FUZZY SYSTEMS

Fuzzy Inference: Fuzzy Associative Matrix

FUZZINESS IS NOT PROBABILITY

Probability is used, for example, in weather forecasting

Probability is a number between 0 and 1 that is the

certainty that an event will occur

Fuzziness is more than probability; probability is a

subset of fuzziness

Probability is only valid for future/unknown events

Fuzzy set membership continues after the event

FUZZY SYSTEMS

Fuzzy Relations
The fuzzy set operators allow rudimentary reasoning about
facts
For example, consider the three fuzzy sets tall, good_athlete
and good-basketballplayer. Now assume

If we know that a good basketball player is tall and is a

good athlete, then which one of Peter or Carl will be the
better basketball player?
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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Fuzzy Relations
Through application of the intersection operator, we get

Using the standard set operators, it is possible to

determine that Peter will be better at the sport than Carl
The example above is a very simplistic situation. For
most real-world problems, the sought outcome is a
function of a number of complex events, or scenarios
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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Fuzzy Relations
For example, actions made by a controller are determined
by a set of if-then rules. The if-then rules describe situations
that can occur, with a corresponding action that the
controller should execute
It is, however, possible that more than one situation, as
described by if-then rules, are simultaneously active, with
different actions. The problem is to determine the best
action to take
A mechanism is therefore needed to infer an action from a
set of activated situations
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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Fuzzy rule based reasoning system

FUZZY SYSTEMS
Fuzzy rule based reasoning system
For fuzzy systems in general, the dynamic behavior of that
system is characterized by a set of linguistic fuzzy rules
These rules are based on the knowledge and experience of a
human expert within that domain. Fuzzy rules are of the
general form
if antecedent(s) then consequent(s)
The antecedents of a rule form a combination of fuzzy sets
through application of the logic operators (i.e. complement,
intersection, union)
The consequent part of a rule is usually a single fuzzy set,
with a corresponding membership function

FUZZY SYSTEMS
Fuzzification
The antecedents of the fuzzy rules form the fuzzy input
space, while the consequents form the fuzzy output
space
The input space is defined by the combination of input
fuzzy sets, while the output space is defined by the
combination of output sets
The fuzzification process is concerned with finding a fuzzy
representation of non-fuzzy input values. In which, input
values from the universe of discourse are assigned
membership values to fuzzy sets
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FUZZY SYSTEMS
Fuzzification
For example the fuzzy sets A and B, and assume the
corresponding membership functions have been defined
already
Let X denote the universe of discourse for both fuzzy sets.
The fuzzification process receives the elements a, b X, and
produces the membership degrees A(a), A(b) and B(a),
B(b)

FUZZY SYSTEMS
Inferencing
The task of the inferencing process is to map the fuzzified
inputs to the rule base, and to produce a fuzzified output
For the consequents in the rule output space, a degree of
membership to the output sets are determined based on the
degrees of membership in the input sets and the relationships
between the input sets

The output fuzzy sets in the consequent are then combined to

form one overall membership function for the output of the
rule
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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Fuzzy Relations
Classical relation between two universes
U = {1, 2} and V = {a, b, c} is defined as:

R=UxV= 1
2

1
1

1
1

1
1

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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Fuzzy Relations
Fuzzy relation between two universes U and V is defined as:
R (u, v) = AxB (u, v) = min [A (u), B (v)]
i.e. we take the minimum of the memberships of the two
elements which are to be related

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FUZZY SYSTEMS
Fuzzy Relations
Example:
Determine fuzzy relation between A1 and A2
A1 = 0.2/x1 + 0.9/x2
A2 = 0.3/y1 + 0.5/y2 + 1/y3

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FUZZY SYSTEMS
Fuzzy Relations
A2

R = R(A1, A2)
=

0.2
0.3

a23

0.2
0.5

0.2
0.9

(1.0)

a22

0.2

0.9

(0.5)

a21

0.2

0.5

(0.3)

0.2

0.3
a11

a12

(0.2)

(0.9)

A1

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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Fuzzy Relations
Example: The fuzzy relation R is
R = A1 x A2 = 0.2
0.9

0.3 0.5 1

min(0.2, 0.3) min(0.2, 0.5) min(0.2, 1)

min(0.9, 0.3) min(0.9, 0.5) min(0.9, 1)

0.2
0.3

0.2
0.5

0.2
0.9

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FUZZY SYSTEMS
Fuzzy Rules
Relates two or more fuzzy propositions
If X is A then Y is B
e.g. if height is tall then weight is heavy
X and Y are fuzzy variables
A and B are fuzzy sets

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FUZZY SYSTEMS
Fuzzy Associative Matrix
So for the fuzzy rule:
If X is A then Y is B
We can define a matrix M(nxp) which relates A to B
M=Ax B
It maps fuzzy set A to fuzzy set B and is used in the fuzzy
inference process

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FUZZY SYSTEMS
Fuzzy Associative Matrix
Concept behind M
a1 b1
a2 b1
.
.
.

a1 b2

If a1 is true then b1 is true; and so on

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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Inference process in fuzzy expert systems has four steps

FUZZIFICATION
INFERENCE
COMPOSITION
DEFUZZIFICATION

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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Fuzzification :
In the fuzzification subprocess, the membership functions defined
on the input variables are applied to their actual values, to
determine the degree of truth for each rule premise

Inference :
The truth value for the premise of each rule is computed, and
applied to the conclusion part of each rule. This results in one
fuzzy subset to be assigned to each output variable for each rule

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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Composition :
All of the fuzzy subsets assigned to each output variable are
combined together to form a single fuzzy subset for each output
variable.

Defuzzification :
Sometimes it is useful to just examine the fuzzy subsets that are the
result of the composition process, but more often, this fuzzy value
needs to be converted to a single number - a crisp value. This is
what the defuzzification subprocess does

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FUZZY SYSTEMS

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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Fuzzy Inference: Composition Operator,

Max-min Inference

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FUZZY SYSTEMS
Composition of Fuzzy Relations
Let there be three universes U, V and W
Let R be the relation that relates elements from U to V
e.g.

R=

0.6
0.7

0.8
0.9

And let S be the relation between V and W

e.g.

S=

0.3
0.2

0.1
0.8
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FUZZY SYSTEMS
Composition of Fuzzy Relations
With the help of an operation called composition we can find
the relation T that maps elements of U to W
By max-min rule T = R S = maxvV { min(R(u, v), S(v, w)) }
0.6
0.7

0.8
0.3
0.9 0.2

0.1
0.8

0.3 0.8
0.3 0.8

Where
element (1,1) is obtained by max{min(0.6, 0.3), min(0.8, 0.2)}
= 0.3
Note that S R = 0.3 0.3 R S
0.7 0.8
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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Example:
If Temperature is normal then Speed is medium
Let

A = [0/100, 0.5/125, 1/150, 0.5/175, 0/200]

B = [0/10, 0.6/20, 1/30, 0.6/40, 0/50]
M =

0
0
0
0
0

0
0.5
0.6
0.5
0

0
0.5
1
0.5
0

0
0.5
0.6
0.5
0

0
0
0
0
0
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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Max-Min Inference
Let Temperature = 125 o F = Acurrent
Then it may be thought of as a new fuzzy set defined over the
universe of discourse of variable Temperature
Acurrent = [0/100, 0.5/125, 0/150, 0/175, 0/200]
We can find the relationship (i.e. mapping or FAM) between
Acurrent and A as
A = Acurrent x A =
0
x [0 0.5 1 0.5 0]
0.5
0
= [0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0]
0
(if we eliminate all 0 rows)
0
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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Max-Min Inference
Now the composition of A and M will produce a new
relationship, which we call B
A M = B

[0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0]

0
0
0
0
0

0
0.5
0.6
0.5
0

0 0
0.5 0.5
1.0 0.6
0.5 0.5
0 0

0
0
0
0
0

= [0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0]

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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Multi-Premises Rules
If A B then C

CA

CB

CA = A MAC
CB = B MBC
C = CA CB = min(CA , CB)
CA

CB

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FUZZY SYSTEMS
Multi-Premises Rules
If A B then C
C
= CA CB
= max(CA , CB)

CA

CB

CA

CB

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FUZZY SYSTEMS
Multiple Fuzzy Rules
In a regular rule-based system, if two rules are
simultaneously satisfied, a conflict resolution policy decides
the precedence
The system proceeds sequentially, with one rule firing at a
time
In fuzzy rule based systems, all rules are executed during
each pass through the system

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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Fuzzy Inference: Combining Multiple Rules

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EXAMPLE DINNER
Dinner for two: this is a 2 input, 1 output, 3 rule
system
Rule 1

Input 1
Service (0-10)

Rule 2

If service is poor or
food is rancid, then
tip is cheap
If service is good,
then tip is average

Input 2
Food (0-10)

Rule 3
tip

The inputs are crisp (nonfuzzy) numbers limited to

a specific range

Output
Tip (5-25%)

If service is excellent or
food is delicious, then
is generous

All rules are evaluated

in parallel using fuzzy
reasoning

The results of the rules

are combined and
distilled (de-fuzzyfied)

The result is a crisp (nonfuzzy) number

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FUZZY SYSTEMS
Multiple Fuzzy Rules

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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Fuzzy Inference: Defuzzification

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FUZZY SYSTEMS
Defuzzification
In most applications we need to obtain a crisp value after
inferring a fuzzy set B
The most popular defuzzification technique used is the
fuzzy centroid method

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FUZZY SYSTEMS

Defuzzification
p

Fuzzy Centroid Method

yi

y j

(y j)

j 1
p

(y j)

j 1

Let

B = [0/10, 0.3/20, 0.5/30, 0.3/40, 0/50]

then y = 10*0 + 20*0.3 + 30*0.5 + 40*0.3 + 50*0

0 + 0.3 + 0.5 + 0.3 + 0
= 6 + 15 + 12
1.1

= 33/1.1

= 30
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FUZZY SYSTEMS
References
Engelbrecht Chapter 18 & 20

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