
316/316L 317/317L
0.82
0.94
4
5
16.5
18.2
10.3
13.4
26.8
31.6
321
1.0
5.5
17.2
347
1.03
4
18
309S
1.13
3.1
22.39
13.8
36.19
310
0.75
0
24.6
19.4
44
Alloy 310 results only Mill Annealed. All other alloys and tests represent extended off-line annealing.
Ferrite number was calculated based on chemistry, not actual weld testing.
FIGURE 5. Transverse section of competitive laser welded 1" x 16 gauge (25.4 x 1.6 mm) 304L tubing. Left photo is at lower magnification with
the tube ID surface visible at the bottom. Right photo is the same area at higher magnification. Please note no discernable recrystallization of
cold work and the ID is unforged. These photos are similar to those used in the competitive Companys own literature, which appear to exhibit no
obvious recrystallization.
Data shown is typical, and should not be construed as limiting or necessarily suitable for design. Actual data may vary from those shown herein.
FIGURE 6. Transverse section of RathGibson laser welded 1" x 13 gauge (25.4 x 2.4 mm) tubing. Left photo is at lower magnification with the
tube ID surface visible at the bottom. Right photo is the same area at higher magnification. Please note complete weld recrystallization and the
ID weld is well forged.
Conclusions
References
1.2
304/304L
S7 Ratio
1.1
316/316L
317/317L
309S
310
0.9
0.8
0.7
20
25
30
35
40
45
Ni + Cr (wt %)
The following figure is a comparison of the listed alloys S7 ration to their nickel plus
chromium content.
Data shown is typical, and should not be construed as limiting or necessarily suitable for design.
Actual data may vary from those shown herein.
The information herein was correct at the time of publication and is subject to change without notice.
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