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PROJECT REPORT
vitamins
[VITAMINS]
Introduction
Have you ever wondered how we stay
healthy?..the proper answer lies in our balanced diet.our
balanced diet contains all the vital nutrients including
vitamins ,proteins ,carbohydrates
The body needs vitamins to stay healthy
and a varied diet usually gives you all the vitamins you need.
Vitamins do not provide energy (calories) directly, but they do
help regulate energy-producing processes. With the exception
of vitamin D and K, vitamins cannot be synthesized by the
human body and must be obtained from the diet. Vitamins have
to come from food because they are not manufactured or
formed by the body. So lets find out the uses and the
importance of vitamins in our daily life
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Aim
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[VITAMINS]
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Action
Daily need
VITAMIN A
Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene
and retinol are all versions of
Vitamin A.
VITAMIN B1
(THIAMINE)
VITAMIN B2
(RIBOFLAVIN)
VITAMIN B6
(PRYIDOXINE)
Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is
important for body growth,
reproduction and red cell
production. It also helps in
releasing energy from
carbohydrates
Children need .6 to .9
mg of B1/thiamine per
day.
Children need .6 to .9
mg of B2/riboflavin per
day.
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reactions of proteins. The higher
the protein intake, the more need
there is for vitamin B6
VITAMIN B12
VITAMIN C
60 mg for adults - 70
mg for women who are
pregnant and 95 for
those lactating.
VITAMIN E
VITAMIN K
70-80 micrograms/day
for adult males, 60-65
micrograms per day for
adult females.
VITAMIN D
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on age.
Natural sources
Nutrient
Fruit source
Vegetable
source
Nut source
Vitamin A
Sweet potato
Kale
Carrots
Spinach
Avocado
Broccoli
Peas
Asparagus
Squash - summer
Green Pepper
Pistachios
Chestnuts
Pumpkin Seeds
Pecans
Pine Nuts/Pignolias
Sunflower Seeds
Almonds
Filberts/Hazelnuts
Vitamin B1
Watermelon
Peas
Avocado
No nuts contain a
significant amount of
vitamin B1.
Vitamin B2
Kiwi
Avocado
No nuts contain a
significant amount of
vitamin B2.
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Vitamin B6
Bananas
Watermelon
Avocado
Peas
Potatoes
Carrots
No nuts contain a
significant amount of
vitamin B6.
Vitamin B12
None
None
No nuts contain a
significant amount of
vitamin B6.
Vitamin C
Kiwi
Strawberry
Orange
Blackberries
Cantaloupe
Watermelon
Tomatoes
Lime
Peach
Bananas
Apples
Lemon
Grapes
Artichoke
Asparagus
Avocado
Broccoli
Carrots
Cauliflower
Corn
Cucumber
Green Pepper
Kale
Lima Beans
Mushrooms
Onions
Peas
Potatoes
Spinach
Squash - summer
Squash - winter
Sweet potato
No nuts contain a
significant amount of
vitamin B6.
Vitamin D
None
Mushrooms
No nuts contain a
significant amount of
vitamin B6.
Vitamin E
Blackberries
Bananas
Apples
Kiwi
None
Almonds
Sunflower Seeds
Pine Nuts/Pignolias
Peanuts
Brazil Nuts
Vitamin K
None
Vitamin K is found in
significant quantities
in dark green leafy
vegetables such as
spinach, broccoli,
and kale.
Pine Nuts/Pignolias
Cashews
Chestnuts
Filberts/Hazelnuts
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Structure
Vitamin A
Vitamin A (retinol) is required for the formation of rhodopsin, a
photoreceptor pigment in the retina. Vitamin A helps maintain
epithelial tissues. Normally, the liver stores 90% of the body's
Vitamin A.
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Retinol (Vitamin A)
Vitamin (B1) Thiamin
Thiamin or Thiamine (vitamin B1) is widely available in the diet.
Thiamin is involved in carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucose,
and alcohol metabolism.
Riboflavin (vitamin
B2)
Vitamin (B6) pyridoxine
Vitamin B6 includes a group of closely related compounds:
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B6 is important
in the biosynthesis of heamoglobin and nucleic acid, as well as
in lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism.
Pyridoxine
(Vitamin B6)
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Vitamin B12
Cobalamin is a general term for compounds with biologic
vitamin B12 activity. These compounds are involved in nucleic
acid metabolism, methyl transfer, and myelin synthesis and
repair. They are necessary for the formation of normal red blood
cells
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin
B12)
Vitamin C
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) plays a role in collagen, carnitine,
hormone, and amino acid formation. It is essential for wound
healing and facilitates recovery from burns. Vitamin C is also an
antioxidant, supports immune function, and facilitates the
absorption of iron.
Ascorbic acid
(Vitamin C)
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Vitamin D
Vitamin D has two main forms: D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3
(cholecalciferol). Vitamin D3 is synthesized in skin by exposure
to sunlight (ultraviolet radiation) and obtained in the diet chiefly
in fish liver oils and egg yolks
Cholecalciferol
(Vitamin D)
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a group of that have similar biologic activities.
These compounds act as antioxidants, which prevent lipid
peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cellular
membranes.
Alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E)
Vitamin K
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is dietary vitamin K. Dietary fat
enhances its absorption. Infant formulas contain supplemental
vitamin K.
Vitamin K (phylloquinone)
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Deficiency disease
Vitamin A
Deficiency Disease: Night-blindness and Keratomalacia,
Keratinisation of the nasal and respiratory passage epithelium
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Vitamin B1
Deficiency Disease: Beriberi
Deficiency Symptoms:Symptoms include fatigue, depression,
decreased mental functioning, muscle cramps, nausea, heart
enlargement, and eventually beriberi. Alcoholics are at
increased risk of a deficiency.
Deficiency Occurs in:
1. Most commonly found in alcoholics
2. People with Malabsorption conditions
3. Those eating a very poor diet
4. Also common in children with congenital heart disease
5. People with chronic fatigue syndrome
6. Individuals undergoing regular kidney dialysis
Vitamin B2
Deficiency Disease: Ariboflavinosis, Painful tongue and
fissures to the corners of the mouth, chapped lips.
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include red, swollen, cracked mouth and tongue;
fatigue; depression; anemia; and greasy, scaly skin. The
formation of cataracts may be a result of this vitamin deficiency.
Deficiency Occurs in:
1. Alcoholics
2. People with cataracts or sickle cell anemia
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Vitamin B6
Deficiency Disease: Anemia
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include Weakness, Mental Confusion, Irritability,
Nervousness, Inability to sleep, Hyperactivity, Anemia, Skin
lesions, Tongue Discoloration, and Kidney Stones.
Deficiency Occurs in:
1. Alcoholics
2. Patients with kidney failure
3. Women using oral contraceptives
4. People with chronic fatigue syndrome
Vitamin B12
Deficiency Disease:
Megaloblastic or Pernicious Anaemia
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, sore mouth,
diarrhea, abnormal gait, loss of sensation in hands and feet,
confusion, memory loss, and depression. Harmful anemia may
be a result of this deficiency.
Deficiency Occurs in:
1. Alcoholics
2. Vegetarians who also avoid dairy and eggs
3. People with malabsorption conditions
4. Older people with urinary incontinence and hearing loss
5. People with tinnitus and related disorders
6. People with psychiatric disorders
Vitamin C
Deficiency Disease: Scurvy
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Deficiency Symptoms:
Prolonged healing of wounds, Easy bruising, Frequent infections,
Prolonged colds, Scurvy: weak muscles, fatigue, loss of teeth,
bleeding gums, depression, bleeding beneath the skin, Swollen
or painful joints, Nosebleeds, Anemia: tired, paleness
Deficiency Occurs in:
1. Smokers
2. Women with Preeclampsia, who have lower blood levels
3. People with kidney failure
Vitamin D
Deficiency Disease: Rickets and Osteomalacia
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include bone pain and tenderness and Muscle
Weakness. In children, Rickets may occur, in which bones lose
calcium and become soft and curved. Without proper intake,
there is an increased risk of Osteoporosis, Arthritis, and Cancer.
Deficiency Occurs in:
1. More common in strict vegetarians
2. Dark-skinned people
3. Alcoholics
4. People with liver or kidney disease
5. People with hyperparathyroidism
6. Also common in men with advanced prostate cancer
Vitamin E
Deficiency Disease:
Deficiency is very rare; mild hemolytic anemia in newborn
infants
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include in Infants irritability, Fluid Retention and
Anemia. Adult symptoms may include Lethargy, Loss of balance
and Anemia. There may be increased risk of Heart Disease,
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Vitamin K
Deficiency Disease:
Bleeding Diathesis, Delayed clotting & Hemorrhaging,
Cholestatic Constipation, Patients may show signs of bruising
easily and have nosebleeds.
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include prolonged clotting time, easy bleeding, and
bruising. This deficiency is rare in adults and normally limited to
those with liver or food absorption disorders. However, it may
occur in premature babies.
Deficiency Occurs in:
1.
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Night blindness(vitamin A)
B1)
Beriberi(vitamin
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Pernicious
Scurvy(vitamin C)
Rickets(Vitamin D)
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Medicine
To avoid the deficiency of any Vitamin B we can
use B complex. Vitamin B complex is a group of 12 related
water-soluble substances. The eight water-soluble vitamins
including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3),
pantothenic acid (B5), biotin (B7), pyridoxine (B6), folic
acid (B9), and cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12).
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Additional information
Vitamin Facts
1. A lot of the vitamins in fruits and vegetables are lost
between the farm and your plate. The longer the foods are
stored before you eat them, the more nutrients are lost.
Heat, light, and exposure to air all reduce the amount of
vitamins, especially Vitamin C, thiamin, and folic acid.
2. About 25% of US households do not have balanced meals
to meet the requirements that the body needs in digesting
enough nutrients to sustain the body's health and fuel
factors.
3. Research has shown that almost all varieties of disease can
be produced by the deficiency of vitamins, minerals, amino
acids, and other nutrients. Vitamins are vital for your skin.
The most important factor of nutritional deficiencies is the
intense processing and refining of foods like cereals and
sugar.
4. The human body uses food to manufacture all its building
blocks as well as to provide fuel. To do this, it performs
several thousand different chemical reactions. Each
reaction is controlled by "enzymes" and "coenzymes".
Some of the coenzymes contain vitamins which the body
cannot make by itself and which must be obtained from
outside the body.
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Conclusion
Vitamins are in every aspect
essential to our life. First of all vitamin is that component of a
balanced diet which the human body generally cannot
manufacture on its own. So you must consume vitamin directly
in the form of food or through supplements as tonic or pills. The
whole process of assimilation of vitamins depends on ingestion
of food. Once you have it as a part of your meal, say for
tomatoes, lemon, spinach and other stuffs, it is more helpful.
To maintain a healthy life we
must use regular proper balanced diet.the diet must contain
vegetables, fruits, meat The body's metabolism is also
dependent on vitamins as on carbohydrates, fats, minerals and
other basic components of a complete diet.
Always remember that vitamins are not
food but should be a part of your food.
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