Structural analysis2

Nasser

2- Three Moment Equation

1
MA
No

2
3M
Ok

3
SM
Ok

4
MD
No

The three moment equation express the relation between the bending
moment at the successive support and the deflection. It is used for
solving indeterminate structures ( beams with at least three supports).
Derivation and procedures:
A

c
L1
2

L2
2

BMD

ha and hc are real deflection at points A & B

The continuity of the elastic curve is
BAA
AA1/L1
AA1

CC1

= BCC
= CC1/L2
= ha -A1A
= ha - (deflection of A from tangent at B)
= ha - (A1 r1 +1/3 L1A3 +2/3L1A4)
= ha - (A1 r1 +1/6L1Ma +1/3L1Mb)
=C1C- hc

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=(deflection of C from tangent at B)- hc

=(A2r2+2/3A5L2+1/3A6L2)-hc
=(A2r2+1/3MbL2 +1/6McL2)-hc
sub. 2, 3 into 1, the final expression is :
Ma(L1/I1)+2Mb(L1/I1+L2/I2)+Mc(L2/I2)= -6[A1r1/L1I1 +A2r2/L2I2 ] +
6[E ha/L1 +Ehc/L2 ]

(1)

where, A1, A2 = areas of BMD due to external loads

ha,hc= Settlement of supports A, B from B
Special cases:
If ha=hc=0
Ma(L1/I1)+2Mb(L1/I1+L2/I2)+Mc(L2/I2)= -6[A1r1/L1I1 +A2r2/L2I2 ]
If I1=I2=I then,
Ma(L1 )+2Mb(L1 +L2)+Mc(L2)= -6[A1r1/L1 +A2r2/L2 ]
If A and B are simply supported, then
2Mb(L1 +L2 )= -6[A1r1/L1 +A2r2/L2 ]

(2)

(3)

If the beam is extended, the effect of Ma and Mc will be

calculated and concentrated on the supports.
Sign convention:
-For sagging condition , the sign of BM are positive
-For hogging condition , the sign of BM are negative
-

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How to calculate A1 ,a1, A2, a2

A= PL/4 *L*1/2
=PL2/8
r=2

A= qL2/8 *L*2/3
=PL3/12
r=2

Calculate A and
r for the following
loading condition
r

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Ex1:
2t/m
1 t/m
A
c

24m

12m

A1=2/3(72)*24=1152
A2=2/3(36)*12=288

r1=12
r2=6

Since A and C are simply supports,

Then Ma=Mc=0
subs. Into Eq.(2)
2Mb(12+24)=-6{(1152*12/24)+288*6/12)}
Mb= -60 t.m
The reactions
60
24

24

12

12

2.5

2.5

BMD

12

12

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Example2
2
4

2
4

A
2
4

2
4

1
4
2
4

4
4

4
4

A1*r1=A11*r11+A12*r12+A13*r13
=(4*4/3)+(8*3)+(4*14/3)= 48
A2=2/3(2)*4=16/3
r2=2
Since A and C are simply supports,
Then Ma=Mc=0
subs. Into Eq.(2)
2Mb(6+4)=-6{(48/6)+(32/12)}
Mb= -3.2 t.m
3.2

The reactions

2
4

2
2

.5 3

.8

.5 3

BMD

.8

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Cases of studies
Case:1
1
1

4.5
1.5

A1*r1=1/2(1.5)*6*3=13.5
A2*r2= 2/3(4.5)*6*3=54
Ma=-1, Mc=0
-(6)+2Mb(6+6)= -6{(13.5/6)+(54/6)}
Mb= -2.5625 t.m
Check reactions:
Ra=1.24 t
Rb= 4.23 t

Case:2

Rc= 2.573t

C
A

A1*r1=0
A2*r2= 0
Ma=-1, Mc=-1 t.m
-(6)+2Mb(6+6)-6= 0
Mb=.5 t.m

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Case :3
9

8
9

12

B
D

2
2

12

4
4

9.6
rL

rR
L

A1*r1=16+80=96
A2R*r2R= 35.5+28.8=64.3
A2L*r2L= 12.8+43.2=56
A3*r3= 32
1st Loop ABC
(Ma=0)
2Mb(6+5)+Mc (5)=-6{(A1*r1 /6)+ (A2R*r2R/5)}
22Mb+5Mc =-6{96/6 + 64.3/5}

22Mb+5Mc =-173.16

(1)

2nd Loop BCD

((Md=0)
Mb(5)+2Mc (5+4)=-6{(A2L*r2L /5)+ (A3*r3/4)}
Mb(5)+18Mc =-6(56/5+32/4)
Mb(5)+18Mc =-115.2
(2)
Solving (1) and (2) gives
Mb=-6.3 kn.m
Mc=-4.5kn.m
Check reactions
Ra=4.87 t

Rb= 9.65 t

Rc= 10t

Rd= 4.88t

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Case:4
24

80

72
16

A
3I

10I

32

2I

12
2

240

288
108
36

A1*r1=432*3
A2R*r2R= 2304*6 +240*6
A2L*r2L= 2304*6 +1440*6
A3*r3= 288
1st Loop ABC
(Ma=0)
2Mb(6/3I+12/10I)+Mc (12/10I)=-6{(432*3/6/3I)
+ (2304*6 +1440*6)/12/10I }
6.4Mb+1.2Mc =-1555.2
(1)
2nd Loop BCD
((Md=-36)
Mb(12/10I)+ 2Mc(12/10I +6/2I)- 36(6/2I) =
-6{(2304*6 +1440*6)/12/10I + (288*3.7/6/2I)}
1.2Mb+8.4Mc =-1495.2
(2)
Solving (1) and (2) gives
Mb=-215.39 t.m
Mc=-147.23t.m Md=-36 t.m
Check reactions
Ra=36.2 t
Rb= 249.5 t Rc= 169.8t

Rd= 5.5t

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Case:5
A
2
B

4
4

A2

Loop A`AB
A1*r1=0
A2*r2= 2/3(qL2/8)*L*L/2= 2/3*4*4*2=10.66*2
(Ma`=0, L`=0, Mb=0 )
2Ma(4)+0 =-6{(10.66*2/4)
Ma=-4 t.m
Case:6
2

4
4
A2

Loop A`AB (Ma`=0, Mb`=0 )

A1*r1=0
A2*r2= 2/3(qL2/8)*L*L/2= 2/3*4*4*2=10.66*2
2Ma(4)+Mb(4) =-6{(10.66*2/4)
(1)
Loop ABB` (A2*r2= =10.66*2 , Mb`=0 )
Ma(4)+2Mb(4) =-6{(10.66*2/4)
(2)
For symmetrical condition Ma=Mb = 2.66 t.m

Structural analysis2

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Case:7
1
A

6
8
8
4.5
A2

Loop A`AB (Ma`=0)

A1r1` =0
A2*r2R= 42.7*4
2Ma(8)+Mb(8) =-128

A3

(1)

Loop ABC(Mc=0)
(A2*r2L= =42.7*4
(A3*r3= 18*3 )
Ma(8)+2Mb(8+6) =-6{(42.7*4/8)+(18*3/6)}
8Ma+ 28Mb =-182.1
(2)
Solving (1) and (2)
Ma=-5.5 t.m
Mb = -4.92 t.m
Check reactions
Ra=4.07 t
Rb= 7.75 t

Rc= 2.82t

Draw bending moment diagram?

Structural analysis2

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Case:8
12
2
C
A

18

9
A2

A3

Loop A`AB (Ma`=0)

( A1r1` =0 , A2*r2R= 108 )
2Ma(6)+Mb(6) =-108

(1)

Loop ABC
(A2*r2L= =108, A3*r3= 162 )
Ma(6)+2Mb(6+6)+6 Mc =-6{(108/6)+(162/6)}
Ma+ 4Mb + Mc=-45
Loop BCC`
(A3*r3L= =162, A3`*r3`= 0)
6Mb +12Mc =-162
Solving (1) ,(2) and (3)
Ma=-5.25 t.m

(2)

(3)

Mb =-7.5 t.m

Check reactions
Ra=4.07 t
Rb= 7.75 t

Mc=-9.75t.m
Rc= 2.82t

Structural analysis2

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3-The Slope deflection method

Mab

Mab = M fab + Ma`

Mba = M fba + Mb`
a = a1 - a2
= 1/L- 2 /L
=Ma`L/3EI -Mb`L/6EI

Mba

L
Ma`

b = -b1 + b2
= -2/L+ 1 /L
=-Ma`L/6EI +Mb`L/3EI

2
Mb`

Mfab

Mfba

Ma` = 4EI a/L + 2EI b/L

Mb` = 4EI b/L + 2EI a/L

Ma = Mfab

+ 4EI a/L + 2EI b/L = Mfab + 2EI(2 a + b )/L

Mb = Mfba + 4EI b/L + 2EI a/L = Mfba + 2EI(2 b + a )/L

Mfab and Mfba are the fixed bending moments
Sign Convention

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Fixed Bending moments

q

Mfab=

qdx(L-x)2x/L2
4

Mfba=

qdx(L-x)x2/L2

Mfab=

qdx(L-x)2x/L2

Mfba=

qdx(L-x)x /L

q
4

Mfab=

qdx(L-x)2x/L2
3

Mfba=

qdx(L-x)x2/L2

Mfab=

qdx(L-x) x/L

Mfba=

qdx(L-x)x /L

3
qdx

Mfab=

qdx(L-x)2x/L2

dx

L-x

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q
Mfb = ql2/12

Mfa=-ql /12

Mfb = PL/8
Mfa=-pL/8

L
P

Mfa=-pab2/L2

Mfb=-pba2/L2

Mfb= ql2/12 +
ql2/30

Mfa=-ql2/12 ql2/20

L
q

Mfb= ql2/30

Mfa=-ql2/20

Notes
Mfab = it means the moment at (a) when the beam(A-b) are fixed at the two supports
Mfba = it means the moment at (b) when the beam(A-b) are fixed at the two supports
Mab = Real moment at (a) when taken into account effect of rotation at supports
Mba = Real moment at (b) when taken into account effect of rotation at supports

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Symmetrical conditions

Ma=0
a=??

Mb=0
b=0

Ma?
a=0

b=- c0

Mc=0
c=??

Md=?
d=0

Ma=-Md

Ma=0
a0

b=- c0

Md=0
d0

Mb= Mba +Mbc

Mc= Mcb+Mcd
P1

P2
a1

a2

Ma= - P1xa1
Mc= P2xa2

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Calculate reactions:
Case :1
-

1-First we calculate the fixing bending moments at supports

Mfab = -qL2/12
Mfba = +qL2/12
Mfbc = -qL2/12
Mfcb = +qL2/12
2-From the symmetrical condition
b=0
and a= -c
3-Since A and C are simply supported, then
Mab = 0 and Mcb = 0
4- beam A-B

Mab = Mfab + 2EI(2 a + b )/L

0 = -qL2/12 + 2EI(2 a + 0 )/L
Then
5- a = qL3/48EI and c = -qL3/48EI
Then
6- Mba = Mfba + 2EI(2 b + a )/L
= qL2/12+ 2EI/L(0+ qL3/48EI)
= qL2/8
since Mba + Mbc =0 then Mbc =- qL2/8
7- Reactions
qL

qL/2

qL

qL/2

qL/8

qL/8

qL/2
qL/8

qL/2
qL/8

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Case :2
q

1-First we calculate the fixing bending moments at supports

Mfab = -qL2/12
Mfba = +qL2/12
Mfbc = -qL2/12
Mfcb = +qL2/12
Mfcd = -qL2/12
Mfdc = +qL2/12
2-From the symmetrical condition
a= -d and b= -c
3-Since A and D are simply supported, then
Mab = 0 and Mdc = 0
4- beam A-B

Mab = Mfab + 2EI(2 a + b )/L

0 = -qL2/12 + 2EI(2 a + b )/L
Mba = qL2/12 + 2EI(2 b + a )/L

(1)
(2)

5- beam B-C

Mbc = Mfbc + 2EI(2 b + c)/L

= -qL2/12 + 2EI(b )/L

(3)

6- Mbc + Mba =0
2EI(3 b + a)/L = 0

(4)

solving eqs; (1) and (4) then

a = qL3/40EI
b = -qL3/120EI
d = -qL3/40EI
c = +qL3/120EI
6- Moments
Mbc = -qL2/12 + -qL2/60 =-qL2/10
Mba = qL2/10
Check moment from Eq.(2)
7- Find Reactions

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Case 3:
3

1-First we calculate the fixing bending moments at supports

Mfab = -qL2/12 =-2.67
Mfba = 2.67
2
Mfbc = -qL /12 =-1
Mfcb = 1
2-Since A and D are fixed, then
a = 0 and c = 0
3- beam A-B

Mab
Mab
Mab
Mba

= Mfab + 2EI(2 a + b )/L

= -2.67+ 2EI(2 a + b )/L
= -2.67+ 0.5EI b
= 2.67 + EI b

(1)
(1)
(2)

4- beam B-C

Mbc = Mfbc + 2EI(2 b + c)/L

= -1 + 2EI b
Mcb = 1 + EI(b

(3)
(3)
(4)

5- Mba + Mbc =0
2.67+ EI b -1 +2EI b = 0
b = -.56/EI
6- Moments
Mab = -2.95t.m
Mbc = -2.12t.m

Mba = 2.12t.m
Mcb = .44t.m

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Case:4
36

54

2I
22

B
B

5
I

1-First we calculate the fixing bending moments for beams(q=64.8t/m)

Mfab = 0
Mfba = 0
2
Mfbc = -qL /12 =-135 t.m
Mfcb = 135 t.m
2-Since A and D are fixed, then
a = 0 and c = 0
3- beam A-B

Mab = Mfab + 2EI(2 a + b )/L

Mab = 0.4EI b
Mba = 0.8EI b

(1)
(2)

4- beam B-C

Mbc = Mfbc + 2EI(2 b + c)/L

= -135 + 1.6EI b
Mcb = 135 + 0.8EI b
5- Mba

(3)
(3)
(4)

Mbc +54 =0
-135 + 1.6EI b +0.8 EI b +54=0
EI b =33.75
Mab =13.5 t.m
Mba = 27 t.m
Mbc = -81 t.m
Mcb = 162 t.m
+

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Reactions:

81

162

162
27

36+145.8

162

16.2
16.2

8.1

13.5

8.1

36+145.8

Assignments:
Draw the bending moment diagrams?]
Deign the beam section?
Solve the following problem if support C is simply supported?
Solve the following problem if support C is extended 1m ?

Structural analysis2

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Case 5:

2.5
1

F
F

2.5
1

I1
A

I2

I3

I1=15000cm4
I2 =3I1
I3=12I2
qc=1.46 t/m
qw=2.46 t/m

1-First we calculate the fixing bending moments for different beams

Mfab = 0
Mfba = 0
2
Mfbc = -qL /12 =-1.312 t.m
Mfcb = 1.968 t.m
2
Mfcd = -qL /12 =-5.33 t.m
Mfcd = 5.33 t.m
2-Since A and F are simply supported, then
Mab = 0 and M f e = 0
3- beam A-B

Mab = 2EI1 (2 a + b )/2.5

a = -.5 b
Mba = 2EI1 (2 b + a )/2.5
= 1.2 EI1 b

(1)
(1)
(2)

4- beam B-C

Mbc = Mfbc + 2EI2(2 b + c)/L

(3)
= -1.312 + 2EI2 (2b + c)/4
(3)
Mcb = 135 + 0.8EI b
(4)
Since, Mba + Mbc =0 eqs. 2,3
1.312 = 3/2.5(EI1b )+6/4EI1 (2b) +6/4EI1 (c)
1.312 = 4.2EI1b +.66EI1 c
(I)

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Mcb = Mfcb + 2EI2(2 c + b)/4

Mbc = 1.968 + 1.5EI1(2 c + b)

(5)
(5)

5- beam C-D

Mcd = Mfcd + 2EI3(2 c + d)/8

Since d = -c
Mcd = -5.33 + 2E(36I1)( c)/8
Mcd = -5.33 + 9EI1 c
Since, Mcb + Mcd =0 eq. 5, 6
3.362 = 12(EI1c )+1.5EI1 b
Solving (I), (II), gives

E a = 0.0006
E b = 0.0012
E c = 0.00125
Mba = .216 t.m
Mbc = .217 t.m
Mcb = 3.07 t.m
Mcd = -3.07 t.m

(6)
(6)
(6)
(II)

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Effect of deflection at supports:

M
M

M
A2

M
A1

Due the acting coupling moment M the support at B will sink

The displacement is calculated as follows

EI = A1r1-A2r2
=(1/2*L/2*M)(L/2+L/3)- (1/2*L/2*M)(L/6)
=5/24ML2-1/24ML2
=ML2/6
The moment due to a deflection at support is given as
M = 6EI/ L2
Note: The moment at support A and B is equal value and sign
If the support is deflected downward, then Mab and Mba
Mab = Mfcb + 2EI (2 a + b)/L- M
= Mfcb + 2EI (2 a + b -3/L)/L
and
Mba = Mfba + 2EI (2 b + a -3/L)/L
If the support deflects upward, then
Mab = Mfcb + 2EI (2 a + b +3/L)/L
Mba = Mfba + 2EI (2 b + a +3/L)/L

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Case 6

D
D

The supports B and C both will sink

Mfab = -qL2/12
Mfba = qL2/12
Mfbc = -qL2/12
Mfcb = qL2/12
2-Since A and Dare fixed, then
a = 0 and d = 0 also, c = -b
3- beam A-B (B sinks relatively to A), then

Mab = -qL2/12+ 2EI (2 a + b -3/L)/L

=-qL2/12+ 2EI (b -3/L)/L
Mba = qL2/12 + 2EI (2 b -3/L)/L
4-beam B-C
Since B and C sinks the same value, then
Mbc = -qL2/12 + 2EI (2 b + c)
= -qL2/12 + 2EI ( b ) /L
5- Mba+ Mbc =0
b = /L
Mab = -qL2/12 -4EI /L2
Mba = qL2/12 -2EI /L2
6-beam C-D
Mcd = -qL2/12+ 2EI (2 c +3/L)/L
Mdc = qL2/12+ 2EI ( c +3/L)/L
Then,
Mbc = -qL2/12 +2EI /L2
Mcb = -Mbc
Mdc = -Mab

(1)
(1)
(2)

(3)
(3)
(4)

(5)
(5)

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Condition of deflections

(+)

(+)

(-)

=3

=4

IF b=4 and c=3

then

1-Beam A-B
Mab = -qL2/12+ 2EI (2 a
Mba = +qL2/12+ 2EI (2 b
2-Beam B-C
Mbc = -qL2/12+ 2EI (2 b
Mcb = +qL2/12+ 2EI (2 c
3-Beam C-D
Mcd = -qL2/12+ 2EI (2 c
Mdc = +qL2/12+ 2EI (2 d
IF b=4 and c=4

Mbc
Mcb
Mcd
Mdc

+ b -3*4/L)/L
+ a -3*4/L)/L

(1)
(1)

+ c +3*1/L)/L
+ b +3*1/L)/L

(2)
(2)

+ d +3*3/L)/L
+ c +3*3/L)/L

(3)
(3)

+ c)/L
+ b)/L
+ d +3*4/L)/L
+ c +3*4/L)/L

(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)

then

= -qL2/12+ 2EI (2 b
= +qL2/12+ 2EI (2 c
= -qL2/12+ 2EI (2 c
= +qL2/12+ 2EI (2 d

IF b=3 and c=4 then

Write the bending moment equations?

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Case 7:

10
C

12

Solve the problem Page;108

Mb =0
Mba+ Mbc =0
(1)
2EI (2b -3*/L)/12 +2EI (2 b + c)/10
Mc =0
Mcd+ Mcb=0
(2)
2EI (b +2c )/10 +2EI (2c -3*/L)/12

=0

(1)

=0

(2)

Shear force =0
5+ (Mab+ Mba)/12 +(Mdc+ Mcd )/12
=0 (3)
5*12+(2EI(b -3*/L)/12)+(2EI(2b -3*/L)/12)
+(2EI(c -3*/L)/12)+(2EI(2c -3*/L)/12)
=0 (3)
Solving 1,2,3 we get b ,c and

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Case:8
2
C
B
6

D
A

Mb =0
That Mba+ Mbc =0
2EI (2b -3*/L)/8 +2EI (2 b + c)/8
Mc =0 That Mcd+ Mcb=0
2EI (b +2c )/8 +2EI (2c -3*/L)/8

=0
=0

Shear force =0
(Mab+ Mba)/8 +(Mdc+ Mcd )/8
=0
(2EI(b -3*/L)/8)+(2EI(2b -3*/L)/8)
+(2EI(c -3*/L)/8)+(2EI(2c -3*/L)/8)
=0
Solving 1,2,3 we get b ,c and
Solve??

(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)

(3)

(3)

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