2015 Nepal earthquake

The 2015 Nepal earthquake (also known as the Gorkha

earthquake),* [7]* [8] which killed more than 7,000 people and injured more than twice as many,* [lower-roman
1] occurred at 11:56 NST on 25 April, with a moment
magnitude (Mw ) of 7.8Mw * [1] or 8.1Ms * [2] and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of IX (Violent). Its epicenter was
the village of Barpak, Gorkha district, and its hypocenter
was at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi).* [1]
It was the most powerful disaster to strike Nepal since the
1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake.* [9]* [10]* [11] Some casualties were also reported in the adjoining areas of India,
China, and Bangladesh.* [12]

Map of the earthquake and its aftershocks

The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest,

killing at least 19,* [13] making it the deadliest day on
the mountain in history.* [14] It triggered another huge
avalanche in Langtang valley, where 250 were reported were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC.
The rst quake measured 7.9 Mw and its epicenter was
missing.* [15]* [16]
identied at a distance of 80 km to the northwest of
Hundreds of thousands of people were made homeKathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Bharatpur was the
less with entire villages attened,* [15]* [17]* [18] across
nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi)
many districts of the country. Centuries-old buildings
from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewere destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage sites in the
what less powerful at 6.6 Mw . It occurred 65 km (40 mi)
Kathmandu Valley, including some at the Kathmandu
east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of
Durbar Square, the Patan Durbar Square and the
10 km (6.2 mi) below the earth's surface. Over thirty-ve
Bhaktapur Durbar Square. Geophysicists and other exaftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or greater occurred in
perts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable
the day following the initial earthquake, including the one
to a deadly earthquake, particularly because of its geolof magnitude 6.6 Mw .* [24]
*
*
ogy, urbanization, and architecture. [19] [20]
According to the USGS, the temblor was caused by a sudContinued aftershocks occurred throughout Nepal within
den thrust, or release of built-up stress, along the major
15-20 minute intervals, with one shock reaching a magnifault line where the Indian Plate, carrying India, is slowly
tude of 6.7 on 26 April at 12:54:08 NST.* [4] The country
diving underneath the Eurasian Plate, carrying much of
also had a continued risk of landslides.* [21]
Europe and Asia.* [22] Kathmandu, situated on a block
of crust approximately 120 km (75 miles) wide and 60
km (37 miles) long, reportedly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the
south in just 30 seconds.* [25]
1 Earthquake
The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod
Kumar Gaur, The Hindu quoted him as saying,Calculations show that there is sucient accumulated energy [in
the MFT], now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake.
I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but
it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait
longer to produce a much larger one.* [26] According
to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprot organisation devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some
government ocials had expressed condence that such
an earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted a
conversation he had had with a government ocial in the
1990s who said, We don't have to worry about earth-

The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at 11:56 a.m.

NST (06:11:26 UTC) at a depth of approximately 15
km (9.3 mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore
more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the
ground),* [22] with its epicenter approximately 34 km
(21 mi) east-southeast of Lamjung, Nepal, lasting approximately twenty seconds.* [23] The earthquake was
initially reported as 7.5 Mw by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) before it was quickly upgraded
to 7.9 Mw and nally downgraded to 7.8 Mw . The
China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) reported
the earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 Ms . The India Meteorological Department (IMD) said two powerful quakes
1

EARTHQUAKE

quakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake";

the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in
1934.* [27]

1.1

Geology

Nepal earthquake ShakeMap

M6+ Himalayan region earthquakes, 19002014

1.2 Intensity
Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diuse
collisional boundary where the Indian Plate underthrusts
the Eurasian Plate,* [28] occupying the central sector of
the Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the 2,400 km
(1,500 mi) long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Himalayas are sub-divided into ve tectonic zones from
north to south, east to west and almost parallel to
sub-parallel.* [29] These ve distinct morpho-geotectonic
zones are: (1) Terai Plain, (2) Sub Himalaya (Sivalik
Range), (3) Lesser Himalaya (Mahabharat Range and
mid valleys), (4) Higher Himalaya, and (5) Inner Himalaya (Tibetan Tethys).* [30] Each of these zones is
clearly identied by their morphological, geological, and
tectonic features.* [30]

According to Did You Feel It?" (DYFI?) responses

on the USGS website, the intensity in Kathmandu was
IX (Violent).* [1] Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West
Bengal, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh,
Gujarat,* [35] in the Indian capital region around New
Delhi* [36] and as far south as Karnataka.* [37] Many
buildings were brought down in Bihar. Minor cracks
in the walls of houses were reported in Odisha. Minor quakes were registered as far as Kochi in the southern state of Kerala. The intensity in Patna was V
(Moderate).* [38] The intensity was IV (Light) in Dhaka,
Bangladesh.* [1] The earthquake was also experienced
across southwestern China, ranging from the Tibet AuThe convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal
tonomous Region to Chengdu, which is 1,900 km (1,200
is about 45 mm (1.8 in) per year. The location, magmi) away from the epicenter.* [39] Tremors were felt in
nitude, and focal mechanism of the earthquake suggest
Pakistan* [40] and Bhutan.* [1]
that it was caused by a slip along the Main Frontal
Thrust.* [1]* [31]
The earthquake's eects were amplied in Kathmandu 1.3 Aftershocks
as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to
600 m (2,000 ft) of sedimentary rocks, representing the Main article: List of aftershocks after the 2015 Nepal
inlling of a lake.* [32]
earthquake
Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal
Thrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750
140 and 870 350 years in the east Nepal region.* [33] A
study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because
of tectonic stress buildup, the earthquake from 1934 in
Nepal and the 2015 quake are connected, following a historic earthquake pattern.* [34]

A major aftershock of magnitude 6.7 Mw occurred

on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:55 NST
(07:09 UTC), with an epicenter located about 17 km (11
mi) south of Kodari, Nepal.* [40]* [41] The aftershock
caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in
many places in northern India including Kolkata, Siliguri,
Jalpaiguri and Assam.* [42] The aftershock caused a land-

2.2

Damage

slide on the Koshi Highway which blocked the section of 2.1.1 Avalanches on Mount Everest
the road between Bhedetar and Mulghat.* [43]
A model of GeoGateway, based on a United States Ge- Main article: 2015 Mount Everest avalanches
ological Survey mechanism of a near-horizontal fault as
well as location of aftershocks showed that the fault was This earthquake caused many avalanches on Mount Everan 11 dip striking at 295, 50 km (31 mi) wide, 150 est. At least 19 climbers, including Google executive Dan
km (93 mi) long, and had a dip slip of 3 m (9.8 ft).* [44] Fredinburg,* [75] died, with others injured or missing.
The USGS says the aftershock on Sunday registered at a
shallow depth of 10 km (6.2 mi).* [42]
Assuming that this earthquake was the largest event in 2.1.2 Landslides in the Langtang Valley
this seismic episode, Nepal could expect more than 30
aftershocks greater than magnitude 5 over the following
month.* [45] As of 1 May 2015, 120 aftershocks had occurred with dierent epicenters and magnitudes above 4
Mw .* [46]* [47]

In the Langtang valley located in Langtang National

Park around 250 people were reported missing after an
avalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela* [76] and the
village of Langtang. The avalanche was estimated to have
been two to three kilometres wide. Ghodatabela was an
area popular on the Langtang trekking route.* [77] The
village of Langtang has been destroyed by the avalanche.
2 Aftermath
Around 300 were estimated to have died in smaller settlements on the outskirts of Langtang that were buried
during the earthquake, such as Chyamki, Thangsyap, and
2.1 Casualties
Mundu. Twelve locals and two foreigners were believed
to have survived. Smaller landslides occurred in the
Nepal
Trishuli River Valley with reports of signicant damage
at Mailung, Simle, and Archale.* [16]* [78]* [79]* [80] On
The earthquake killed more than 7,500* [70] and injured 4 May it was announced that 52 bodies had been found
more than twice as many, as of 1 May 2015,* [lower- in the Langtang area, of which seven were of foreignroman 1] * [48] Nepal's Prime Minister, Sushil Koirala, ers.* [81]
has said* [10] that the number could reach 10,000.* [71]
The rural death toll may have been lower than it could
have been as villagers were outdoors working when the
2.2 Damage
quake hit.* [72]
The Himalayan Times reported that as many as 20,000 The Dharahara tower
foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at the time
of the earthquake, although reports of foreign deaths were
relatively low.* [73] Hundreds of people are still considered missing and more than 450,000 are displaced.* [49]
India
A total of 78 deaths were reported in India - 58 in Bihar, 16 in Uttar Pradesh, 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan.* [74]
People's Republic of China
25 dead
Bangladesh
4 dead
Bhutan
No dead but earthquake felt.

Before the earthquake

2 AFTERMATH
dead. Several of the 400 churches in the Kathmandu valley were wiped out.* [87]* [88]

After the earthquake

Hundreds of thousands of houses were destroyed across
many districts of the country, with entire villages attened, especially those near the epicentre.* [15]* [17]* [18]
The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu
was closed immediately after the quake, but was reopened later in the day for relief operations and, later, for
some commercial ights.* [82] It subsequently shut down
operations sporadically due to aftershocks,* [83] and on 3
May was closed temporarily to the largest planes for fear
of runway damage.* [84] Many workers were not at their
posts, either from becoming earthquake casualties or because they were dealing with its after eects.* [85] Flights
resumed from Pokhara, to the west of the epicentre, on
27 April.* [86]

Kathmandu Durbar Square before the earthquake

Kathmandu Durbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage

Site, collapsed,* [23] as did the Dharahara tower, built in
1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least
180 people,* [89]* [90]* [91]* [92] Manakamana Temple
in Gorkha was also destroyed. The northern side of
Janaki Mandir was reported to have been damaged.* [93]
Several temples, including Kasthamandap, Panchtale
temple, the nine-storey Basantapur Durbar, the Dasa Avtar temple and two dewals located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake. Some other
monuments, including the Kumari Temple and the Taleju
Bhawani Temple partially collapsed.* [12]* [94]
The top of the Jay Bageshwori Temple in Gaushala and
some parts of the Pashupatinath Temple, Swyambhunath,
Boudhanath Stupa, Ratna Mandir, inside Rani Pokhari,
and Durbar High School have been destroyed.* [95]
In Patan, the Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of Yog
Narendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, the
Taleju Temple, the Hari Shanker, Uma Maheshwor Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungmati were
destroyed. In Tripureshwor, the Kal Mochan Ghat, a temple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suered signicant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, including the Fasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple and
the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple, were fully or partially destroyed.* [95]
Outside the Valley, the Manakamana Temple in Gorkha,
the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchowk Bhagwati, in
Kavrepalanchowk District, the Rani Mahal in Palpa District, the Janaki Mandir in Janakpur, the Churiyamai
in Makwanpur District, the Dolakha Bhimsensthan in
Dolakha District, and the Nuwakot Durbar were partially destroyed. Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha
stated, We have lost most of the monuments that had
been designated as World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu,
Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District, Nepal. They cannot be
restored to their original states.* [95]

2.3 Economic eects

Building damage as a result of the earthquake

Reports from Christian websites reported that some

church buildings fell onto the heads of congregations
while they were praying leaving at least 500 Christians Road damage in Nepal

3.1

Role of the internet, social media and mainstream media

Concern was expressed that harvests could be reduced

or lost this season as people aected by the earthquake
would have only a short time to plant crops before the
onset of the Monsoon rains.* [96]
Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of
USD$19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate),* [97]
is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to
fund a major reconstruction eort on its own.* [98] Even
before the quake, the Asian Development Bank estimated
that it would need to spend about four times more than
it currently does annually on infrastructure through 2020
to attract investment.* [98] The U.S. Geological Survey
initially estimated economic losses from the temblor at
9 percent to 50 percent of gross domestic product, with
a best guess of 35 percent. Its too hard for now to
tell the extent of the damage and the eect on Nepals
GDP, according to Hun Kim, an Asian Development
Bank (ADB) ocial. The ADB said on the 28th that it
would provide a USD$3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief eorts, and up to USD$200 million for the
rst phase of rehabilitation.* [98]

Mdecins Sans Frontires (Doctors Without Borders)

and the Red Cross were able to start medically evacuating the critically wounded by helicopter from outlying areas, initially cut-o from the capital city, Kathmandu,* [17] and treating others in mobile and makeshift
facilities.* [105]* [106] There was concern about epidemics due to the shortage of clean water, the makeshift
nature of living conditions and the lack of toilets.* [107]

3.1 Role of the internet, social media and

mainstream media

Volunteering public from around the world, put details

of collapsed houses, stranded, shelterless and starving
people, messages and contact details of people willing
to help and people who needed help,* [108] onto online
maps,* [109]* [110] for other volunteers to verify these
claims on the ground, wherever they could. First responders, from Nepali citizens to the Red Cross, the Nepal
army and the United Nations used this data. Drones
were also used to collate the destruction.* [111] All this
Rajiv Biswas, an economist at a Colorado, USA, based
was made possible from experience gained, and lessons
consultancy said, that rebuilding the economy will need
learned from the Haiti and Indonesia earthquakes, with
international eort over the next few years as it could easdata in place in anticipation of this eventuality.* [112]
ily exceed US $5 billion, or about 20 percent of Nepal's
On 3 May, the hashtag #GoHomeIndianMedia was trendgross domestic product.* [98]* [99]
ing worldwide on Twitter condemning news covered by
the Indian media as insensitive and inhumane to victims
of the tragedy. People of Nepal acknowledged the aid
3 Rescue and relief
and eort put by the Indian armed forces, yet, at the same
time, accused Indian news networks of carrying out a
public relations exerciseon behalf of the Indian government, for patronising aid given as exclusive, and for hogging space on relief planes where aid material or rescue
or medical personnel could have been sent instead.* [113]
Indian users responded with hashtags #sorrynepal and
#DontComeBackIndianMedia.* [114]

4 International aid
UNICEF appealed for donations, as close to 1.7 million
children had been driven out into the open, and were in
desperate need of drinking water, psychological counsel,
About 90 percent of soldiers from the Nepalese Army temporary shelters, sanitation and protection from dishygiene kits,
were sent to the stricken area in the aftermath of the ease outbreak. It distributed water, tents,
*
[115]
water
purication
tablets
and
buckets.
earthquake under Operation Sankat Mochan, with volunteers mobilized from other parts of the country.* [100] India was the rst to respond within hours, being
Rainfall and aftershocks were factors complicating the Nepal's immediate neighbour,* [116] with Operation
rescue eorts, with potential secondary eects like addi- Maitri which provided rescue and relief by its armed
tional landslides and further building collapses being con- forces. It also evacuated its own and other countries'
cerns. Impassable roads and damaged communications stranded nationals.
infrastructure posed substantial challenges to rescue ef- On 26 April 2015, international aid agencies and governforts.* [101] Survivors were found up to a week after the ments mobilized men and aid for the earthquake. They
earthquake.* [102]* [103]* [104]
faced challenges getting assistance to Nepal and ferryNepal Army and Turkish Disaster Relief aid workers working
together

As of 1 May 2015, international aid agencies like ing them especially, to remote areas as the country had

REFERENCES

few helicopters.* [117]* [118] Relief eort was also ham- [5] Nepal PM faces ire of quake victims. The Hindu. 29
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[6] The Assam Tribune Online
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[12] Earthquake in Nepal 2015. The Natural Disasters.

The list below gives a break-up of pledged donations, by

each nation, along with aid in kind, delivered immedi- [13] nytimes.com 2015-04-27 katmandu-nepal-fear-loss-andately.* [129]
devastation, nytimes.com; accessed 28 April 2015.

See also
Economy of Nepal
Geology of Nepal
Geology of the Himalaya
List of avalanches
List of earthquakes in India
List of earthquakes in China
List of earthquakes in South Asia
List of people who died climbing Mount Everest
List of World Heritage Sites in Nepal
Indian Plate
Tectonics
Thrust tectonics

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story-e6frg8yo-1227329666077

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Notes

[1] Note: Ocially, Dead - 7,365, Injured - 14,355

per current update (14,446 per a past update), Destroyed Houses - Total 391,705 - per current update
(10,744+14,741+191,058+175,162), Homeless - Not
lled up. Data as of May 3, 2015 16:50 hrs. Source: National Emergency Operation Centre (Nepal Govt.) Nepali
English

External links
USGS Earthquake Hazards Program on USGS
Website
National Seismological Center Nepali Ocial Website For Earthquake
Deadly earthquake Nepal on Earthquake Report
Website
VIDEO Avalanche near Everest Base Camp Caused
by Earthquake

14

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

2015 Nepal earthquake Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Nepal%20earthquake?oldid=661112758 Contributors: Rmhermen, Dan Koehl, Julesd, Pigsonthewing, Mattaschen, Python eggs, Neutrality, Vsmith, Ianschuler, Giraedata, Deryck Chan, Ynhockey,
Skycycle, DarTar, MONGO, Al E., David Levy, Mendaliv, Sj, Jehochman, Glasperlenspieler, DVdm, The Rambling Man, Taejo,
Rsrikanth05, Qrfqr, Thnidu, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Mardus, Groyolo, Jeppesn, Yamaplos, Nightbat, Kintetsubualo, DLH, Victorgrigas, AmitLev, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Valfontis, J 1982, Shyamsunder, IronGargoyle, Prunk, Kencf0618, Meow, Lasersharp, Banedon,
Gogo Dodo, Lugnuts, Dawnseeker2000, ManuelParis, Mikenorton, Inks.LWC, Ericoides, Alpinu, Bongwarrior, DarkNITE, Rif Wineld,
Philg88, Mattinbgn, Kask, CommonsDelinker, Ncmvocalist, DadaNeem, Juliancolton, Hoising, Bonadea, WWGB, Egghead06, Akld guy,
Martinevans123, Ceranthor, Truthanado, Yabti, Lancelot, Chulwoo26, Amanverma121, Eugen Simion 14, Moeng, Aumnamahashiva,
Invertzoo, Mr. Granger, Bnamarnath, Factchecker atyourservice, Excirial, Jwkozak91, Sebleouf, WarKosign, Rabsnieder, Another Believer, C628, XLinkBot, DoctorHver, Richard-of-Earth, Cyclonebiskit, BhagyaMani, Seaniekaye, Jojhutton, Ayoopdog, Ferroequus, Nizil
Shah, Krenakarore, Fauzty, Yobot, Bearas, Richigi, AnomieBOT, Jiangyu911, Symultaze, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Setawut, Wrelwser43, Lisan1233, Kapidis, El Caro, Zenoxas, Amaury, Joxemai, Joaquin008, Edgars2007, Tumblehome, Roundtheworld, Patelurology2,
Schnapper, Wykx, Krish Dulal, I dream of horses, Hariboneagle927, Abductive, Twotwo2019, Varmapak, IanFrank, Pristino, Sooniapalpasa, Nirinsanity, Sgsg, Roydondsouza, Irfannaseefp, LilyKitty, Aoidh, Gangulybiswarup, TL565, Neklat, B20180, Nabahat, DownAnUp, Kutchkutch, Racerx11, AlanS1951, Alexander Roumega, Tatiraju.rishabh, Aditya Simha, Azharkhan077, Orbwiki107, Eken7,
Gg4288, Ironnail, Rcsprinter123, LWG, Karthikndr, Brandmeister, Fanyavizuri, Kristijh, HandsomeFella, Mohammadnasiruddin, ClueBot NG, Nirmal Dulal, This lousy T-shirt, Pinoyaussie, Ssanto21, Frietjes, Castncoot, Stephanie Lahey, Anupmehra, Orlydumitrescu,
Kr1st1deejay97, Sayeesh612, BG19bot, Studdmanster, Pine, Joyc97, ComputerJA, Tjl1128, Ingo1968, SugarRat, Ninney, Maryolo, The
Almightey Drill, Harizotoh9, Orangewarning, 220 of Borg, AntanO, Mun Wizard, Cochterski, F1lover22, Kidofgod, Arr4, Shivamsetu, Shwangtianyuan, Shrawanroy, Slashsharma, Dissident93, Jonny Nixon, Niv062, Jcardazzi, PeerBaba, Bdscvr, Ashim nep, Dananuj,
Obaid Raza, TheBlueCanoe, Samee, Nathan121212, Andrea2016228, Epicgenius, Randeepa, Interference 541, Enock4seth, Lostromantic, Sunilpoudel123, 2ndAdvocate, Dustin V. S., ArmbrustBot, RabeaMalah, Babitaarora, Haminoon, Monochrome Monitor, Kharkiv07,
EPsi, The Herald, Prokaryotes, E8xE8, Gpcv77, D Eaketts, Harivaibhav, Exoplanetaryscience, Olirohit, Whizz40, Himanshu301989, Amrit Ghimire Ranjit, Rajaram101, Jeremyb-phone, Barjimoa, Khushwantsingh.ind, Babestress, Hanyou23, Dineshn00, P20077, Monkbot,
JBDVIJASDVI, Acagastya, MrCharro, CrashesToAshes, Rk06wk, Elvenking, WanderingLost, 1A72, Deepavali 2014, StevieB5175,
JJHk2000, Arthur Crbz, Akeshav35, Vinegarymass911, Libertarian12111971, Pingumeister, 115ash, Insertcleverphrasehere, Santosh
purbe, Mishu57, Poiuytrewqvtaatv123321, Zduehrh, Iamahashtag, ChamithN, Awale10, Nicky mathew, TheRichardPinto, Saqib, Utsav
ary, WeaponOfChoice1, Sahitikvikram, FriarTuck1981, Tiangulu010, Pishcal, Gokulpoovlliyil, Itsyoungrapper, SourceOhWatch (SrotahaUvacha), 000anindya, ThE~fUtUrE~2014, BraedenMayer, Trivolution, Yubrajdevkota, Chamath456, LongHairedFop, Randhwasingh, Awesomeshreyo, Rishipyp, Theokolos, Astitvasood, Opdire657, Hindian1947, Juneymb, Vesuvius Dogg, Senne1994Smeers, Supdiop, Cuukins, Planecrashexpert, Prinsgezinde, BeingAnushasan, Gofukuji, Scarredwitch, Shridevsharma, Anarchyte, Moch febrian,
Jarenisaiah99, Sandes1, Papeli44, Scaravich105nj, Mone dine, MarinoPagan, Rob.the.batman, FlickTinyHDL, Ingafube, Jeantaveras,
Armannayak10, Kunalrai129, Oikuchu, Kuniwa, Manzilensis, TheRedball, Pari6060, Sahil shrestha, AshutoshBarot, Sargun01, DSGC
Brancam, Falguni222, Mirandahummel, Dharahara, Antony.kalashnikov, Maanhush, Idonotwanttoknow, Youngrapper,
,
Mobasshirirm, Atindrakn, JakeCamp, Ashishreddy94, BeeleeChua, Thejiang, Helmickcd, GreenMan642, HydrocityFerocity, Swarnimranjitkar, Raksh109, Careerclubnepal, Maggieandmagellan, XXx TheCorbittt1 xXx, Kshetrysaugat, BoiBoi69, Meenaudays, Poophead219, Noctesse, Narenag581, Indiagreatdotin, Simanpati, Crystalratna, Zigree, Viditnimish, Sushjohn, Subas.poudel, Xilcho, Taoya,
Jaiswal.akshat and Anonymous: 271

9.2

Images

File:2015_Nepal_depremi_(3).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/2015_Nepal_depremi_%283%29.

jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.amerikaninsesi.com/media/photogallery/2739517.html Original artist: Hilmi
Hacalolu
File:2015_Nepal_earthquake_ShakeMap_version_6.png Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/2015_
Nepal_earthquake_ShakeMap_version_6.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/
global/shake/20002926/download/intensity.ps.zip ; early version here Original artist: United States Geological Survey
File:Bullseye1.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Bullseye1.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Mikenorton
File:China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/China.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work
Original artist:
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Dharhara_after_Nepalquake.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Dharhara_after_Nepalquake.
JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nirjal stha
File:Dharhara_after_Nepalquake_4.JPG
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Dharhara_after_
Nepalquake_4.JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nirjal stha
File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem" ("Caractristiques du
Drapeau Algrien", in English). Original artist: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp.
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp

9.2

Images

15

File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Public

domain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Original
artist: SKopp and others
File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Originally from the Open Clip Art website, then replaced with an improved version. Original artist: w:en:User:Nightstallion
(original uploader), the author of xrmap (improved version)
File:Flag_of_Brunei.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contributors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Original artist: The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948)
provides the ocial specication for the design of the Israeli ag.
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License:
domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)
Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

Public

File:Flag_of_Maldives.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_Monaco.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, Article 5, Schedule 1 [1] Original artist: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999

16

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:

Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: The drawing and the colors were based from agspot.net. Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by
Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color guidelines
(Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SLS 693 - National ag of Sri Lanka Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet
Credits:
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirland's codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People'{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original artist:
User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_
China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_
Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

9.3

Content license

17

File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg License: CC0 Contributors: http://files.mojeeuro.meu.zoznam.sk/200000288-390ab3a04d/2_Commemorative_coin_Vatican_city_2010.
jpg labelbasis Original artist: Unknown
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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? Original artist: ?
File:Himalayan_Tectonic_Summary.png Source:
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Summary.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/tectonic/images/himalaya_tsum.pdf Original
artist: United States Geological Survey
File:KATHMANDU_NEPAL_FEB_2013_(8581665041).jpg Source:
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KATHMANDU_NEPAL_FEB_2013_%288581665041%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: KATHMANDU NEPAL FEB
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File:Kathmandu_Durbar_Square,_Nepal.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Kathmandu_Durbar_
Square%2C_Nepal.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Komora
File:Nepal_Earthquake_2015_01.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Nepal_Earthquake_2015_01.jpg
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File:Nepal_Earthquake_2015_08.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Nepal_Earthquake_2015_08.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Krish Dulal
File:Nepal_relief_location_map.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Nepal_relief_location_map.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Uwe Dedering
File:Samsung_Galaxy_S5_Vector.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Samsung_Galaxy_S5_Vector.
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File:SanFranHouses06.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/SanFranHouses06.JPG License: Public domain Contributors:
Scanned from the personal collection of en:User:Infrogmation Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here.
Original artist: ?
File:U.S._Geological_Survey_2015_Nepal_Earthquake_and_aftershock_map.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/c/ce/U.S._Geological_Survey_2015_Nepal_Earthquake_and_aftershock_map.png License: Public domain Contributors: U.S.
Geological Survey Original artist: U.S. Geological Survey

9.3

Content license

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