Indian History - Part 1

A Brief History of India
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What is history ?
Pre history
Proto- history
History
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Stone Age.
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Human Evolution in Africa: ~200K years ago
Source: http://www.personal.psu.edu/erh5000/human_evolution.html
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Last Ice Age: 120K years - 12K years
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65K years ago: Migration out of Africa
Source: http://www.upf.edu/cexs/actualitat/genographic.html
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Founder Crops
Domestication of Wheat, Barley, Peas, Chickpeas,
lentils and flax about 11500 years ago.
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Sources of studying history

Epigraphy- study of inscriptions or edicts
Paleography - decoding of old script
Numismatics study of coins
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Geological
Archealogical
Pleistocene(Ice age)
Palaeolithic
Gathering
Mesolithic
Hunting
Neolithic Age
Pastoralism
Chalcolithic
Agrarian economy
Holocene
Mode of Production
Life style
Migratory
Settled Agriculture
Iron age
Tools
Mesolithic
Microliths later become compoliths
Neolithic
Wheel,Crafts ,but tools worked by Hands
Chalcolithic
Stone &copper
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Bhimbhetka,MP
Indus valley civilization
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30K years ago: Paintings of Cave Men
Bimbeketa, Madhya Pradesh

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River valleys just above the Tropic of Cancer

produced the 4 ancient civilizations.
1
2
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9000 years ago: Mehrgarh
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5300 years ago: Discovery of Bronze
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Timeline of Indus Valley Civilization
1 Settlement MEHRGARH -6000B.C Earliest Agrarian Economy
2 Indus valley civilization-3000 B.C -1500 B.C
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Indus Valley Civilization

(3300 BC - 1500 BC)
...the structure of their cities were so far advanced that it was not surpassed
until the late nineteenth century in Europe...
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1056 cities and human

settlements found so far.
More than 5 million
inhabitants..
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Grid like patterns for cities
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Citadel at the center of the city
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Advanced town planning & Municipal corporations
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Modern drainage systems
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No central authority. No warfare.
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Extensive Art Work.
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Mysterious Scripts
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Global Trade of Indus Valley

Gold &Jade from Southern India. Copper from Afghanistan.Turquoise from Iran.
All paid with cotton and pottery.
Development of transportation systems: boats (with docks) & bullock carts.
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Early Hinduism. Pashupathi Seals.
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1700 BC: End of Civilization around Indus.

Global climactic changes
Weather
got cooler
and drier
Monsoon
Patterns
Changed
River
Courses
Changed
Trade
Floundered
People migrated to Gangetic plains and southern India.

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Contributions
Discovery of cotton
Invention of pottery
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Modern Metallurgy
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Vedic Era
Iron Age (1500 BC - 300 BC)
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The Rise of Vedas

Rig Veda
Sama Veda
Yajur Veda
Atharva Veda
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Vedic literature
Shruti Samhita
Brahmanas
Smriti Vedangas,
Dharmshastras,
Mahakavyas
Puranas,
Upavedas,
Shad-darshanas (Indian Philosphy ,6 systems)
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Veda
Brahmana
Rigveda
(2)Aitreya
Samaveda
(6)
Yajurveda
(10)Shatapatha
Atharva
(1)
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Megaliths :
These were burial sites that were mainly prominent in the southern India but were
also existing in other regions(North east and Kashmir ).
These burial sites have some things in common they were buried along with pots
which are called red and black ware.
Tools and weapons of iron and skeletons of horses equipment and ornaments of stone
and gold were also found
Eg : Brahmagiri : Here one skeleton was buried with 33 gold beads, 2 stone beads, 4
copper bangles, and one conch shell.
Inamgaon (on the river ghod a tributary of Bhima):Adults were buried in the
ground.Many a times in the house.
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Comparison of Rig-Vedic Age and Later Vedic age
Geographical extent
Economy
Polity
Society
Religion
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Recording of Indian History

Begins.
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Second urbanisation of Gangetic valley

6 cities had special status
Mahanagaras(Anga,Magadha,Kosala,Panchala,Kuru,Avanti
Gandhara)
Mahajanapadas were of Two types
Magadha(Janapada ruled by King)
Vajji (Ruled by Gana or Sangha)

Currency begins to appear made of silver or copper But they were
not issued by state but by merchants
Increased use of iron and emergence ,new technology like paddy
transplant .
Massive intellectual ferment

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unorthodox
sects
emerge
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Ashwamedha: A horse left to move over different territories once it returned

unaffected then sacrifice is performed.
Rajasuya :After returning from a successful military campaign, officially giving the
crown .
Vajapeya : To maintain Social harmony in the kingdom ,many sages were called an
discussions happened.
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The Earliest Punch Marked Coins :
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Mahajanapadas: Rise of
Republics
Magadha
Kuru
Kashi
Vriji
Panchala
Kosala
Kamboja
Gandhara
Malla
Chedi
Machcha
Surasena
Kalinga
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Assaka
Avanti
Vatsa
Anga
Yona
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Kingdoms start merging
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Haryanka Dynasty of Magadha:

Second known dynasty of India
Bimbisara
Ajathasatru
Starts expanding Magadha.

Early supporter of Buddha
Builds a highly powerful and

fearsome Magadha force.
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Ajathasatru empire.
Rivals the size of Persian
empire under Cyrus.
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Nanda Empire
Ajathasatru was succeeded by Shishunga dynasty
and then the Nanda dynasty.
Nandas were extremely unpopular and were
reportedly cruel. They denied help to other
Indian kings besieged by alien invasions.
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Kingdoms of Ancient Magadha
Brihadratha
Haryanka
Shishunga
Nanda
Unknown
6th century
5th century
4th century
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Extent of Cyrus the Great of Persia.
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400 BC. Takshashila: Indias first University at the

crossroads of Persia and India.
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Taxila: Students entered at 16 and learned a variety of arts

- from archery to physics and religion from masters.
Charaka
Father of Medicine
Panini
Grammarian
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Chanakya
Military Strategist
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326 BC: Alexander Attacks India

Ambi - the ruler of Taxila submits to Alexander.
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Battle of Hydaspes.
King Porus (Purushotam) of Purushapura (Peshawar) resist

Alexander although losing the battle.
Excellent Video documentary in:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WvgzOa2rko
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Alexanders army refuses to go further east,

fearing the mighty Nanda Empire.
For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand
horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.
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Chandragupta Maurya:
First Major Emperor begins Consolidation
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Mauryan Dyansty: BC 323 to 183 BC
Chandragupta (Sandro kotas )
Bindusara (Amitragaghatus)-conquered all south and deccan except Kalinga

(Deimachus) second Ambassador to serve India
Ashoka .
Kalinga war and Dhamma
Ashokan Edicts -Major (Govt,official policies) and Minor(Life of Ashoka)
Major Rock Inscriptions ,Pillar Inscription ,Cave Inscriptions
Dasaratha
Grand son of Ashoka
Samprathi
Brihadratha
Last mauryan ruler
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Earliest-Language Works:
Pannis-Ashtadhyayi B.C 500(First Path Breaking work on

sanskrit)
Patanjali-Mahabhashya B.C 200(commentary on
Ashtadhyayi)
Ashokan Edicts:
3 languages
Prakrit
Greek
Aramic
4 scripts
Brahmi ,Kharosthi
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Smriti :
Vedangas (to understand veda) Shiksha : phonetics, phonology and
morphophonology (sandhi)
Kalpa : ritual
Vyakarana : grammar
Nirukta : etymology
Chandas : meter
Jyotisha : Astrology
Dharmshastras,
Manusmriti,YagnavalakyaSmriti
Naradsmiriti
Mahakavyas
Mahabharata
Ramanya
Puranas,
Agni,Garuda,Matsya
Upavedas,
Dhanurveda,Ayurveda,Gandharvav
eda,Sthapatyaveda
Shad-darshanas (Indian Philosphy ,6

systems
Samkhya,Yoga,Nyaya,Vaisheshika,
Mimamsa,Vedanta
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With Chanakyas strategy
Chandragupta pushes Greeks out of South Asia
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Rise of Ashoka.
Political Integration of India. (269-232 BC)
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Battle of Kalinga (261 BC)

turns Ashoka to a pacifist.
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Heartbroken by a brutal war with Kalinga, Ashoka

turns Pacifist. Spreads Buddhism all over old world.
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A golden age for India.

40% of world population and close to 50% of world GDP
was from Ashoka. Continues the great work of his father
Bindusara & grandfather Chandragupta.
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Ashokas Legacy
Stupas & other

buildings
Moral Symbols
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First major
written language
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Upanishads: more than 200 (Adi-shankaracharya talks of 11 Mukhya upanishads)

Brhadaranyaka and the Chandogya are the two earliest Upanishads
Katha
Mundaka
Central Principle :
Tat-tvam-Asi(Chandogya Upanishad): You(Atma) are that(Brahma) and that is you.

"Aham brahmsmi : Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
Advaita
Different Paths :
Karma Marg
Bhakti Marg
Gyana Marg
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6th Century: Turning Point
Siddhartha Gautama:
563 BC to 480 BC
Buddhism
Vardhamana Mahavira:
599 BC to 527 BC
Jainism
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Religious Movements
Bhuddism
Jainism
Thirthankara-Path maker (Great Teacher)
Gautam Siddhartha-Sakya Tribe-Kapilavastu

Born Lumbini
1-Rishabha,16-Shanthinath,23-Parasvanath,24-Mahavira
Nirvana-Bodh Gaya Pepal tree
Vardhaman-Gyanthrika Tribe-
Sarnath- first sermon-Dharma Chakrapravarthana

Last sermon-KushiNagar
Kaivalya ,sal tree

Nirgrandha(free from fetters )
4-Noble Truths
Life is full of sorrows
Sorrows are caused by desires
If desires are controlled sorrows can be controlled
Ashtanga Marga
8 Fold path-vision,aim,speech,livelihood,effort,
5 cardinal principles
Satya-Truth
Ahimsa-Non-violence
Asteya-No property
Apagraha-Nostealing
Brahmacharya-observing continence(added by mahavira)
4 Councils
Shvethambaras Vs Digambaras
1 Rajgriha
Suttapitaka,Vinayapitaka
(Sthulabahu)
(Badrabahu)
(Ajatashatruvu) (teachings)(Code for nuns)(Pali)
2 Vaishali
no text but groupism emerges
Councils
3 Pataliputra
Abhidammapitaka
1 Pataliputra
12 Angas(compiled)
(Ashoka)
(Philosophical Interpetation)
(Sthulabahu)
4 Kashmir
Groups-Mahayana vs Hinayana
2 Valabhi
12 Angas &12Upangas
(Kanishnka)
(Bodhisatva)(original teachings)
(Vaipulya Sutras)
Vajrayana (related to Mahayana)
(Tantrik form of worship related to Tara)
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Mauryan Emperors Try Different Religious Sects
Chandragupta
Jainism
Bindusara
Ajvika
Ashoka
Buddhism
Ashokas Mauryan successors go directionless.

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185 BC: Within 50 years of Ashokas death, Pushyamitra

Sunga does the first military coup in India assassinating
Mauryan emperor Brihadratha.
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Classical Age.
(200 BC - 1100 AD)
Greatest works of Indian art would be created.
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Post Mauryan Era :

Indigenous dynasties-
Foreign dynasties
Sungas-Pushyamitra sunga
Kanvas,-Vasudeva
Satavahanas,-(Brahmin and contemporary to Sakas)

Simukha-Founder
Satakarni-1(wife Nanaghat Inscription)

ashwamedha,conflict with Kharavela
Hala-famous for his compositions in Prakrit
ghatasapthasati
Lilavati-marriage
Gautamiputra satakarni(Nasik Inscription by mother)
Vashishta putra Satkarni -Rudradaman
Indo Greeks-Bacterian greeks

Milinda panho by Nagasena(dialogue
Between nagasena and menander).
Sakas
Rudradaman 1 Junagarh Inscription-Sudarshan Lake
(1 sanskrit inscription in kavya style)
Parthians
Gandopfenus (landing of st.thomas in kerala )
Kushanas
Kanishka most famous
patronised gandhara and mathura school of art
charakha,sushrutha
Chetas-Kalinga
Kharavela-Hathigumpa Inscription
Sangam literature- at Madurai
3 phases
1 phase lengthiest but no surviving text
2 meeting
Tolkapiyyar-Tolkappiyam(oldest grammar book)
Thiruvalluar-Tirukkural(Philosphy and wise maxims)
Silapadikkaram-Oldest epic
Manimekalai
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Dark Age-BC200 to AD 300

Trade increased-Monsoon and Silk Route
guilds and technological changes
allround
development of art and architecture
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India at the time of Christ
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Muvender : Chola+Chera+Pandya
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India faces Globalization

End of Mauryas causes confusion all over
India. Without a strong emperor, India is
attacked by Central Asian nomads.
From 230 BC to 320 AD, India is ruled by
many kings and there is an huge interchange of
art and culture all over Asia and Greece.
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Migration of the Yuezhi to India.
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Invasion of northern India by Kanishka(from central

Asia) causes an explosion of art interactions among
Greece, Persia, Bactria and India.
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Satvahanas: Consolidation of
Middle India. 230 BC to 220 AD.
Created the present world heritage sites of
Ajantha, Ellora and Amaravati.
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Trade flourishes among Egypt,

Rome, Arabia and India
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Gupta Empire (320-550 AD)

Vikram era First historical Era (B.C.58)
Saka era Kanishka Era (A.D-78)
Gupta Dynasty (Vaishya)
Srigupta-founder
Chandragupta -1 (Maharadhiraja)
Vajjikas-Kaumudi Mahotsav tells us about him
Samudragupta Indian Napolean
Allahabad Inscription-Harisena
Land grants,Gold coins
SkandaGupta
Huna Invasion
Literature
Chandragupta-2-Navaratnas
Kalidasa-AbhijnanaShakuntalam,Meghdootam,
Raghuvamsham,Kumarasambhavam
Vishakhadatta-Devichandraguptam
Vajjika-Kaumidi Mahotsav
Shudrak-Mrichchhakatika
Advances in Sciences
Aryabhatta-Surya &Arya Siddhanta
Astronomer,zero decimal
Chandragupta-2 (Vikramaditya)
Vishaka Dutta-Devichandraguptam,Mudrakshara
Meharauli Iron Inscription.
Kumaragupta-1
Nalanda university-2 Buddhist university,
1-Nagarjuna university.
Achievements of Gupta Era
Varahamira-Astrology(Pancha siddhanta,Brihatsamhita)
Amarasimha :Amarakosha
BrahmaGupta- Brhmasphuasiddhnta Indian Newton
Vatsayana : Kamasutra
Paintings
Ajanta &Ellora caves.
Temple
Beginning of temple architecture
The Nagara style
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Chandrgupta - I
Yet another Chandragupta
emerges to fight alien powers
in India. Marries a Lichchhavi
princess & gets Magadha
kingdom as dowry. Starts
massive expansion.
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Gupta Dynasty
Age of Innovations (320 - 520 AD)
Chess
Place value
system
University
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Sex
Education
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Numeric system originates in Gupta Era.
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Top scientists of Gupta era
Varahamihira
Trignometry, Optics,
Arithmetic and
calculation of equinox.
Aryabhatta
Approxmated Pi, decimal system

(0), algebra, heliocentrism,
explanation of eclipses.
Shushruta
Father of modern surgery. Author

of Shushtrua Samhita.
Other great scientists: Brahmagupta (first to use 0), Bhaskara - I.

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4th century Nalanda University: Heights of Indian

Education System.
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The two Chinese Scholars who helped

document Indias classical era.
Xuanzhang
6th century anathan
Faxian
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After two centuries of attacks, Hunas

finally end Gupta Empire in 530 AD
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Emperor Harsha Vardhana drives

away the Hunas and tries to
reunite India after 100 years of
disintegration. After 40 years of
rule, his empire disintegrates at
his death.
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Post Gupta A.D 550-A.D750

Harshavardhana (606-646) Thaneshwar
Pushyabhuthi Dynasty
Fahein-Chandragupta-2
Huien Tsang-Harsha
I.Sting -670A.D
Literary works
Harsha-Nagananda,Ratnavali,Priyadarshika
Bana-Harshacharitra
Deccan
Early chalukyas-Chalukya of Badami,Vatapi
Pulakesin-1 Founder
Pulakesin-2
Stopped Harsha
,Involved with Narasimhavarman of Pallavas
Aihole Inscription by Ravikeerthi

Vatapi,Aihole,Pattadakal famous cultural centr
Deccan-Vesara Architecture
Pallavas of Kanchipuram (550-900 AD)
NarasimhaVarman-1 killed Pulakesin-2
Ratha Temples of Mamallapuram
Narasimhavarman-2
Shore Temples Beginning of Dravidian architecture
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Pallava Dynasty (2nd - 9th

century AD): Period of
extraordinary architecture.
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Battle of Rajasthan: 738 AD.

An alliance of Hindu rulers led by Vikramaditya - II
defeat Arabs and ends Islamic expansion towards east.
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A Brief History of India

Human Evolution in Africa: ~200K years ago

Last Ice Age: 120K years - 12K years

65K years ago: Migration out of Africa

Sources of studying history

Microliths later become compoliths

Wheel,Crafts ,but tools worked by Hands

Indus valley civilization

30K years ago: Paintings of Cave Men

Bimbeketa, Madhya Pradesh

River valleys just above the Tropic of Cancer

9000 years ago: Mehrgarh

5300 years ago: Discovery of Bronze

Timeline of Indus Valley Civilization

1 Settlement MEHRGARH -6000B.C Earliest Agrarian Economy

2 Indus valley civilization-3000 B.C -1500 B.C

Indus Valley Civilization

1056 cities and human

Grid like patterns for cities

Citadel at the center of the city

Advanced town planning & Municipal corporations

Modern drainage systems

No central authority. No warfare.

Extensive Art Work.

Global Trade of Indus Valley

Early Hinduism. Pashupathi Seals.

1700 BC: End of Civilization around Indus.

People migrated to Gangetic plains and southern India.

The Rise of Vedas

Comparison of Rig-Vedic Age and Later Vedic age

Recording of Indian History

Second urbanisation of Gangetic valley

Magadha(Janapada ruled by King)

Vajji (Ruled by Gana or Sangha)

Massive intellectual ferment

Ashwamedha: A horse left to move over different territories once it returned

The Earliest Punch Marked Coins :

Kingdoms start merging

Haryanka Dynasty of Magadha:

Starts expanding Magadha.

Builds a highly powerful and

Kingdoms of Ancient Magadha

Extent of Cyrus the Great of Persia.

400 BC. Takshashila: Indias first University at the

Taxila: Students entered at 16 and learned a variety of arts

326 BC: Alexander Attacks India

King Porus (Purushotam) of Purushapura (Peshawar) resist

Excellent Video documentary in:

Alexanders army refuses to go further east,

First Major Emperor begins Consolidation

Mauryan Dyansty: BC 323 to 183 BC

Chandragupta (Sandro kotas )

Bindusara (Amitragaghatus)-conquered all south and deccan except Kalinga

Pannis-Ashtadhyayi B.C 500(First Path Breaking work on

Shad-darshanas (Indian Philosphy ,6

With Chanakyas strategy

Chandragupta pushes Greeks out of South Asia

Battle of Kalinga (261 BC)

Heartbroken by a brutal war with Kalinga, Ashoka

A golden age for India.

Stupas & other

Upanishads: more than 200 (Adi-shankaracharya talks of 11 Mukhya upanishads)

Tat-tvam-Asi(Chandogya Upanishad): You(Atma) are that(Brahma) and that is you.

6th Century: Turning Point