I.

The Circle of Myths

FROM the mass of chiefly biographic hero myths, we have selected those that are best
known and some that are especially characteristic. 1 These myths will be given in
abbreviated form, as far as relevant for this investigation, with statements concerning
the sources. Attention will be called to the most important and constantly recurring
motifs by the use of italic type.
SARGON

Probably the oldest transmitted hero myth in our possession is derived from the period
of the foundation of Babylonia (about 2800 B.C.) and concerns the birth history of its
founder, Sargon the First. 2 The literal translation
p. 15

of the report--according to the mode of rendering, it appears to be an original

inscription by King Sargon himself--is as follows:
Sargon, the mighty king, King of Agade, am I. My mother was a vestal, my father I
knew not, while my father's brother dwelt in the mountains. In my city Azuripani,
which is situated on the bank of the Euphrates, my mother, the vestal, bore me. In a
hidden place she brought me forth. She laid me in a vessel made of reeds, closed my
door with pitch, and dropped me down into the river, which did not drown me. The
river carried me to Akki, the water carrier. Akki the water carrier lifted me up in the
kindness of his heart, Akki the water carrier raised me as his own son, Akki the water
carrier made of me his gardener. In my work as a gardener I was beloved by Ishtar, I
became the king, and for forty-five years I held kingly sway. 1
Footnotes
14:1 Attention has been drawn to the great variability and wide distribution of the
birth myths of the hero by the writings of Bauer, Schubert, and others referred to in
the preceding pages. The comprehensive contents of the myths and their fine
ramifications have been especially discussed by Hsing, Lessmann, and other
representatives of the modern trend.
14:2 Innumerable fairy tales, stories, and poems of all times, up to the most recent
dramatic and novelistic literature, show very distinct individual main motifs of this
myth. The exposure-romance appears in the late Greek pastorals-Heliodorus' Aethiopica, Eustathius' Ismenias and Ismene, and Longus' story of the two

exposed children, Daphnis and Chloe. The more recent Italian pastorals are likewise
very frequently based upon the exposure of children, who are raised as shepherds by p.
15 their foster parents, but are later recognized by the true parents, through identifying
marks received at the time of their exposure. To the same set belong the family history
in Grimmelshausen's Limplizissimus (1665), in Jean Paul's Titan (1800), as well as
certain forms of the Robinson stories and Cavalier romances (compare Wrzbach's
Introduction to Hesse's edition of Don Quixote).