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Name: Roni T.

Creticio

Date Due: June 27, 2005


Date Submitted: June 27, 2005

Experiment no. 1:
Application of Statistical Concepts in the Determination of Weight Variation in Samples
I.

Abstract
Statistics plays a major role in the all sciences, including chemistry. It can well be
applied in experiments and researches, so as to maximize the allotted time. Statistical
tools, specifically, the mean or the average value of a group of data is frequently used to
determine the measure of central tendency of a data. Variability, or the measures of
precisions like standard deviation, variance and range enable experimenters to determine
how close are each variable to the mean and to each other. Q-test, which can also be
used, would also be useful to determine whether to reject or not a certain data. Analysis
of these measures are learned as being applied in determination of weight variation of
samples.
The results indicate that there is a lesser uncertainty on those with bigger
number of samples. Specific statistical tool are used and compared, like confidence limit,
relative range, and standard pooled deviation for a clearer and more quantitative view of
the whole population. For both confidence limit, standard deviation and Q-test, smaller
values are more effective over larger ones.
In the process of this experiment, analytical balance is utilized. The knowledge of
its functions and uses are more helpful to gain a more precise and accurate weight
measurements.

II.

Introduction
Statistics is the science of collecting and classifying a group of facts according to
their relative number, and determining certain values that represent characteristics of the
group.1 It is depicting conjectures and conclusions from numerical figures, coming from a
fitting sample of a population.2 Statistics aims to end up with the most "concrete"
viewpoint of the entire using what is available. In practice, statistics incorporates
planning, summarizing, and interpreting the observed, setting limits or space for
inconsistency and ambiguity.3
The word statistics ultimately derives from the modern Latin term statisticum
collegium ("council of state") and the Italian word statista ("statesman or politician).
The German statistik, as it was first introduced by Gottfried Achenwall (1749), originally
designated the analysis of data about the state. It acquired the meaning of the collection
and classification of data generally in the early nineteenth century. Thus, the original
principal purpose of statistics was data to be used by governmental and (often
centralized) administrative bodies.4
There are ways to measure the central tendency of a data. One of the most
common measures is its average value, also known as the arithmetic mean. It is usually
symbolized as:

(read as "X-Bar") when computed on a sample, and

"Mew") when computed on a population.5 In formula,


observations used.

(read as

, where N is the number of

Another common measure of central tendency is the median. In our laboratory


manual, it is described as the middle value in a set of data that has been arranged in an

increasing or decreasing manner. In a more complicated situations, median can be

computed through the formula: 5


where, L is the lower exact limit of
the interval containing Md; nb as the number of scores below L; nW as the number of
scores within the interval containing M d; and i as the width of the interval (for ungrouped
data i=1).
Variability refers to the extent to which the scores in a distribution differ from
each other. 5 It measures precision, or the agreement between two or more
measurements that have been made in exactly the same way. 6 In computing and
measuring its precision, average deviation, variance, standard deviation, relative
standard deviation, pooled standard deviation, range and relative range are one of its
instruments.
In this experiment, analytical balance is utilized. It is a high precision weighing
instrument that has an uncertainty of only 0.0002 g. Switches are often seen on it,
namely: On Tare, Off, Mode and Print. It could handle a maximum of 210 grams. Beyond
this would destroy the balance. 6
This experiment aspires to apply some of these statistical tools, and the proper
knowledge of using the analytical balance in the determination of weight variation of
samples.
III.

Data and Results


A. Weight of Samples
Sample No.

Weight, g

6.0557
0.0002

6.0292
0.0002

6.1129
0.0002

6.0278
0.0002

5.9910
0.0002

6.0760
0.0002

6.0939
0.0002

5.9876
0.0002

5.9780
0.0002

10

6.0266

Data
Set 2

Data
Set 1

0.0002
B. Q-Test
Data Set
1

Suspect Values

Qtabulated

Qexperimantal

Conclusion

6.1129
0.0002

0.560

0.30271
0.00242

Accepted

5.9910
0.0002

0.560

0.30189
0.00242

Accepted

6.1129
0.0002

0.412

0.14085
0.00212

Accepted

5.9780
0.0002

0.412

.071164
.00210

Accepted

C. Reported Values
Data Set 1

Data Set 2

Mean ( )

6.0488

8.165e-5

6.0379

6.325e-5

Median (Md) *

6.0424

1.414e-4

6.0285

1.414e-4

Variance (s2) *

0.00181
8.226e-06

0.00213
6.451e-06

Standard Deviation
(s)

0.0425
9.661e-05

0.0461
6.992e-05

Relative Standard
Deviation (RSD)

7.0383 ppt
0.01597

Pooled Standard
Deviation (Spooled)
Range (R)
Relative Range
(RR)

0.044893
5.6604e-05
0.1219

2.828e-4

0.1349

20.1529 ppt
0.04676
[ 6.0488

Confidence Limits
(CL)

7.640 ppt
0.01158

[0.04467

8.165e-5 ]

2.828e-4

22.3423 ppt
0.04685
[6.0379

9.661e-05] or simply,

6.0488 0.04467
0.002269

6.325e-5 ]

[0.03297

6.992e-05]
or simply
6.0379
0.03297
0.001516

Note: * these figures are not necessary in the experiment.


IV.

Discussion
Standard Deviation is a measure of Variability of data about the mean. It signifies
the distance of every variable from the mean. The larger the value of standard deviation,
variables is said to be more scattered within the plot. It could be explained clearly through
graph. For example, comparing the graphs A and B:

Although both have the same measures of central tendency, they differ in
variability. Distribution A, by computing standard deviation, has more variability over
Distribution B.5 As you can see, the points in curve A are more distant with respect to their
x-axis.
In our experiment, standard deviation is very small. It moves, much like that of
the example curve B. Each variable weigh almost the same as the other, because of their
nearness from the mean, thus, revealing the figures precision. The smaller a standard
deviation is, the better the sample will represent the population. 7
Another important tool used in this experiment is confidence level. Confidence
level, according to the laboratory manual, represents a certain risk or probability that the
true value lies within the limits. It is a measure of error, stating the range from the sample
mean where the population mean could be found. 8 The higher the margin of error, say
99%, the less wider range is achieved, leaving you with a doubt for inaccuracy.
However, when you calculated small confidence level, it states that the true
value, representing the whole population is very near to your calculated sample mean
just like in our experiment.
Q-test. Q-test is said to be the best test available for those having a small
number of variables. Q-test is treated in making decisions whether to reject or not a
certain data, without prejudice. 6 Q-test in its essence, determines if a data is whether to
far from reality, it must be rejected. When the suspect value creates much difference to its
closest numerical data, it grow large somehow, exceeding the critical values of Q.
As you can see from the uncertainties of the calculated statistical parameters,
those in data set 1 is larger than those in data set 2, and mostly, the latter does not
exceed the former. This is because much of statistical measures is inversely proportional
to its sample size. The mean, well, though simple is also frequently used in computations;
to remind us, the mean is proportional to the sample size. And with this uncertainties we
could say that, the higher the number of observations, the less error, we come nearer to
the true value.
Accordingly, in the laboratory manual, pooled standard deviation gives a more
accurate standard deviation for those having the same sources of indeterminate error.
The value is a pooled form of standard deviations of different sets. Evidently, as it is
computed, our pooled standard deviation gives lesser uncertainty to our data.
As the results have shown, every statistical measure contains an uncertainty.
Uncertainty, in reality, is not avoidable. The reason is because every measuring tool, and
device have specific uncertainty, and certain quantities are naturally fluctuating. 9 It could
be, at least, be diminished by choosing the right kind of gauge, and performing the
procedures properlybut could be not eliminated.
In performing this experiment, we have learn to properly use the analytical
balance. And as its main focus, statistics is at least introduced to us, by understanding
and applying some of its statistical concepts.
V.

Summary and Conclusions


Statistics plays a major role in our society. It could applied not only in business
and economics, but also on natural and physical sciences such as medicine, chemistry
and physics. It could be harnessed in sports, like in determining the losses and wins in a

baseball game.11 In the field of chemistry, statistics would be a guide to a more precise
and accurate experiments. It would lessen being run-out-of-time in determining the trends
in the experiments.
Overall, these experiment is an introduction, a learning experience, to the real
tasks behind quantitative analytical chemistry. It teaches us, students, to be in-track
and fully understand the experiment, for this would help us to answer questions in the
right manner.
This experiment could be much efficient if there would be a better guide, and
explanations for each statistical tools to be used.
VI.

References
(1) http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry?id=45027
(2) Crystal Reference, copyright 2003; http://www.allwords.com/query.php?
SearchType=3&Keyword=statistics&goquery=Find+it!&Language=ENG
(3) Statistics; http://www.wikimirror.com/Statistics
(4) Statistics Information Origin; http://www.wikimirror.com/Statistics
(5) M. Plonsky, Ph.D, Copyright 1997-2005; http://www.uwsp.edu/psych/stat/5/CT-

Var.htm
(6) Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Laboratory Manual, Institute of Chemistry; UP Diliman
(7) Measures of Variance; http://www.asmotext.com/stats/
(8) Measuring Error; http://www.asmotext.com/stats/
(9) Physics 71. 1Activity Manual; NIP, UP Diliman 2004
(10) Specialized Disciplines; http://www.wikimirror.com/Statistics
VII.

Appendix
Sample Calculations: (using Data set 1, mainly)

*computing the mean:


= (6.0557 + 6.0292 + 6.1129 + 6.0278 + 5.9910 + 6.0760) / 6
= 6.048766667 ~ or 6.0488 (signi. Fig)
**error propagation:
= {sqrt [ (.0002^2) * 6] } / 6
= 8.1649658e-5

*computing the standard deviation:


Data set 1
5.991
6.0278
6.0292
6.0557
6.076
6.1129
= 0.001812451

(through excel)

( X Xmean )
-0.057766667
-0.020966667
-0.019566667
0.006933333
0.027233333
0.064133333

( X Xmean )2
0.003336988
0.000439601
0.000382854
4.80711E-05
0.000741654
0.004113084

= 0.042572887

**error propagation: for variance and standard deviation

(X- Xmean)2 = Y
S of (X- Xmean) = S1 = 0.00020976
S2 = 2 Y [S1 / (X- Xmean)]
data set 1 (X)
5.991
6.0278
6.0292
6.0557
6.076
6.1129

S2
2.49581E-05
9.05864E-06
8.45377E-06
2.99554E-06
1.17661E-05
2.77088E-05

Adding the errors: S3 = sqrt (SA2 + SB2 + ) = 4.11293E-05


Error for variance = Ss= 8.22586E-06
Standard deviation, SD= sqrt (variance) = (variance)1/2
Error for SD = SD [Ss / (variance)] = 9.66092E-05

*computing the Relative Standard Deviation:


X 1000 ppt
RSD = (0.0425) * 1000ppt / 6.0488 = 7.038275547ppt
** Error propagation:
SRSD = RSD * sqrt ( {error for SD / SD}2 + {error for mean / mean}2 )
= 7.0382 * sqrt ((9.66092E-05 / 0.042572887)2 + (8.165e-5 / 6.0488)2)
= 0.015971998
*computing for the pooled standard variation:
Spooled = sqrt ( {( [n1-1]* variance of set 1) + ( [n2 -1]*variance of set 2) } / n1 + n2 2)
= sqrt ({0.009062 + 0.019153 / (10+6-2))
= 0.044893
**propagation of errors: (using the same principles above in standard variation)
Note S3.. S3 using Data Set 2 = S3 = 5.8059E-05
S5= [sqrt (S3 2 + S32)] / (10+6-2) = 5.08222E-06
Error for Spooled = Spooled [S5 / (Spooled2)] = 5.66042E-05
*computing for the range:
Range = highest lowest = 6.1129 5.991 = 0.1219
**error propagation = 0.0002*sqrt2 = 2.828e-4
*computing for the relative range:
= (Range / Mean) *1000ppt = (0.1219 / 6.0488) * 1000ppt = 20.15286863
**error propagation:
SRR = RR * sqrt ( {error for Range / Range}2 + {error for mean / mean}2 )
= 20.1529 * sqrt ((2.828e-4/0.1219)2 + (8.165e-5 / 6.0488)2)
= 0.046761185
*computing for the confidence limit at 95% level:
(The increment portion)= ts / sqrt n = 2.57(0.042572887) / sqrt6 = 0.044667392
**error propagation:
= sqrt ((error of S)2 + (error of mean)2) = 0.002269306
**computing for the q-test at 90% level
= (Xhighest X2nd highest) / Range = (6.1129 6.076) / 0.1219 = 0.302707137
= (Xlowest X2nd lowest) / Range = | (5.991 6.0278) | / 0.1219 = 0.301886792

*error propagation:
( qexp) sqrt ((0.0002*sqrt2/ (Xhighest X2nd highest))2 + (0.0002*sqrt2/ Range)2) =
2.424260802e-3
( qexp) sqrt ((0.0002*sqrt2/ (Xlowest X2nd lowest))2 + (0.0002*sqrt2/ Range)2) = 2.423710e-3

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