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    Social Change and Development in Pakistan
    Social Change and Development in Pakistan
    Social Change and Development in Pakistan
    Ebook125 pages1 hour

    Social Change and Development in Pakistan

    By Muhammad Anwar Farooq

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    About this ebook

    First of all, thank you for choosing this book. This book is just an introduction to the process of social change, theories, its causes and effects on Pakistani society. I have taught an introductory course ‘Social Change and Development in Pakistan’ in university classes. This book is a collection of handouts that I prepared as course material to facilitate my students. I hope this collection would help the reader to understand the phenomenon of social change.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherMuhammad Anwar Farooq
    Release dateFeb 6, 2021
    ISBN9781005886295
    Social Change and Development in Pakistan
    Author

    Muhammad Anwar Farooq

    Mr. Muhammad Anwar Farooq is a university lecturer having Sixteen years of teaching and research experience. He is a good researcher and column writer. He is a non-fiction writer. He has written good books on philosophy, logic, science, history and politics. He is good at writing introductory books on several disciplines. His books start at elementary stage and progress, in some places, to intermediate stage. His books are first-rate study guides. He writes in a way that makes the books interesting and easily understandable. This book is a collection of handouts which he prepared for his class. Hopefully this introductory work would help the reader to grab basic concepts in the field.

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      Book preview

      Social Change and Development in Pakistan - Muhammad Anwar Farooq

      Social Change and Development in Pakistan

      Copyright 2021 Muhammad Anwar Farooq

      Published by Muhammad Anwar Farooq at Smashwords

      Smashwords Edition License Notes

      This ebook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This ebook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each recipient. If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your enjoyment only, then please return to Smashwords.com or your favorite retailer and purchase your own copy. Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      ISBN: 9781370789733

      Table of Contents

      Acknowledgements and Dedications

      Foreword

      Chapter 01 – Social Change

      Chapter 02 – Theories of Social Change

      Chapter 03 – Causes of Social Change

      Chapter 04 – Civil Socienty and Social Change in Paksitan

      Chapter 05 – Effects of Social Change

      Acknowledgements & Dedications

      First and foremost I would like to thank God. In the process of putting this book together, I realized how true this gift of writing is for me. You gave me the power to believe in my passion and pursue my dreams. I could never have done this without the faith I have in you, the Almighty.

      No doubt, writing a book is harder than I thought and more rewarding than I could have ever imagined. None of this would have been possible without the support of my teacher Dr. Mazher Hussain, my family, and my friends.

      To my mother: for the first time in 39 years, I am speechless! I can barely find the words to express all the wisdom, love and support you've given me. You are my #1 fan and for that, I am eternally grateful.

      To my wife: what can I say? You are one of the main reasons for my successful life. I am so thankful that I have you in my corner pushing me when I am ready to give up. Thanks for not just believing, but knowing that I could do this! I Love You Always & Forever!

      To my friends, Mohsin Saeed, Khalid Munir and Kashif Hayat: Thank you for encouraging me in every tough moment of my life. I am grateful for your moral support which made this possible.

      Foreword

      First of all, thank you for choosing this book. This book is just an introduction to the process of social change, theories, its causes and effects on Pakistani society. I have taught an introductory course ‘Social Change and Development in Pakistan’ in university classes. This book is a collection of handouts that I prepared as course material to facilitate my students. I hope this collection would help the reader to understand the phenomenon of social change.

      Chapter 1

      Social Change

      Social change, in sociology, the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure, characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of behaviour, social organizations, or value systems. It is simply defined as shifts in the attitudes and behavior that characterize a society.

      Social change may refer to the notion of social progress or sociocultural evolution, the philosophical idea that society moves forward by evolutionary means. It may refer to a paradigmatic change in the socio-economic structure, for instance, the transition from feudalism to capitalism, or hypothetical future transition to some form of post-capitalism.

      Accordingly, it may also refer to social revolution, such as the Socialist revolution presented in Marxism, or to other social movements, such as Women's suffrage or the Civil rights movement. Social change may be driven through cultural, religious, economic, scientific, or technological forces.

      Some sociological models created analogies between social change and the West’s technological progress. In the mid-20th century, anthropologists borrowed from the linguistic theory of structuralism to elaborate an approach to social change called structural functionalism. This theory postulated the existence of certain basic institutions (including kinship relations and division of labour) that determine social behaviour. Because of their interrelated nature, a change in one institution will affect other institutions.

      Various theoretical schools emphasize different aspects of change. Marxist theory suggests that changes in modes of production can lead to changes in class systems, which can prompt other new forms of change or incite class conflict. A different view is conflict theory, which operates on a broad base that includes all institutions. The focus is not only on the purely divisive aspects of conflict, because conflict, while inevitable, also brings about changes that promote social integration. Taking yet another approach, the structural-functional theory emphasizes the integrating forces in society that ultimately minimize instability.

      Social change can evolve from several different sources, including contact with other societies (diffusion), changes in the ecosystem (which can cause the loss of natural resources or widespread disease), technological change (epitomized by the Industrial Revolution, which created a new social group, the urban proletariat), and population growth and other demographic variables. Social change is also spurred by ideological, economic, and political movements.

      The Changing Social Order

      Social change in the broadest sense is any change in social relations. Viewed this way, social change is an ever-present phenomenon in any society. A distinction is sometimes made then between processes of change within the social structure, which serve in part to maintain the structure, and processes that modify the structure (societal change).

      The specific meaning of social change depends first on the social entity considered. Changes in a small group may be important on the level of that group itself but negligible on the level of the larger society. Similarly, the observation of social change depends on the time span studied; most short-term changes are negligible when examined in the long run. Small-scale and short-term changes are characteristic of human societies because customs and norms change, new techniques and technologies are invented, environmental changes spur new adaptations, and conflicts result in redistributions of power.

      This universal human potential for social change has a biological basis. It is rooted in the flexibility and adaptability of the human species—the near absence of biologically fixed action patterns (instincts) on the one hand and the enormous capacity for learning, symbolizing and creating on the other hand. The human constitution makes possible changes that are not biologically (that is to say, genetically) determined. Social change, in other words, is possible only by virtue of the biological characteristics of the human species, but the nature of the actual changes cannot be reduced to these species' traits.

      Historical background

      Several ideas of social change have been developed in various cultures and historical periods. Three may be distinguished as the most basic:

      1. The idea of decline or degeneration, or, in religious terms, the fall from an original state of grace

      2. The idea of cyclic change, a pattern of subsequent and recurring phases of growth and decline

      3. The idea of continuous progress.

      These three ideas were already prominent in Greek and Roman antiquity and have characterized Western social thought since that time. The concept of progress, however, has become the most influential idea, especially since the Enlightenment movement of the 17th and 18th centuries. Social thinkers such as Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot and the marquis de Condorcet in France and Adam Smith and John Millar in Scotland advanced theories on the progress of human knowledge and technology.

      Progress was also the key idea in 19th-century theories of social evolution, and evolutionism was the common core shared by the most influential social theories of that century. Evolutionism implied that humans progressed along one line of development that this development was predetermined and inevitable, since it corresponded to definite laws, that some societies were more advanced in this development than were others, and that Western society was the most advanced of these and therefore indicated the future of the rest of the world’s

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