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Introduction to
computer
1.
2.
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
3.
4.
Introduction to computers
i.
Evolution of the computer
ii.
Types of computers
Computer parts & components

i.
Overview of the computer system
ii.
System unit
iii.
Peripherals
iv.
Input devices
v.
Output devices
vi.
Storage devices
Basic Maintenance
i.
Handling input and output devices
ii.
Computer settings
Technology development
i.
Current development of hardware technology
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Introduction to
computer
1. Evolution of the Computer

i.
Computer history
2. Types of Computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
i.
Super computer
ii.
Mainframe
iii. Mini computer

iv. Micro computer
v.
Work station
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Introduction to
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Technology
development
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Morse
Code
Cordless
phone
Pigeon
Internet
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Mobile
Phone
PDA
Network
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Year
Invention
200 BC
Chinese Abacus (First counting machine)
500 BC
Egyptian Abacus
1620
John Napier invented Napiers Bone (Multiplication table

carves on bones)
1653
Blaise Pascal invented Pascaline
1673
Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz invented Leibnizs Rechner

(which use first binary mathematic calculating machine)
1801
Joseph Marie Jacquard invented weaving loom (using

punch card technology)
1823
Charles Babbage invented mechanical calculator

machine.
1941
Mark 1 was invented in Harvard University. The first

computer which is slow, expensive and unreliable. It uses
mechanical switches
5
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Technology
development
Generation (1940-1956)
Huge , slow, expensive, often a reliable
1. 1946
Presper Eckert and William mauchly
build the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer)
use vacuum tubes instead of
mechanical switches of MARK 1
2. 1951
built the UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer)
Which could calculate at the rate of 10
000 addition per second.
6
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Generation
Technologies
Vacuum tube
In a computer a vacuum tube which is an
electronic tube about the size of light
bulbs, was used as the internal
computer components.
Punch card
Punch card was used to store data
Magnetic tape
Magnetic tape was introduced in 1957. It
was faster & more compact method of
storing data.
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components
Generation
Problem
1. The vacuum tubes generated a great deal of

heat causing many problems in the temperature
regulation and climate control.
Basic Maintence
2. The tube also burnt out frequently.
Technology
development
3. People operating the computer did not know that

the problem was in the programming machine
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Generation (1956-1963)
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Inventor
1. John Bardeen
2. Walter Houser Brattain
3. William Shockley
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Generation
Technologies
Introduction to
computer
Transistors
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
The creations of transistor were spot the

production a wave of second generation
computers.
Transistors were small devices use to transfer
electronic signals across the resistor
10
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Introduction to
computer
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components
Generation
Advantages
1. Transistors were smaller than vacuum tubes

2. They needed no warm up time
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
3. Consumed less energy

4. Generated much less heat
5. Faster and more reliable
11
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Generation(1964-1971)
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
1964
1. IBM370 series were introduced in; it
came in several models and sizes.
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
2. It was used for business and scientific

programs.
3. Other computers models introduced
were CDC7600 and B2500
12
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Technologies
Introduction to
computer
Silicone Chip
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Silicone chips were manufactured in 1961 at the

silicone valley
Then came the integrated circuit technology,
which had reduced the size and cost of
computers
Other than that, the magnetic Core Memory was
replaced by a device called the microchip
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Advantages
1. Silicone chips were reliable, compact and

cheaper
2. Sold hardware and software separately which
created the software industry
3. Customer service industry flourished
(reservation and credit checks)
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Generation(1971-present)
1. 1971
Intel created the first microprocessor.
2. 1976
Steve Jobs built the first apple computer.
3. 1981
IBM introduced its first personal
computer.
4. Steve jobs- Apple Macintosh
5. Bill gate-Microsoft
6. Michael dell -Dell
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Introduction to
computer
Technologies
1. Silicone chip
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
2. Microprocessor
a specialised chip developed for
computer memory and logic
it is a large-scale integrated circuit which
contained thousands of transistors
The transistors on this one chip are
capable of performing all of the functions
of a computers central processing unit.
3. Storage devices
16
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Introduction to
computer
Technologies
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
17
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Advantages
1. Computers become 100 times smaller than

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrate and
Computer) the first computer.
2. Gain in sped, reliability and storage capacity.
3. Personal and software industry boomed
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Generation (present-beyond)
The fifth generation computer

technologically advance & are still being
develop to become more efficient
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
INVENTION
Super Computer
Mainframe computer
Mini computer
Personal Computer
Mobile Computer
Expert computer
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Introduction to
computer
Generation(present-beyond)
Super Computer
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
20
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Introduction to
computer
Mainframe computer
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
21
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Introduction to
computer
Mini computer
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
22
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Introduction to
computer
Personal computer
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
23
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Introduction to
computer
Mobile computer
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
24
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Introduction to
computer
Expert system
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
25
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Introduction to
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Super Computer
Fastest, most powerful, most expensive.

Used in applications such as sending astronauts
into space, testing safety and aerodynamic features
on cars and aircraft, controlling missile guidance
systems, and weather forecasting which required
extreme accuracy and immense speed to perform
the complex calculation.
Technology
development
26
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Introduction to
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components
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Mainframe computer
Large, expensive, powerful computer that

can handle hundreds or thousands of
connected user simultaneously.
Use in large organization to handle high
volume processing of business
transactions and routine paperwork
Technology
development
27
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Introduction to
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Mini computer
medium size computer

Usually used as servers, with several
PCs or other devices networked to
access the midrange computers
resources.
Technology
development
28
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Introduction to
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Basic Maintence
Microcomputer
generally synonymous with personal

computer (PC), or a computer that
depends on a microprocessor.
Microcomputers are designed to be used
by individuals, whether in the form of
PCs, workstations or notebook
computers.
Technology
development
Personal Computer
Laptop
29
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Workstation
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
any computer connected to a local-area

network. It could be a workstation or a
personal computer
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
30
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1.
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
2.
3.
Identify main components in the computer

system
Monitor
Keyboard
Speaker
Mouse
System unit
Printer
State the functions of the main components in
the computer system
Explain briefly the data processing cycle of a
computer system
Input
Process
Output
Storage
31
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Main component in component system
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
32
Computer Hardware
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Introduction to
computer
1. MONITOR
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
LCD
SVGA
An output device that can be used to display text.

33
Computer Hardware
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Introduction to
computer
2. Keyboard
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
To enter data into a computer
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Introduction to
computer
3. Speaker
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
A device that converts analog audio signals into the

equivalent air vibrations in order to make audible
sound.
35
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Introduction to
computer
4. Mouse
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
A device that controls the movement of the cursor or

pointer on a display screen.
36
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Introduction to
computer
5. Printer
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Device that produce text and graphics on paper
37
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Introduction to
computer
6. System unit
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
The system unit is a case that contains electronic
components of the computer used to process data
38
39
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
6. System unit
Component
Motherboard
CPU
Memory
Bus
Expansion Slots
Ports and Connectors
Bay
Power Supply
Sound Component
40
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Introduction to
computer
6. System unit
a. Motherboard
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
The motherboard is the main circuit board of a
microcomputer. It is also known as the mainboard or
41
system board.
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Introduction to
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6. System unit
b. CPU (Central Processing

Unit)
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
The CPU is the central electronic chip that
determines the processing power of the computer.
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Introduction to
computer
6. System unit
c. Memory
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Read Only Memory

(ROM)
Random Access
Memory (RAM)
Memory is the part of the computer that temporarily

stores applications, documents, and stem operating
43
information.
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Introduction to
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6. System unit
d. Bus
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
A bus is an electronic line that allows 1s and 0s to
move from one place to another.
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Introduction to
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6. System unit
e. Expansion Slots
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
expansions slots appear on the motherboard. They
are sockets into which adapters are connected.
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Introduction to
computer
6. System unit
f. Ports and connectors
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
A port is a connector located on the motherboard or
on a separate adapter.
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Introduction to
computer
6. System unit
g. Bay
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
A bay is a space inside the computer case where a
hard drive, floppy drive or CD-ROM drive sits
47
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Introduction to
computer
6. System unit
h. Power Supply
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
A power supply changes normal household
electricity into electricity that a computer can use.
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Introduction to
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6. System unit
i. Sound Component
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
A sound card lets a computer play and record high
quality sound.
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Data processing cycle
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Input
Processor
Output
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Storage
Conversion of data into a form that can be processed
50
by computer
Computer Hardware
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Introduction to
computer
System Unit
1.
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
2.
3.
4.
Identify the components of a system unit.
Input/output port (I/O port)
Reset button
CDROM drive
Floppy drive
Hard disk drive

State the functions of the main components of a
system unit.
State the functions of CPU, RAM, ROM and
expansion slots found on the motherboard
Inculcate values of responsibility and
cooperation among the pupils
51
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Introduction to
computer
System unit
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
52
Computer Hardware
Home
Introduction to
computer
System unit
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
53
Computer Hardware
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Introduction to
computer
System unit
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
54
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
System unit
1. Box-like case that contains computers
electronic components
2. Sometimes called the chassis
Technology
development
55
Computer Hardware
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Introduction to
computer
System unit
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
56
57
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
System unit : Front layer of a system unit

DVD-ROM drive
CD-ROM/CD-RW
drive
Zip drive
Empty drive bay
Floppy disk drive
Technology
development
Power button
Reset button
58
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Introduction to
computer
System unit : Input / Output port ( I/O port )
Power Port
Keyboard
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
USB
Serial Port
Monitor
Mouse
USB
Printer
(Parallel
port)
Speaker
Microphone
Technology
development
Game Port
Network
Telephone
line in
Svideo out
Telephone
line out
FM reception
Cable TV
59
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Introduction to
computer
Functions of the main components of a system unit

1. Input / Output port (I/O port)
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
A port is the point at which a

peripheral attaches to a system unit
so that the peripheral is able to send
data and receive information from the
computer.
An external device, such as a
keyboard, monitor, printer, mouse and
microphone, that is attached by a
cable to a port on the system unit.
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
2. Power Button
To turn the computer on
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
61
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
3. Reset Button
Restating the
computer, instructs the
computer to go through
the process of shutting
down, which would clear
the memory and reset
devices to their initialized
state. It simply removes
power immediately.
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
4. Motherboard
Main circuit board of the
system unit, it has some
electronic components
attached to it.
Technology
development
63
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
5. Power Supply
Converts standard
electrical power into a
form that, the computer
can use. If a power supply
is not providing the
necessary power, the
computer will not function
properly.
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
6. DVD-ROM drive
A device that reads DVDROM, audio CDs, CDROMSs, CD-Rs and CDRWs
Technology
development
65
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
7. CD-ROM drive
A device that reads audio
CDs, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs
and CD-RWs
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
66
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
8. DVD/CD-RW drive
A combination drive that
reads DVD and CD
media, and writes to CDRW media.
Technology
development
67
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
9. Zip drive
A high-capacity disk
drive that reads from and
writes on a Zip disk
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
68
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
10. Floppy drive

A device that reads from
and writes on a floppy
disk
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
69
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
11. Hard disk drive

A Type of storage device
that contains one or
more inflexible, circular
platters that store data,
instructions and
information.
Technology
development
70
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For RAM
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Expansion
slots
71
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Functions of the components of the motherboard
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A Central Processing Unit or
CPU is a microprocessor
(processor for short).
A CPU interprets instructions
given by the software and
carries out those instructions
by processing data and
controlling the rest of the
computers component.
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2. Random Access Memory (RAM)
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
RAM is installed inside computers. RAM is also known

as a working memory.
A computer uses RAM to hold temporary
instructions and data needed to complete tasks.
This enables the computer's CPU (Central
Processing Unit) to access instructions and data
stored in the memory very quickly.
RAM stores data during and after processing.
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3. Read Only Memory (ROM)
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
ROM is non-volatile. It holds the programs and data

when the computer is powered off.
Programmes in ROM have been pre-recorded. It can
only be stored by the manufacturer; once it is done, it
cannot be changed.
All the contents in ROM can be accessed and read but
cannot be changed.
Technology
development
74
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Random Access
Memory (RAM)
Technology
development
Read Only Memory (ROM)
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
4. Expansion Slots
Expansion slots are the
sockets where the circuit
boards or the adapter
cards can be inserted into
the motherboard, such as
video acceleration, sound or
disk drive control.
Technology
development
76
Computer Hardware
Computer Parts & Components

Peripherals
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
1.
2.
3.
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
4.
State the definition of peripheral

Identify different types of peripheral:
Input devices
Output devices
Storage device
State examples of different types of peripherals:
Printers
Scanners
LCD projectors
Digital cameras
External CD drivers
External storages
Explain the functions of each peripheral
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Peripherals
Home
Introduction to
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Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
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Peripherals
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1. Definition
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
are pieces of computer hardware that are

added to a host computer, i.e. any
hardware except the computer, in order to
expand its abilities. Most of those devices
are optional in nature.
2. External hardware devices attached to the

computer are called peripheral equipments.
Technology
development
79
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Peripherals
Home
Introduction to
computer
Types of
peripheral
Input Devices
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Output Devices
Storage Devices
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Peripherals
Home
1. Input Devices
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Mouse
Microphone
Keyboard
Scanner
Input devices are any electronic device that are

connected to a computer and produces input signals.
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Peripherals
Home
2. Output Devices
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Printer
Monitor
Speaker
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
LCD Projector
Output devices are the result of data processing

activity when it is presented externally to the system. It
is a hardware that is capable of delivering or showing
information to one or more users
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Peripherals
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3. Storage Devices
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Hard Disk
Thumb Drivers
Diskettes & CDs
Computer storage is the holding of data in an

electromagnetic form, for access by a computer
processor.
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Peripherals
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
The different types of peripherals:

1.
Printers
2.
Scanners
3.
LCD projectors
4.
Digital cameras
5.
External CD drivers
6.
External storages
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Computer Hardware

Peripherals
Home
1. Printer
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
A printer is an output device to print text or graphics on
mediums such as paper, transparency film or even
cloths.
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Computer Hardware

Peripherals
Home
1. Printer
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
A photo printer is a colour printer that produces photoquality pictures.
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Computer Hardware

Peripherals
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Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
1. Printer
DOT Matrix Printer
Type of printer that employs movable print heads with
pins or wires that shoot and strike the ribbon placing a
dot on the paper with hundreds of dots forming images
or text.
Inkjet Printer
Printer developed by Canon which forms letters and
images on the paper by spraying small streams of
quick-drying ink. The ink is stored in a disposable ink
cartridge.
Laser Printer
Technology
development
Laser printers are Printer that uses laser technology to

print images on the paper. The laser recreates the
image on a negatively charged drum which will then
collect ink that is positively charged to attract to the
areas of the image. The Paper is then negatively
charged therefore the positively charged ink is attracted
to the paper and then is fused onto the paper. See laser
printer printing steps for step by step procedure of laser
printers.
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Introduction to
computer
1. Printer
Plotters
These printers use a pen to draw the image
on the paper. Usually, plotters are Friction
Feed but occasionally can be Tractor Feed as
well.
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Thermal printer
A printer that uses heated pins to "burn"
images onto heat-sensitive paper. The pins
are electrically heated and brought into
contact with the specially treated paper
easily, instead of with great impact. The
coating on the paper discolors when heated
in this way. These printers, used in
calculators and many fax machines, are
inexpensive, but produce low-quality, low
resolution print. They are however, quiet and
fast as they print.
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Peripherals
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2. Scanners
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
A scanner is a device that analyzes images, printed
text, handwriting, or objects (such as an ornament) and
changes it into a digital image.
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Computer Hardware

Peripherals
Home
2. Scanners : Flatbed scanner
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
This type of scanner provides a flat glass surface onto

which the original is placed. The illumination and
sensing elements move under the glass to scan the
image. Flatbed scanners are available in a wide range
of sizes, prices, and capabilities. Some flatbeds offer a
transparency scanning adapter as an option.90
Computer Hardware

Peripherals
Home
Introduction to
computer
2. Scanners : Bar code scanner
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
The bar code scanner consists of a scanner, a
decoder, and a cable that interfaces between the
decoder to the computer or terminal. 91
Computer Hardware

Peripherals
Home
2. Scanners : Handheld scanners
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
The handheld scanners has a maximum resolution of

600 dpi and can be quite difficult to use. Their main
drawback is the limited scanning area and, whilst they
are handy for scanning small images and narrow
columns of text and changes it into a digital image.
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Computer Hardware

Peripherals
Home
2. Scanners : Sheet Fed Scanner
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
The Sheet Fed Scanner designed to scan individual
sheets of paper automatically in much the same way
as a fax machine.
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Peripherals
Home
3. LCD Projector
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
LCD projector is a type of video projector for
displaying video, images or computer data on a screen
or other flat surface such as on to a wall or screen.
94
Computer Hardware

Peripherals
Home
4. Digital cameras
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Digital cameras are electronic devices used to capture

and store photographs digitally. They use memory card
instead of photographic film like conventional cameras
or recording images in an analog format to magnetic
tape like many video cameras.
95
Computer Hardware

Peripherals
Home
5. External CD Drives
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
The external DVD/CD-RW combo drive functions as a

DVD player, a CD-RW drive and a CD-ROM drive.
This allows you to install computer applications, files,
music and movies on CD. It is easy to be carried
96
around.
Computer Hardware

Peripherals
Home
6. External Storages
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
External storage is an alternative storage. It is very

useful to store programs and data for future use.
The storage is required for two reasons:
1.
The working memory of the CPU is limited in size

and cannot always hold the amount of data
required.
2.
Data and programmers in storage do not

disappear when the power is turned off.
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
97
Computer Hardware

Peripherals
Home
6. External Storages
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Hard disk
Diskette
Thumb drive
CD-Rom
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Zip disk
Flash Memory
Memory Stick
Smart Chip
98
Computer Hardware
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
1. Identify input devices

2. List input devices
3. State the respective
functions of input devices
Technology
development
99
Computer Hardware

Input Devices
Home
1. Definition
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Input devices are electronic devices

connected to a computer that produce input
signals. Below are some of the examples
of input devices.
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Microphone
100
Computer Hardware

Input Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Pointing
Devices
Types of
Input
Devices
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Input Devices
for Texts
Input Devices
for Video
Input Devices
for Graphics
Input Devices
for Audio
101
Computer Hardware

Input Devices
Home
1. Input Devices for Texts
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Optical
reader
Keyboard
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Bar code
reader
Virtual
Keyboard
Input devices for text is used to enter information into

the computer by pressing the keys on a keyboard,
virtual keyboard on the screen, Optical reader or Bar
Code reader.
102
Computer Hardware

Input Devices
Home
2. Input Devices for Graphics
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Scanner
Digital
Camera
Input devices for graphics are used to capture images

103
Computer Hardware

Input Devices
Home
3. Input Devices for Audio
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Microphone
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Midi keyboard
Audio input is the speech, music and sound effects

entered into the computer. This can be done using
input devices such as a microphone and digital musical
instruments like the Musical Instrument Digital Interface
(MIDI) keyboard.
104
Computer Hardware

Input Devices
Home
4. Input Devices for Video
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
cctv camera
Digital Video
Camera
Basic Maintence
Webcam
Technology
development
Video input are motion images captured into the
computer by special input devices.
105
Computer Hardware

Input Devices
Home
5. Pointing Devices
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Touch
Trackball
Graphic tablet
Mouse
1. Pointing devices such as a mouse, trackball,

graphics tablet and touch screen are used to input
spatial data into the computer.
2. Spatial data refers to data that is continuous and
multi-dimensional.
106
Computer Hardware
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
1. Identify output devices

2. List output devices
3. State the respective
functions of output devices
Technology
development
107
Computer Hardware

Output Devices
Home
1. Definition
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
An output device is hardware that is

capable of delivering or showing
information to one or more users. An output
device shows, prints and presents the
results of a computers work.
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Printer
Monitor
Speaker
LCD Projector
108
Computer Hardware

Output Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Types of Output
Device
Computer parts &

components
Monitor
Printer
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Audio
Other output
devices
109
Computer Hardware

Output Devices
Home
1. Monitor
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
A display device is an output device that visually
conveys texts, graphics and video information.
110
Computer Hardware

Output Devices
Home
2. Printer
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
A printer is an output device that can be used to print
text, apart from graphics, on mediums such as paper,
transparency film or even cloths.
111
Computer Hardware

Output Devices
Home
3. Audio
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Speaker
Headphone
Woofer
An audio output device produces music, speech or

other sounds.
112
Computer Hardware

Output Devices
Home
4. Other output devices
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
LCD
Facsimile
Other output devices include Liquid Crystal Display

(LCD) projectors and facsimile (fax) machines. A Liquid
Crystal Display (LCD) projector uses its own light
source to project what is displayed on the computer on
a wall or projection screen. A digital light processing
(DLP) projector uses tiny mirrors to reflect light which
can be seen clearly in a well-lit room.
113
Computer Hardware
Home
Introduction to
computer
1. Identify storage devices

2. List storage devices
3. State the functions of storage devices
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
4. Identify differences between primary and

secondary storage devices
5. State the units for data measurement:
Bit
Byte
Kilobyte
Megabyte
Gigabyte
114
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
1. Definition
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Computer storage holds of data in an

electromagnetic form to be accessed by a
computer processor.
2. Information and documents are stored in a
computer storage so that it can be retrieved
whenever they are needed later on.
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Hard disk
Diskette
Pendrive
CD-Rom
115
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
Types of Storage
Device
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Primary
storage
Secondary
storage
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Read-Only Memory
(ROM)
Magnetic Medium
Optical Medium
Random-Access
Memory (RAM)
Flash Memory
116
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
1. Primary Devices
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Random Access
Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory

(RAM)
Technology
development
Primary storage is the main memory in a computer. It
stores data and programs that can be accessed
directly by the processor.
117
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Types of Primary
Device
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
RandomAccess
Memory
(RAM)
Read-Only
Memory
(ROM)
118
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Primary Device
a) Random-Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is installed inside computers. RAM is also known as

a working memory.
The data in RAM can be read (retrieved) or written
(stored).
RAM is volatile which means the programs and data in
RAM are lost when the computer is powered off.
A computer uses RAM to hold temporary instructions and
data needed to complete tasks. This enables the
computer CPU (Central Processing Unit) to access
instructions and data stored in the memory very quickly.
RAM stores data during and after processing.
119
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Primary Device
b)
Read-Only Memory (ROM)

ROM is another type of memory permanently stored
inside the computer.
ROM is non-volatile. It holds the programs and data
when the computer is powered off.
Programs in ROM have been pre-recorded. It can only
be stored by the manufacturer once done, it cannot be
changed.
It has complex functions such as start up operating
instructions, translators for high-level languages and
operating systems are placed in ROM memory.
All the contents in ROM can be accessed and read but
cannot be changed.
120
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
2. Secondary Devices
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
1. Secondary storage is another alternative storage to

keep your work and documents. It is very useful to
store programs and data for future use.
2. It is non-volatile, which means that it does not need
power to maintain the information stored in it. It will
store the information until it is erased.
121
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Types of Secondary
Devices
Magnetic
Medium
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Optical Medium
Technology
development
Flash Memory
122
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Secondary Device
a) Magnetic Medium
Magnetic Medium is a non-volatile storage

medium. It can be any type of storage medium
that utilizes magnetic patterns to represent
information.
Example of magnetic storage are:
magnetic disk such as: a floppy disk, used for
off-line storage
hard disk, used for secondary storage
magnetic tape; including video cassette, audio
storage reel-to-reel tape and others
123
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Secondary Device
a)
Magnetic Medium
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Diskette
Hard disk
Video cassette
Technology
development
124
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Secondary Device
b) Optical Medium
Optical Medium is a non-volatile storage media that
holds content in digital form that are written and
read by a laser. These media include various types
of CDs and DVDs.
These following forms are often commonly used :
CD, CD-ROM, and DVD: Read only storage

CD-R: Write once storage, the data cannot be erased
or written over once it is saved.
CD-RW, DVD-RW and DVD-RAM: Slow to write but
fast reading storage; it allows data that has been
saved to be erased and rewritten.
125
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Secondary Device
b) Optical Medium
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
126
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Secondary Device
c) Flash Memory
Flash Memory is a solid-state, non-volatile,
rewritable memory that functions like RAM and a
hard disk drive. Flash memory store bits of
electronic data in memory cells just like DRAM
(Dynamic RAM), but it also works like a hard disk
drive.
Flash memory cards and flash memory sticks are
examples of flash memory.
Technology
development
127
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Secondary Device
c) Flash Memory
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
128
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND

SECONDARY STORAGE
PRIMARY STORAGE
SECONDARY STORAGE
Known as the main memory of a

computer.
Alternative storage in a computer.
RAM / ROM.
Examples : Floppy disc, Hard disk,

CD-ROM, USB drive
Storage capacity is limited.
Storage capacity is larger.
An internal memory (inside the

CPU) that can be accessed
directly by the processor.
Refers to various ways a computer

can store program and data.
Has a volatile memory for RAM and

non-volatile memory for ROM.
Is non-volatile, which means that it

does not need power to
maintain the information stored
in it.
129
Computer Hardware

Storage Devices
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Units for data measurement

1. Bit
2. Byte
3. Kilobyte (KB)
4. Megabyte (MB)
5. Gigabyte (GB)
Basic terminology
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Byte = 1 KB
1,048,576 Bytes = 1024 KB = 1 MB
1,073,741,824 Bytes = 1024 MB = 1 GB
130
Computer Hardware
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
1.
Handling input and output

devices
a.
2.
Set up the input and output devices

correctly
Computer settings
a.
Customize settings for

i.
ii.
iii.
b.
Display
Mouse
Sound
Customize settings for

i.
ii.
Date and time

Regional and language options
according to instructions
131
Computer Hardware
Name the Connecting Peripherals

No:
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Power port
PS2 port (Mouse)
PS2 port (keyboard)
USB port
Serial port (Modem)
Parallel port (printer

port)
VGA port (Monitor
display)
Game port (Joystick)
7
8
Technology
development
Label the ports
9,10, Audio ports (speaker,

11
headphone and
microphone)
( 9-Line Out, 10-Line In,
11-Mic)
132
Computer Hardware
Connecting Monitor to system unit

1.
Home
Introduction to
computer
2.
Plug the VGA cable of the monitor

to the display device port as shown
in figure 2. The VGA cable (blue
colour) must be connected to the
display port of the same colour.
Connect the tiny pin on the VGA
cable carefully.
Computer parts &

components
Monitor port
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
VGA cable
VGA cable
VGA port
133
Computer Hardware
Connecting the Keyboard and

mouse to the System Unit
Home
Introduction to
computer
1.
2.
Plug the PS/2 cable of the

keyboard (purple colour nozzle)
and mouse ( green colour nozzle)
to the device port
Attach the keyboard and mouse to
their respective PS/2 port carefully.
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Keyboard purple nozzle
Technology
development
Mouse green nozzle
134
Computer Hardware
Connecting Audio and

Microphone device to system unit
Home
Introduction to
computer
1.
Plug the (green nozzle) speaker

cable and the (blue nozzle)
microphone cable to the device
port
Computer parts &

components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
135
Computer Hardware
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
1.
2.
3.
4.
Plug in the power cord

Then, switch the power supply to On
position. If the power supply switch is at
the back of the computer system, press
On. If not, proceed to Step 3.
Press the power button
If everything is connected correctly, all
system fans should start spinning. There
should be a single beep. After 2-5
seconds, the computer will start to boot.
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Switch ON
136
Computer Hardware
Customizing settings for display
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Click Start button, then click Control Panel

Control Panel window will appear as shown below.
Then click Appearance and Setting.
Click at Display
Display Properties window will appear as shown
below. In the Themes option, you can change the
themes of your computer by choosing from the drop
down menu. Choose Window XP and click OK as
shown below.
Click at Desktop tab. You can change your desktop
background. Choose Bliss in the background menu
and click OK.
Click at Screen Saver tab. Choose from the drop
down menu. Choose 3D Flying Objects and click
OK.
Click Appearance. You can change the appearance
of windows buttons, colour schemes and font size by
choosing from drop down menu. In Windows and
buttons, choose Window XP style. In colour
scheme, choose Default (blue). In Font size,
choose Normal. Then, click OK.
137
Computer Hardware
Customizing settings for mouse
Home
1.
2.
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
3.
In the Control Panel, click Appearance and

Themes. Then click at Mouse Pointers.
The Mouse Properties window will appear as
shown below. Choose Pointers tab option.
You can customize the mouse pointer by
choosing from the customize drop down
menu. Choose Normal Select and click OK.
Click Pointer Option tab. You can select the
pointer speed by moving the motion slide
indicator. Click OK.
Pointers
Customize Drop
down Menu
138
Computer Hardware
Customizing settings for sound
Home
1.
Introduction to
computer
2.
Computer parts &

components
3.
In the Control Panel, click Sounds,

Speech and Audio Devices. Then, click
Adjust the system volume.
Choose the volume level by moving the
volume slide indicator. For further
volume control setting, you have to click
Advanced. Then, choose and set the
volume as you wish.
Adjust the volume level by moving the
volume slide indicator.
Basic Maintence
Technology
development
Volume Slide Indicator
Advanced
139
Computer Hardware
Customizing settings for Date and Time
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
1.
2.
3.
In the Control Panel, click Date, Time,

Language, and Regional Options. Then click,
date and time.
Click at Date and Time tab. Choose day,
month and year from the Date options, to
change date, change the time in the time
option. After you choose the suitable date and
time, click OK.
Click Time Zone. Choose the time zone
according to the country you stay by choosing
from the drop down menu. Choose
(GMT+08:00) Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and
click OK
Date and Time
Technology
development
Year
Month
Day
Time Option
140
Computer Hardware
Customizing settings for Regional

and Language Options.
Home
Introduction to
computer
Computer parts &
components
Basic Maintence
1.
In the Control Panel, click Date, Time,

Language and Regional Options. Then,
click Regional and Language Options.
2.
Click Regional Options tab. Regional

option will effect how programmes format
numbers, currencies, dates and time.
Then, click the drop down menu. English
(United States) is commonly use. Choose
English (United States) and click OK.
Technology
development
141

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Computer parts &

Evolution of the computer

Computer parts & components

Overview of the computer system

Handling input and output devices

Current development of hardware technology

1. Evolution of the Computer

iii. Mini computer

Chinese Abacus (First counting machine)

John Napier invented Napiers Bone (Multiplication table

Blaise Pascal invented Pascaline

Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz invented Leibnizs Rechner

Joseph Marie Jacquard invented weaving loom (using

Charles Babbage invented mechanical calculator

Mark 1 was invented in Harvard University. The first

1. The vacuum tubes generated a great deal of

3. People operating the computer did not know that

Computer parts &

The creations of transistor were spot the

1. Transistors were smaller than vacuum tubes

3. Consumed less energy

2. It was used for business and scientific

Computer parts &

Silicone chips were manufactured in 1961 at the

1. Silicone chips were reliable, compact and

Computer parts &

Computer parts &

1. Computers become 100 times smaller than

The fifth generation computer

Computer parts &

Computer parts &

Computer parts &

Computer parts &

Computer parts &

Computer parts &

Fastest, most powerful, most expensive.

Large, expensive, powerful computer that

medium size computer

generally synonymous with personal

any computer connected to a local-area

Identify main components in the computer

Main component in component system

Computer parts &

An output device that can be used to display text.

Computer parts &

Computer parts &

A device that converts analog audio signals into the

Computer parts &

A device that controls the movement of the cursor or

Computer parts &

Computer parts &

Computer parts &

b. CPU (Central Processing

Computer parts &

Computer parts &

Read Only Memory

Memory is the part of the computer that temporarily

Computer parts &

Computer parts &

f. Ports and connectors

Computer parts &

Computer parts &

Computer parts &