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EE5308
Antenna Arrays
1 Introduction
Antenna arrays are becoming increasingly important in
wireless communications. Advantages of using antenna
arrays:
1. They can provide the capability of a steerable beam
(radiation direction change) as in smart antennas.
2. They can provide a high gain (array gain) by using
simple antenna elements.
3. They provide a diversity gain in multipath signal
reception.
4. They enable array signal processing.
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Far field
observation
point
r1
Dipole 2
I 2 Ie j
d
Dipole 1
I1 I
r1 r d cos , 0
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a E1
a E2
kI1d e jkr
kd e jkr
sin j
cos I1
E1 j
4 r
2
4 r
kI 2 d e jkr
kd e jkr
sin j
cos I 2
E2 j
4 r1
2
4 r1
1
1 1
r1 r
e jkr1 e jk r d cos
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kd e jkr
jkd cos
a j
I
e
cos
1
2
4 r
kI1d e jkr
j jkd cos
a j
cos 1 e e
4 r
kId e jkr
a j
cos AF
4 r
where
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1 e e
jkd cos
2e
1
kd cos
2
cos kd cos
2
I1 I 2e jkd cos
I1
jkr
kId e
E a j
cos AF
4 r
radiation pattern of a single Hertzian dipole AF
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where is a
constant to
make the
maximum value
of |AFn| equal
to one.
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1
1
1
1
2 2
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1
1
1
1
2 2 2
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Element pattern
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Dipoles are
parallel to the z
direction
Far field
observation
point
y
r
Dipole 1
rN-1
x
Dipole N
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sin N
1
j
N
2 e
2
e j ( n1)
n 1
sin
2
where kd cos and 0 , 2
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sin N
1
2
AFn
sin
2
where is a constant to
make the largest value
of |AFn| equal to one.
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|AFn( )|
= kd cos +
kd
kdcos
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Main lobe
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Main lobe
|AFn( )|
Visible region
kd
=kdcos
17
General conditions to
avoid grating lobes
with [0,2] and d
[0.5,]:
1.For 0 < , the
requirement is:
kd + 2
2. For < 2, the
requirement is:
kd - 0
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n 1,2,3,
,
N
2
n N ,2 N ,3 N ,
2n
1
null null directions cos
( )
N
2 d
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Example 1
A uniform linear array consists of 10 half-wave dipoles with
an inter-element separation d = /4 and equal current
amplitude. Find the excitation current phase difference
such that the main beam direction is at 60 (max = 60).
Solutions d = /4, max = 60, N = 10
m
2
60 cos
2 d
m2 cos 60 0.5
m2 45 360 315,
4
20
when m 1
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sin 5 cos
1
2
AFn
sin cos
2 2
10
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kd cos 0,
0
22
kd cos 0
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0 = 0
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Example 2
Design a uniform linear phased scanning array whose
maximum radiation direction is in 30 (0 = 30). The
desired half-power beamwidth is 2 while the element
separation is d = /4. Determine the excitation current phase
, the length of the array L, and the number of elements N in
the array.
Solutions
Since the array is uniform, the current amplitude is same for
all elements. The excitation current phase is found from:
2
kd cos 0
cos30o 1.36 rad 77.94o
4
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L = 49.75
The number of elements is then:
L
49.75
N 1
1 200
d
0.25
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5 Circular Arrays
rn a cos n
a sin cos n
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j ka sin cos 1 1
e
N
j ka sin cos 2 2
j ka sin cos N N
j ka sin cos n n
n 1
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max
max
2 N 1 2q
4 N 2 2q
2 N 2q
q 0,1,2,
30
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n 1,2,, N
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Example 3
A uniform circular array with a radius a = 0.5 and the
number of elements N = 8. The maximum radiation
direction of the array factor AF is at (60, 30). What should
be the excitation phases n for the elements?
Solutions
Using the formula for n , we have:
2
2
1 2q
sin cos
2
3
6 8
2 2.63 or 2.63
3.66 or 2.63
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2
4
2 2q
sin cos
2
3
6 8
2 1.36 or 1.36
4.92 or 1.36
2
6
3 2q
sin cos
2
3
6 8
0 0.70 or 2 0.70
0.70 or 5.58
2
8
4 2q
sin cos
2
3
6 8
2.36 or 2 2.36
2.36 or 3.93
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2
10
5 2q
sin cos
2
3
8
6
2.63 or 2 2.63
2.63 or 3.65
2
12
6 2q
sin cos
2 3 6 8
1.36 or 2 1.36
1.36 or 4.92
2
14
7 2q
sin cos
2
3
8
6
2 0.70 or 0.70
5.58 or 0.70
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2
16
8 2q
sin cos
2
3
6
8
2 2.36 or 2.36
3.92 or 2.36
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sin
n 1
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Dipoles are
parallel to the z
direction
Far field
observation
point, r
Dipole 1
x
d
Dipole 2
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Antenna 2
Antenna 1
Vs1
Terminal
current
I1
Zg1
Excitation
voltage
source
Coupled
voltage
I1 a
1
b1
I2 a2
Vs2
V12
Antenna
Self-impedance
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V21
Z22
Zg2
Z11
Zg1
a2
b2
Vs1
Source
internal
Impedance
Vs2
Zg2
a1
b1
I2
b2
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I2
coupled voltage across antenna 1's open-circuit terminal
I 2 I1 0,Vs1 0
Voc12 a
I2
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c
d
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I1
coupled voltage across antenna 2's open-circuit terminal
I1 I 2 0,Vs 2 0
I1
a
b
Voc21 c
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V12 Z12 I 2
V21 Z21I1
Vs 2 V21
I2
Z g 2 Z 22
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Is1 and Is2 are the terminal currents at the antennas when
there is no mutual coupling effect.
Vs1
I s1
Z g1 Z11
Vs 2
I s2
Z g 2 Z11
Vs1 V12
I1
Z g 1 Z11
I1Z 21
I s2
Z g 2 Z 22
I 2 Z12
I s1
Z g1 Z11
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I1
Z12
I s1
I s2
Z11 Z g1
Z12 Z 21
1
Z11 Z g1 Z 22 Z g 2
, I2
Z 21
I s2
I s1
Z 22 Z g 2
Z12 Z 21
1
Z11 Z g1 Z 22 Z g 2
That is:
1
I1 I s1 Z12 I s 2
D
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1
I s1
I 2 I s 2 Z 21
D
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where
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Z12 Z 21
D 1
Z11 Z g1 Z 22 Z g 2
Z12
Z12
Z11 Z g1
Z 21
Z 21
Z 22 Z g 2
E =AF I1 I 2e
magnitude, not
I1
absolute value
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1
E I1 I 2e jkd cos
I1
1
I s1 e jkd cos
I s1 Z12 I s 2 I s 2 Z 21
I1D
1
I s1 I s 2e jkd cos Z12 I s 2 I s1e jkd cos
I1D
with Z12 Z 21
I s1
Is2
j jkd cos
j
jkd cos
j
1 e e
with
Z12 e e
e
I1D
I s1
I s1
j kd cos
j kd cos
j
Z12e 1 e
1 e
I1D
original pattern
additional pattern
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Absolute value
Example 4
Find the normalized array pattern |En| on the horizontal plane
(=/2) of a two-monopole array with the following
parameters with mutual coupling taken into account:
I s1 1, I s 2 e j , I s1 I s 2 1, 150
d 4, 4
Z12 Z 21 21.8 - j 21.9
Z11 Z 22 47.3 j 22.3
Z g1 Z g 2 50
I s1
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I s2
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Solution
I s1 1,
Is2 e
I s1 I s 2 1
I s1 0,
2
kd
4 2
Z12
Z 21
Z12
0.16 j 0.26
Z11 Z g 1 Z 22 Z g 2
Z12 Z 21
D 1
1.042 j 0.09
Z11 Z g1 Z 22 Z g 2
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I s1
1 e j kd cos Z12 e j 1 e j kd cos
E AF
I1D
0.95 j 0.08
1 e j 2.62e j 2 cos
I1
1 1.14 j 0.40 e
I1
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is shown on
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Normalization
1 1.14 j 0.40 e
180
I1
1.83
I1
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0.94 j 0.37
1 1.14 j 0.40 e j 2 cos
I1
En
1.83
I1
0.52 1 1.14 j 0.40 e
j 2 cos
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j 2 cos
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References:
1. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., New Jersey, 2005.
2. W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design,
Wiley, New York, 1998.
3. David K. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetic, AddisonWesley Pub. Co., New York, 1989.
4. John D. Kraus, Antennas, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988.
5. Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Applied Electromagnetics, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
New Jersey, 2007.
6. Joseph A. Edminister, Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems
of Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1993.
7. Yung-kuo Lim (Editor), Problems and solutions on
electromagnetism, World Scientific, Singapore, 1993.
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