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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Explain hidden shares. How do they work?
Hidden or administrative shares are share names with a dollar sign ($) appended to their names.
Administrative shares are usually created automatically for the root of each drive letter. They do
not display in the network browse list.
What is Client/Server?
Clients and Servers are separate logical entities that work together over a network to accomplish
a task. Many systems with very different architectures that are connected together are also called
Client/Server.
In windows98 it is command.com
In XP it is NTLDR
What is IP?
Internet Protocol (IP) is an unreliable, best effort delivery, connection-less protocol used for transmitting
and receiving data between hosts in a TCP/IP network
What is layer?
Layer is a completely logical partition of PDU (protocol data unit) process. That define how the
information is travel form one computer to other over the network.
What is TCP/IP?
It is combination of two protocols TCP and IP. It is used for reliable data transfer.
An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that, after being initially
loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. It
provides a platform to application software.
IN - 'IN' stands for India. The 'IN' is a 2-letter country code for India.
64MB RAM
1.5GB free HDD space
233MHz minimum processor.
When were OSI model developed and why its standard called 802.XX
and so on?
OSI model was developed in February1980 that why these also known as 802.XX Standard (Notice 80
means ==> 1980, 2means ==> February)
What is IP?
It's a unique 32 bits software address of a node in a network.
What is APIPA?
Automatic private IP addressing (APIPA) is a feature mainly found in Microsoft operating systems. APIPA
enables clients to still communicate with other computers on the same network segment until an IP
address can be obtained from a DHCP server, allowing the machine to fully participate on the network.
The range of these IP address are the 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254 with a default Class B subnet
mask of 255.255.0.0.
What is FQDN?
An FQDN contains (fully qualified domain name) both the hostname and a domain name. It uniquely
identifies a host within a DNS hierarchy
Which command will you use to find out the name of the pc in
networks?
NSLOOKUP [192.168.0.1]
[Ip of target computer]
What is FTP?
FTP is short for File Transfer Protocol. This is the protocol used for file transfer over the Internet.
What is router?
Router is a device that is used to connect two different networks.
What is ADS?
A central component of the Windows platform, Active Directory service provides the means to manage the
identities and relationships that make up network environments.
What is full form DHCP and how will you configure it?
Dynamic host configuration protocol
To configure it on Server
Configure your server ==>Add/Remove a role ==>DHCP server ==>complete the wizard
Start ==> Administrative tools ==> DHCP ==>New scope ==> Wizard
Now authorized this server and do activate it
On client
How will you remove this error ntldr missing press any key to reboot
the system ?
Reboot the system with XP, ( apply also on server2003,) cd
On setup screen press to R to repair the window
Now provide the administrator password
C:\>cd f:( your cd drive latter, f is taken as the example )
f:\>cd i386
f:\>copy ntldr c:\
f:\>exit
reboot the system
Why do we do networking?
For data sharing
To accumulate hardware resource
Resources such as printers, fax machines, Storage Devices (HDD, FDD and CD Drives), Webcam,
Scanners, Modem and many more devices can be shared.
Program Sharing
Just as you can share files on a network, you can often also share program on a network. For example, if
you have the right type of software license, you can have a shared copy of Microsoft Office, or some other
program, and keep it on the network server, from where it is also run
What is network?
A network is basically all of the components (hardware and software) involved in connecting computers
across small and large distances.
What is networking?
A process that is describes how the network will connect.
What is topology?
A topology defines how the devices are connected. Further it is divided in physical and logical topology.
Where are the Windows NT Primary Domain Controller (PDC) and its Backup
Domain Controller (BDC) in Server 2003?
The scheme of PDC and BDC is replaced by The Active Directory in server 2000 and further.
Now all domain controllers share a multi master peer-to-peer read and write relationship that
hosts copies of the Active Directory.
2.
3.
What is LILO?
LILO stands for Linux boot loader. It will load the MBR, master boot record, into the memory,
and tell the system which partition and hard drive to boot from.
I can't seem to access the Internet, don't have any access to the corporate
network and on IP configuration on my address is 169.254.*.*. What happened?
The 169.254.*.* net mask is assigned to Windows machines running 98/2000/XP if the DHCP
server is not available. The name for the technology is APIPA (Automatic Private Internet
Protocol Addressing).
When were OSI model developed and why its standard called 802.XX
and so on?
OSI model was developed in February1980 that why these also known as 802.XX Standard (Notice 80
means ==> 1980, 2means ==> February)
It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may
optionally be included in an IP datagram header.
What is OSPF?
It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses
knowledge of an Internet's topology to make accurate routing decisions.
What is Kerberos?
It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses
encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.
What is region?
When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we call regions, with each router
knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing
nothing about the internal structure of other regions.
Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.
The HELLO protocol uses time instead of distance to determine optimal routing. It is an alternative to the
Routing Information Protocol.
What are the three type of routing tables and What are the
advantages and disadvantages of these?
The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed central.
A fixed table must be manually modified every time there is a change.
A dynamic table changes its information based on network traffic, reducing the amount of manual
maintenance.
A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one table, which is then read by other devices. The fixed
central table reduces the need to update each machine's table, as with the fixed table. Usually a dynamic
table causes the fewest problems for a network administrator, although the table's contents can change
without the administrator being aware of the change.
What is attenuation?
The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.
What is cladding?
A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.
What is RAID?
A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.
What is redirector?
What is Beaconing?
The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the
other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring
and FDDI networks.
What is SAP?
Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network
protocol stack.
What is subnet?
A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.
Wide Area Networks Wide area networks (WANs) are used to connect LANs together. Typically, WANs
are used when the LANs that must be connected are separated by a large distance.
Metropolitan Area Networks A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a hybrid between a LAN and a WAN.
Content Networks Content networks (CNs) were developed to ease users access to Internet
resources. Companies deploy basically two types of CNs:
1.Caching downloaded Internet information
2.Distributing Internet traffic loads across multiple servers
Storage Area Networks Storage area networks (SANs) provide a high-speed infrastructure to move data
between storage devices and file servers.
Advantage
Performance is fast.
Availability is high because of the redundancy features available.
Distances can span up to 10 kilometers.
Management is easy because of the centralization of data resources.
Overhead is low (uses a thin protocol).
Disadvantage of SANs is their cost.
Intranet An intranet is basically a network that is local to a company. In other words, users from within
this company can find all of their resources without having to go outside of the company. An intranet can
include LANs, private WANs and MANs,
Extranet An extranet is an extended intranet, where certain internal services are made available to
known external users or external business partners at remote locations.
Internet An internet is used when unknown external users need to access internal resources in your
network. In other words, your company might have a web site that sells various products, and you want
any external user to be able to access this service.
VPN A virtual private network (VPN) is a special type of secured network. A VPN is used to provide a
secure connection across a public network, such as an internet. Extranets typically use a VPN to provide
a secure connection between a company and its known external users or offices. Authentication is
provided to validate the identities of the two peers. Confidentiality provides encryption of the data to keep
it private from prying eyes. Integrity is used to ensure that the data sent between the two devices or sites
has not been tampered with.
directory sees as objects workstations, people, servers devices or documents and they all have their
own characteristics and access control list or ACL.
2.Q: What is the meaning of Global Catalog?
A: A Global Catalog is something that each domain has, and it is used for authenticating the user on
the network, on windows 2000 network logons were protected from failures by assigning a Global
Catalog to every site.
3.Q: What is the use for DHCP?
A: DHCP is used for the DHCP servers, personal computers can get their configuration from a
DHCP server on an IP configuration. The server knows nothing about the personal computers until
they make a request for information. Usually the most common information sent is IP address and
DHCP is used to make a large network administration easier.
4.Q: What does a Super Scope do in DHCP?
A: The Super Scope gives the DHCP server the possibility to have leases to multiple clients on the
same physical network. The leases come from multiple scopes. All scopes must be defined using
DHCP manager before the Super Scope creation and they are named member scopes. The DHCP
problems can be resolved by the Super Scope in different ways like the following:
a) on a physical network like a LAN network where multiple logical IP networks exist Super Scope is
very useful here. These types of networks are also named multinets.
b) there is also need for a Super Scope when the address pool for the current scope becomes empty
and there is a need for new computers on the physical network.
c) when clients have to move on another scope.
d) when DHCP clients from the other side of the relay agents (BOOTP) or the network has many
logical subnets.
e) when standard networks are limited to leasing addresses for the clients.
5.Q: How can we switch the roles in an Active Directory?
A: Switching or transferring roles in an Active Directory can be made with the use of Ntdsutil.exe.
6.Q: What is the purpose of a Stub zone DNS?
A: The copy of a zone that has only the needed resources for finding the authoritative DNS servers
in that specific zone (DNS= Domain Name Servers) is called a Stub zone. It also resolves names for
DNS namespaces, thing required when names must be resolved from two different DNS
namespaces. The Stub zone contains: the master servers IP that is used for updating the Stub zone
and the SOA (Start of Authority), the NS (name server) and the glue A delegated zone records.
5.Q: What main file is used for Active Directory backup and how it is made?
A: Active Directory backup is made using NTbackup utility. The backup is made once with the
system state and they are restored also together because they depend on each other. The system
state has different components like:
a)
The registry
b)
Boot files or startup files (files required by the operating system to start).
c)
d)
The system volume or the SYSVOL folder this is a folder that contains files that are shared on a
domain.
e)
9.Q: What is the meaning of DHCP and what is the port used by it to work?
A: DHCP or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol has the ability to assign an IP automatically, this is
done in fact by the server and has a number range. When the system starts an IP is assigned
automatically. The DHCP server has port number 68, while the client has 67.
10.Q: Can you ensure an updated system all the time and perform market research?
A: Staying up-to-date is another strong point of a professional administrator, technology evolves and
we must keep up with the flow, otherwise we cant do our job in a professional way. Market research
is the key to an up-to date work.
11.Q: Is it possible for a computer to be able to browse the internet without having a default
gateway?
A: Yes it is as long as we use a public IP address. The gateway is required as a router or firewall
when using an intranet address.
12.Q: What are the advantages or disadvantages of using DHCP?
A: The advantage is that the DHCP server configures all IPs automatically and the disadvantage is
that when you receive a new IP address the machine name remains the same because of its
association with the IP. Its not a real problem but when somebody tries to access the machine by its
name it become one.
13.Q: Are you familiar with monitoring?
A: Yes, monitoring is a base activity of a system administrator, he/she manages all the access rights
and the server space, security of the user accounts is one of the most important things here. Also an
administrator must make sure that the users activity doesnt affect in any way the integrity of the
server.
14.Q: How can we create a SRV record in DNS?
A: To do this we must open the DNS then we must select the abc.local domain the right click and we
must go to Other New Records and the SRV ( choose location).
15.Q: In how much time are the security changes applied on the domain controllers?
A: Including policies for personal and public lockout, the changes apply immediately. The changes
also include passwords and LSA or Local Security Authority.
16.Q: What do you do if a an end user states that a file is gone?
A: Files are deleted constantly by end users but the backup can restore them. Anyhow before using
the backup we must check if the user didnt move the file by mistake in another place.
the abstract class which can be made to look like a template and create other templates, no
the structural class is the important type of class that is made from multiple abstract classes or
an existing structural class. They are the only ones that can make Active Directory objects.
c)
the auxiliary class is used as a replace for many attributes of a structural class, it is a list of
attributes.
d)
The 88 class is used for objects classes that were defined before 1993 and it is not a common
systems and performed maintenance, I worked with different applications from the windows
environment.
21.Q: How can you handle a situation in which for instance if you have an application that is
not running on Windows 2003 because its older?
A: In this situation the application has to be started in the compatibility mode with a previously
windows operating system. This is made by right clicking the application icon and choosing another
Windows from the compatibility menu.
22.Q: What is the meaning of Repadmin.exe from Windows Server 2008?
A: Repadmin.exe means Replication Diagnostics Tool and helps for the diagnostic of domain
controllers in the Windows system. This tool is used by administrators to see the replication topology
from the perspective of every domain controller. The active Directory forest can also be supervised
by Repadmin.exe and replication problems can be tracked.
23.Q: What difference can we find in the usage of CSVDE versus LDIFDE?
A: CSVDE and LDIFDE are both commands and are used for importing and exporting objects but
they are different in the way that CSVDE uses the format CSV (Comma Separated Value) which is an
Excel file for files and LDIFDE uses LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format) file type which can be
viewed with a simple text editor. LDIFDE can be also used for editing or deleting objects unlike
CSVDE.
24.Q: What big differences exist between these two operating systems: Windows 2000 and
Windows XP?
A: Windows 2000 has more capabilities than Windows XP especially regarding features like DHCP,
Terminal Services or DNS. It has all the advantages for server usage. Windows 2000 is a little more
professional than XP, but they are both coming with different versions for every user taste. While XP
has Home version, Professional or Enterprise, Windows 2000 has Professional and Server editions.
The Home version of XP comes with minimal features because the target clients are beginners.
25.Q: What are the things that make Unix different from Windows?
A: The code loading runtime of Unix is different from the one that Windows has. We must become
aware of how the system exactly works before we make a dynamically loading module. Unix has the
shared objects with the .so extension that encapsulate lines of code that the programs will use and
the functions names. These function names become the references of those functions in the
memory of the program when the file is combined with the program. In Windows the .dll file
(dynamic-link library file) doesnt have references and the code of the files does not link to the
memory of the program but they get through a lookup table which points to data or functions. Unix
has just one type of library file, with the .a extension and the code of many object file is contained
within with the .o extension. When the link is created for a shared object file the definition of the
identifier may not be found, so the object code from the library will be included.