Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
for
Electrical Engineering
By
www.thegateacademy.com
Syllabus
Machines
Percentage of marks
2013
5.00
2012
7.00
2011
6.00
2010
10.00
2009
21.00
2008
16.00
2007
12.67
2006
18.00
2005
16.00
2004
21.33
2003
18.00
Overall Percentage
13.73%
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Contents
Machines
CONTENTS
Chapter
#1. Transformer
Introduction
Types of Transformer
Principle of Operation
Equivalent Circuit
Voltage Regulation of Transformer
Testing of Transfromer
All-Day Effeciency of a Transfromer
Parallel Operation of Transformers
Three Phase Transformation
Auto-Transformers
Tertiary windings
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Introduction
Rotor Current
Torque of an Induction Motor
Cascade Connection
Starting of Induction Motors
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Introduction
Performance Equations of D.C Generators
Armature Reaction in D.C Generators
D.C. Motors
Testing of D.C Motors
Ward-Leonard Method
Armature Windings
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Page No
1 52
12
23
3- 5
5- 9
9 11
11 14
14
14 15
15 25
25 29
29 31
32 37
38 41
42
42 52
53 86
53 55
55 56
56 61
61 64
64 - 71
72 76
77 78
79
79 86
87 124
87 89
89 91
92 93
93 95
95 98
98 99
99 111
112 116
116 117
118
118 - 124
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Page i
Contents
Alternators
Generator Circle Diagrams
Synchronizing Power and Synchronizing Torque
MW-Frequency and MVAR-Voltage Characteristics
Brushless Excitation System
Design of Fractional Slot Winding
Regulation of an Alternator
Methods of Determining Voltage Regulation
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Servomotors
Stepper Motors
Torque-Pulse Rate Characteristics
Assignment
Answer Keys
Explanations
# Module Test
Test Questions
Answer Keys
Explanations
# Reference Books
Machines
125 163
125 127
128 130
130 132
132 133
133 135
135 136
137 138
138 146
147 151
151 153
154
154 163
164 197
164 167
167 168
168 173
174
174 179
180 185
186 193
194
194 197
198 220
198 200
200 208
208 210
211 216
217
217 220
221 236
221 229
230
230 236
237
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Page ii
Chapter 1
Machines
CHAPTER 1
Transformer
Introduction
Single Phase Transformer (Synopsis)
Constructional Details
Windings
Chapter 1
Machines
Stranded conductors are used for windings carrying higher currents to reduce eddy
current loss.
Additional insulation is provided for line end connections, because during disturbances
(switching over voltages and lightning), 80% of the voltage appears across the first 10%
of turns from the line end.
For large power and distribution transformers, an oil-filled tank is necessary for cooling
the windings and the core.
Two types of losses: Core and copper, occur during operation.
Heat produced is roughly proportional to the volume of the material in which losses
occur.
Heat dissipation is proportional to the surface area of the same material and the tank.
The surface is CORRUGATED to increase the surface area. Radiators are also used.
Methods of Cooling
a) Natural Radiation-------- low voltage and output ratings. (500V, 5 KVA).
b) Oil filled and self cooled--------- large sized transformers. (132 KV, 100 MVA).
c) Forced cooling with air blast-----Transformers with ratings higher than 33 KV and
100 MVA.
Conservator Tank
Due to variations in load and climatic conditions, the oil in oil-filled, self-cooled
transformers expands or contracts.
In the absence of a conservator tank, high pressures are developed which may burst the
tank.
Bushings
To provide proper insulation to the output leads to be taken from the transformer tank.
Porcelain type bushings are used up to 33 KV.
Condenser type and oil-filled type bushings are used beyond 33 KV.
Breather
Types of Transformer
Core-Type Transformers: There are two types of core-type transformers, they are
1. Core-type
2. Distributed core type.
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Page 2
Chapter 1
Machines
Shell-Type Transformers
A shell type transformer has two magnetic circuits parallel to each other.
To reduce the mechanical vibrations and humming noise, the transformers are provided
with good bracing.
Humming noise is due to MAGNETOSTRICTION, of the core due to varying flux.
Used for low voltage applications
Principle of Operation
E.m.f Equation
Voltage applied to the primary and the magnetic flux set up in the core are assumed to be
sinusoidal.
If
sin t ( =2f)
e1 = - T1 (d /dt) = -T1
m t=T1
e2 = - T2 (d /dt) = -T2
m t=T2
m sin
m sin
(t-90o)
(t-90o)
Similarly
E1max = - T1
= 2f T1
E1 =(12) E1max =2 2f T1
Similarly E2 = 4.44fT2
=4.44 f T1
volts/phase
volts/phase
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Page 3
Chapter 1
Machines
by an angle of 90o
Example
A 100 kVA, 50 Hz, 440 V/11,000 V single phase transformer has an efficiency of 98.5% when
supplying full load current at 0.8 p.f. and an efficiency of 99%, when supplying half full load
current at unity p.f. Find the iron losses and the copper losses corresponding to full load
current. At what value of load current will the maximum efficiency be attained?
Solution:
Let the copper at full load =
and the iron loss =
Then,
=
and
. kW
kW
=
. /
( )
(2)
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Page 4
Chapter 1
Machines
)=
kV
= 22
44
Hence, the current at maximum efficiency
= 22
= 2 A
Equivalent Circuit
By making use of the equivalent circuit, the performance indices such as efficiency, voltage
regulation etc., can be determined.
x
T
E
T
Ideal transformer
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Page 5
Chapter 1
Machines
E E = V V = T T =
The above circuit is the EXACT equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to the primary
side.
In a similar manner, the equivalent circuit referred to the secondary side can be obtained.
(Actually, the roles of the primary and secondary windings are to be interchanged.
So, it is preferable to say that the equivalent circuit is referred to the H.Vside or L.V side)
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Page 6