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(Friis equation. EIRP. Maximum range of a wireless link. Radar cross section.
Radar equation. Maximum range of a radar.)
1. Friis Transmission Equation
Friis transmission equation is essential in the analysis and design of wireless
communication systems. It relates the power fed to the transmitting antenna and
the power received by the receiving antenna when the two antennas are
2
separated by a sufficiently large distance ( R >> 2 Dmax
/ ), i.e., they are in each
others far zones. We derive the Friis equation next.
A transmitting antenna produces power density Wt (t ,t ) in the direction
(t ,t ) . This power density depends on the transmitting antenna gain in the
given direction G (t ,t ) , on the power of the transmitter Pt fed to it, and on the
distance R between the antenna and the observation point as
Pt
Pt
(6.1)
Wt =
G
e D ( ,t ) .
=
(
,
)
t
t
t
2
2 t t t
4 R
4 R
Here, et denotes the radiation efficiency of the transmitting antenna and Dt is
its directivity. The power Pr at the terminals of the receiving antenna can be
expressed via its effective area Ar and Wt :
(6.2)
Pr = ArWt .
( t , t )
( r , r )
To include polarization and heat losses in the receiving antenna, we add the
radiation efficiency of the receiving antenna er and the PLF:
(6.3)
Pr =
er PLF ArWt =
ArWt er | t r |2 ,
2
=
Pr Dr ( r ,r )
Wt er | t r |2 .
4
((((
(6.4)
Ar
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e D ( ,t ) er | t r |2 .
2 t t t
4 ((((
4 R
Wt
Pr
(6.6)
=
et er | t r |2
Dt (t ,t ) Dr ( r ,r ) .
Pt
4 R
If the impedance-mismatch loss factor is included in both the receiving and the
transmitting antenna systems, the above ratio becomes
2
Pr
2
2
2
(6.7)
= (1 | t | )(1 | r | )et er | t r |
Dt (t ,t ) Dr ( r ,r ) .
Pt
4 R
The above equations are variations of Friis transmission equation, which is
widely used in the design of wireless systems as well as the estimation of
antenna radiation efficiency (when the antenna gain is known).
For the case of impedance-matched and polarization-matched transmitting
and receiving antennas, Friis equation reduces to
2
Pr
(6.8)
=
Dt (t ,t ) Dr ( r ,r ) .
Pt 4 R
2
The factor ( / 4 R) is called the free-space loss factor. It reflects two effects:
(1) the decrease in the power density due to the spherical spread of the wave
through the term 1/ (4 R 2 ) , and (2) the effective aperture dependence on the
wavelength as 2 / (4 ) .
2
2
= (1| t |2 )(1| r |2 )et er | t r |2
Rmax
Dt (t ,t ) Dr ( r ,r ) . (6.12)
4
r min
The minimum power at which the receiver can operate reliably is dependent on
numerous factors, of which very important is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
There are different sources of noise but we are mostly concerned with the noise
of the antenna itself. This topic is considered in the next lecture.
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2
2 Ws
2 | Es |
,
m
.
=
s lim
=
4
R
lim
4
R
2
R
W
|
E
|
i
i
Here,
R is the distance from the target, m;
Wi is the incident power density, W/m2;
Ws is the scattered power density at the receiver, W/m2.
(6.13)
Rt
Rr
(t ,t )
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( r ,r )
The target is represented by its RCS , which is used to calculate the captured
power Pc = Wt (W), which when scattered isotropically gives the power
density at the receiving antenna that is actually due to the target. The density of
the re-radiated (scattered) power at the receiving antenna is
Wt
Pc
Pt Dt (t ,t )
.
(6.16)
=
=
Wr =
e
t
4 Rr2 4 Rr2
(4 Rt Rr ) 2
The power transferred to the receiver is
2
Pt Dt (t ,t )
.
(6.17)
(
,
)
Pr = er Ar Wr = er
D
r
r
r
t
2
4
(4
)
R
R
t
r
Pr
Dt (t ,t ) Dr ( r ,r )
. (6.18)
et er (1 | t |2 )(1 | r |2 ) | t r |2
=
4
4
Pt
R
R
t r
For polarization matched loss-free antennas aligned for maximum directional
radiation and reception,
2
Pr
Dt 0 Dr 0
(6.19)
=
4 .
4
Pt
R
R
t r
The radar range equation is used to calculate the maximum range of a
radar system. As in the case of Friis transmission equation, we need to know
all parameters of both the transmitting and the receiving antennas, as well as the
minimum received power at which the receiver operates reliably. Then,
2
2
2 2
( Rt Rr )=
max et er (1 | t | )(1 | r | )|
t r |
2
(6.20)
Dt (t ,t ) Dr ( r ,r )
.
Pr min 4
4
Finally, we note that the above RCS and radar-range calculations are only
basic. The subjects of radar system design and EM scattering are huge research
areas themselves and are not going to be considered in detail in this course.
Pt
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