F325 Past paper Answers Explained

F325 Past paper Answers
1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
G:
CO (1)
HCOOH/H2SO4 CO + H2O (1)
H:
C (1)
C12H22O11 12C + 11H2O (1)
I:
C4H8O2 (1)
2C2H6O2 C4H8O2 + 2H2O (1)
Structure:
O
(1)
accept any sensible structure of C4H8O2
3
[7]
2.
(a)
(b)
empirical formula
N : O = 63.64/14 : 36.36/16 (1)
= 4.56 : 2.27 = 2 : 1. Empirical formula = N2O (1)
molecular formula
Mr of gas = 1.833 24 = 44 (1)(calc 43.992)
with these two pieces of evidence, assume that molecular formula = N 2O
any chemical that reacts to produce gas:
e.g. carbonate and CO2 (1)
accept: metal more reactive than Pb and H 2
balanced equation to match chemical added (1)
(c)
Mr(Lidocaine) = 236 (1)

3
moles Novocaine = 100 10 /236 = 4.24 10 (1)

4
concentration of Novocaine = 4.24 10 (1000/5)
3
= 0.0847/0.0848 mol dm (1)
(d)
mass C = 12 3.74/44.0 = 12 0.085 = 1.02 g (1)

mass H = 2/18 0.918 = 0.102 g (1)
mass O = 1.394 (1.020 + 0.102) = 0.272 g
ratio C : H : O = 1.02/12 : 0.102/1 : 0.272/16 (1)
= 0.0850 : 0.102 : 0.0170 / 5 : 6 : 1 / C5H6O (1)
C5H10O has relative mass of 82
Mr is 164 = 2 82
molecular formula = C10H12O2 (1)
5
[13]
3.
(i)
4PCl5 + 10MgO P4O10 + 10MgCl2 (1)
(ii)
100
100g P4O10 = 284 / 0.35(2) mol (1)
moles PCl5 needed = 4 0.352 = 1.408/1.4 mol (1)

mass PCl5 = 1.4(08) 208.5 = 293.568 / 294 g/ 291.9 g (1)
1

(1) for use of 284 for P4O10 and 208.5 for PCl5
73.4/72.975/72.3 g scores 3 marks (no use of 4 factor)
18.35 g from dividing by 4 scores 3 marks
4
[5]
4.
Sulphuric acid molecules form hydrogen bonds (1)

Diagram showing hydrogen bonds between molecules:
H
S
H
S
O
O (1 )
or H bond from HO to OH (as in water).

hydrogen bonds break (on boiling) (1)
3
[3]
5.
Correct equation for a metal (1)

Correct equation for a carbonate (1)
Correct equation for a base (1)
3
[3]
6.
(i)
SO4 H2S: S from +6 to 2 (1)
I I2: I from 1 to 0 (1)

(ii)
10H + SO4 + 8I 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O (1)
1
[3]
7.
(i) a solution that minimises/resists/opposes pH changes (1)

(ii)
The buffer must contain both CH3COOH and CH3COONa /
CH3COO /weak acid and conjugate base(*) (1)

Solution A is a mixture of CH3COOH(*) and CH3COONa(*) /
/ has an excess of acid /is acidic (1)
Solution B, contains only CH3COONa/ only CH3COO
/only the salt/ is neutral (1)
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) /

acid/alkali has been neutralised/
CH3COOH(aq) and NaOH react together (1)
4
[5]
8.
1.3 1012
7.6 1010 7.6 1010
17
Moles NH3 required =
mol
10
calc: 7.6470588 10 mol

Volume CH4 = n(NH3) 10.5
7.6 1010
(8 2)
24 1.1 1012 dm 3
16
12
12
OR 0.228 10 dm O2 and 0.912 10 dm N2

12
calc: 1.147058824 10 dm
12
3
12
3
OR 0.229411764 10 dm O2 and 0.917647059 10 dm N2
Volume H2O = n(NH3) 11.25
2

10
18
10
11
3
7.6 10 16
= 8.6 10 cm
11
calc: 8.60294117 10 cm / 8.60294117 10 dm
[4]
9.
(i)
(ii)
6HNO3 + S H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O/

4HNO3 + S H2SO4 + 4NO2 + H2/
1
2HNO3 + S H2SO4 + NO2 + 2 N2
from (+)5 to (+)4
1
[2]
10.
M(AgCl) = 143.5 g mol

35.5 0.610
143.5
Mass of Cl in AgCl =
/ 0.151 g
Mass of Fe in compound = 0.270 0.151 = 0.119 g
0.119 0.151
:
3
Ratio Fe : Cl = 55.8 35.5 / 2.13 10

: 4.25 10 3
Ratio = 1 : 2; Formula = FeCl2
OR:
1
M(AgCl) = 143.5 g mol

0.610
3
n(AgCl) = 143.5 = 4.25 10 mol
3
n(Cl) = 4.25 10 mol

3
Mass of Cl = 4.25 10 35.5 = 0.151 g
Mass of Fe in compound = 0.270 0.151 = 0.119 g
0.119
: 4.25 10 3
55.8
Ratio Fe : Cl =
Ratio = 1 : 2; Formula = FeCl2
[6]
11.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
I2(aq) + H2S(g) 2HI(aq) + S(s)

species and balance (1)
state symbols: accept (s) for I2; (aq) for H2S (1)
amount I2 reacted = 1.89 mol / HI formed = 3.44 mol (1)

theoretical amount HI produced = 3.78 mol/484 g (1)
3.44 100 440 100
or
3.78
484
% yield =
= 91.0 % (1)
3.44 1000
3
750
[HI] =
= 4.58/4.59 mol dm (1)
pH = log 4.59 = 0.66 (1)
2
[7]
12.
(a)
(i)
(+)1 (1)
(ii)

O
or
Look for atoms bonded together.
AND other lone pairs.
(b)
(i)
C13H18O2 (1)
(ii)
any chemical that reacts to produce gas:

e.g. carbonate and CO2 (1)
accept: metal more reactive than Pb and H2
balanced equation to match chemical added (1)
3
[5]
13.
12
10
Amount Cl2 produced = 1.6 10 /71 or 2.25 10 mol (1)

10
10
Amount NaCl required = 2 2.25 10 or 4.5 10 mol (1)

ecf moles 2 Cl2
10
10
Volume brine = 4.5 10 /4 = 1.125 10 dm (1)

ecf moles Cl2/4
10
i.e. 1.12 1.13 10 dm
3
[3]
14.
(i)
(ii)
mass sucrose = 0.47 43 g or 20.21 g (1)

Mr of sucrose = 342 (1)
moles sucrose = 0.47 43/342 or 0.059 mol (1)
(calc: 0.0590935672)
23
22
no of sucrose molecules = .059 6.02 10 = 3.6 10 (1)
C12H22O11(s) + 12 O2(g) 12 CO2(g) + 11 H2O(l) (1)

Ignore state symbols
Energy = .059 5640 = 332.76 kJ (1)
= 332.76/4.18 = 79.6 Calories (1)
(i.e. mol sucrose from (a) 5640/4.18)
If 0.059 is missed, 5640/4.18 = 1349 Calories would score 1 mark
3
7]
15.
Empirical formula
N : O = 63.64/14 : 36.36/16 (1)
= 4.56 : 2.27 = 2 : 1. Empirical formula = N2O (1)
Molecular formula
Mr of gas = 1.833 24 = 44 (1) (calc 43.992)
With these two pieces of evidence, assume that molecular formula = N 2O
3
[3]
16.
moles HCl in 23.2 cm = 0.200 23.2/1000 = 4.64 10 (1)

3
3
moles B in 25 cm = moles HCl = 4.64 10 (1)
3
3
2
moles B in 250 cm = 4.64 10 10 = 4.64 10 (1)
2
4.64 10 mol B has a mass of 4.32 g
2
1
molar mass of B = 4.32/4.64 10 = 93 g mol (1)
93 16 = 77 (1)
Therefore B is phenylamine / C6H5NH2 (1)
There may be other valid structures that are amines. These can be
credited provided that everything adds up to 93.

Answer could be a primary, secondary or tertiary amines.
[6]
17.
(a)
(i)
Oxidation state of nitrogen goes from +5 to +4 (1);

Oxidation state of oxygen goes from 2 to 0 (1);
Correct linking of changes of oxidation state with
reduction and with oxidation (1)
3
If oxidation state of barium given is incorrect max 1 for the oxidation
numbers.
Allow ecf from wrong oxidation states for the correct linking mark
Both oxidation and reduction needed
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Correct use of molar ratios (1);

Correct cycle (1);
1
(+)1000 (kJ mol ) (1)
1
Award full marks for (+) 1000 (kJ mol )
Only allow ecf for final lattice energy answer from a correct cycle
Allow 1000 (1), +467 (2), +901 (2), +1558 (2)
Moles of Ba(NO3)2 = 0.005 or 0.00502 (1);

Moles of gas made = 0.0125 / 0.0126 (1);
3
3
Volume of gas = 300 cm to 302 cm (1)
Allow ecf within question
Ignore significant figures
Decomposition temperature may be too high / too much

gas will be produced / to fill a gas syringe need a smaller
amount of solid / gas syringe too small (1)
Allow NO2 is toxic / barium compounds are toxic
Answer is consequential on answer to (i)
[10]
18.
[H ] increases (1)
H2O ionises more /
for H2O
H + OH , equilibrium moves to the right (1)

exo/endo is noise
2
[2]
19.
(i)
O3: Exp 2 has 4 times [H2] as Exp 1

and rate increases by 4 (1),
so order = 1 with respect to O3 (1)
C2H4: Exp 3 has 2 [C2H4] and 2 [O3] as Exp 2;
and rate has increased by 4 (1),
so order = 1 with respect to C2H4 (1)
rate = k [O3] [C2H4] (1)
(ii)
use of k = rate / [O3] [C2H4] = 1.0 10

to obtain a calculated value (1)
3
k = 2 10 (1)
3
1 1
units: dm mol s (1)
(iii) rate = 1.0 10
12
/4 = 2.5 10
13
(iv) rate increases and k increases (1)
12
/ (0.5 10 1.0 10 )
3
3 1
(mol dm s ) (1)
1
1
[10]
20.
1O2(g) O3(g)/
5

O2(g) + O2(g) O3(g) (1)
NO is a catalyst (1) as it is (used up in step 1 and) regenerated in step 2/
not used up in the overall reaction(1)
allow 1 mark for O/NO2 with explanation of regeneration.
3]
21.
(i)
H /proton donor (1)
(ii)
partially dissociates/ionises (1)
1
[2]
22.
C6H5OH(aq) + OH (aq)
acid 1
base 2
C6H5O (aq) + H2O(l)

base 1
acid 2 (1)
[1]
23.
(i)
Ka = [C6H5O (aq)] [H (aq)] / [C6H5OH(aq)] (1)
(ii)
Mr C6H5OH = 94 (1)
[C6H5OH(aq)] 4.7/94 = 0.050 mol dm (1)

10
1.3 10 [H (aq)] / 0.050 mol dm (1) (= sign is acceptable)

+
10
6
3
[H ] = {(1.3 10 ) (0.050) } = 2.55 10 mol dm (1)
6
pH = log[H+] = log 2.55 10 = 5.59 (1)
+
3 marks: [H ]; pH expression ; calc of pH from [H ]
5
[6]
24.
[H (aq)] = 1.99 10 mol dm (1)
+
[C6H5O (aq)] = Ka [C6H5OH(aq)] / [H (aq)](1)
[C6H5O (aq)] = 0.13 mol dm (1)

Calculation should use half the original concentration of phenol to find
the concentration of sodium phenoxide in the buffer. This should then be
doubled back up again.
Do not penalise an approach that uses the original concentration of
phenol in the expression above.
[3]
25.
(a)
(b)
rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction (1)

concentrations of reactants and products are constant but they are
constantly interchanging (1)
(i)
Kc = [CH3OH] / [CO] [H2] (1)
(ii)
use of Kc = [CH3OH] / [CO] [H2] and moles to

obtain a calculated value (1)
convert moles to concentration by +2: [CO] = 3.10 10 mol dm ;

5
3
2
3
[H2] = 2.60 10 mol dm ; [CH3OH] = 2.40 10 mol dm (1)
5
2 2
Kc = [2.60 10 ] / [3.10 10 ] [2.40 10 ] = 14.6 / 14.56 (1)
(c)
(d)
If moles not converted to concentration, calculated Kc value = 3.64

(scores 1st and 3rd marks)
6
2
units: dm mol (1)
(i)
fewer moles of gas on right hand side (1)
(ii)
None (1)
(i)
moved to left hand side/reactants increase/less products (1)
(ii)
H negative because high temperature favours the

6

endothermic direction (1)
(e)
(i)
CH3OH + 1 O2 CO2 + 2H2O(1)
(ii)
adds oxygen/oxygenated (1)
1
[13]
26.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
Ca is smaller than Ca/ proton : electron ratio in Ca > Ca (1)

greater attraction from nucleus (1)
oxide ion, O and electron are both negative (1)

hence energy is required to overcome repulsion (1)
completes Born-Haber cycle showing 1st IE 2nd IE 1st EA 2

EA
and LE(1)(1)(1) (lose 1 mark for each error/omission)
1
LE = (1)3451 kJ mol (1)
2
nd
differences in size of lattice enthalpies linked to ionic sizes/attraction

using more/less exothermic rather than bigger or smaller. (1)
2+
2+
Mg is smaller/Mg has greater charge density(1)

2
hence has stronger attraction for O (1)
3
[12]
27.
(i)
525 kJ mol (1)
(ii)
193.6 J K mol (1)
(iii)
uses G = H TS (1)
To be feasible, G = 0 or G < 0 (1)
minimum T = H / S (1)
Converts S from J to kJ/1000 or converts H from kJ to J (1)
2712 K/ 2438 C / 2439 C (1) (units essential)
[7]
28.
(i)
(ii)
2+
oxidation: Fe Fe + 2e (1)
3+
2+
reduction: V + e V (1)
Ecell = 0.18 V (1)
1
[3]
29.
(i)
(ii)
system III 2 and reversed + system IV (1)

2H2 + O2 2H2O/
H2 + O2 H2O (1)
advantages:
only H2O formed/ non-polluting
greater efficiency (1)
disadvantages:
H2 difficult to store (1)
H2 difficult to manufactured initially /
limited life cycle of H2 adsorber/absorber (1)
4
[6]
30.
To be handed in for marking

[20]
31.
Oxidation because oxidation state of Hg changes from 0 to +2 so oxidation (1)

Reduction because oxidation number of O changes from 1 to 2 (1)
Or
Correct identification of all the oxidation numbers (1)
Correct identification of oxidation and reduction (1)
2
7

Allow ecf for the identification of oxidation and reduction from wrong
oxidation numbers
2]
32.
Does not have an incomplete set of d electrons / does

not have a partially filled d orbital / does not have a
partially filled d sub-shell / ora (1)
Allow use of 3d
1
[1]
33.
(i)
(1s 2s 2p )3s 3p 3d (1)
(ii)
Octahedral shape with some indication of three dimensions (1);

Bond angle 90 (1)
2
Allow use of wedges and dotted lines to indicate three dimensions
Allow three dimensions if at least two bond angles of 90o are shown that
clearly demonstrate 3D
If two different bond angles do not award bond angle mark
(iii)
Green / olive green / dark-green / green-blue ppt (1)

Allow solid instead of precipitate
Allow solid or precipitate to be awarded from the state symbol in
Fe(OH)2(s)
2+
Fe (aq) + 2OH (aq) Fe(OH)2(s) (1)
2
[5]
34.
2+
2+
(i)
MnO2 + 4H + 2Fe Mn + 2H2O + 2Fe

Ignore state symbols
(ii)
Moles of Fe
3+
(1)
2+
that reacted with MnO2 = 0.02 0.0123 = 0.0077 (1)

Allow ecf within question
Mass of MnO2 = 0.00385 86.9 = 0.335 (1)

% purity = 66.4% (1)
Allow 66.4 66.5
Alternatively
Moles of MnO2 in 0.504 = 0.00580
2+
So moles of Fe that should react with this is 0.0116 (1)

2+
Moles of Fe that reacted with MnO2 = 0.02 0.0123 = 0.0077 (1)
% purity = 66.4% (1)
3
[4]
35.

[12]
36.
(a)
(b)
(i)
+3
(ii)
Cis and trans forms drawn in 3-D (only award these

marks if C has been chosen)
(iii)
Type of isomerism is cis-trans/geometric
(i)
(concentrated) hydrochloric acid/sodium chloride/
Other suitable named ionic chloride but not just chloride or Cl
Ligand substitution / ligand exchange
(ii)
[6]
8

37. (a) Emf/voltage/potential difference (of electrochemical cell)
2+
comprising a (Cu/Cu ) half cell combined with a standard
hydrogen electrode
3
1 atm, 1 mol.dm , 298K (all 3 needed but can transfer mark if stated in (b))
(b)
Salt bridge and voltmeter

3 +
Platinum electrode dipping into 1 mol dm H
Hydrogen gas feed
(Accept a suitable alternative standard electrode)
1
1
1
1
1
1
[6]
38.
(i)
(ii)
Decolorised / add starch which is decolorised

Allow blue/black white or brown white
Do not allow colourless
moles S2O3 = 23.20 0.100/1000 = 0.00232 moles

Cu
2+
S2O3 / moles Cu
2+
= 0.00232 moles
But 25 cm of original = 10 0.00232 = 0.0232 moles

Concentration of original = 1000 0.0232 / 25
2+
1
1
(iii) Because concentration of Cu is less than 1 mol dm / less than standard

equilibrium moves to left (reducing +ve value of E)
1
1
[7]
39.
(a)
(b)
(i)
Stainless steel + corrosion resistance or alloys for tools

+ hardness or other named alloy/use/property
Allow chrome plating with attractive or barrier to corrosion
2
+ 7H2O
(ii)
Chromium 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s (allow.4s 3d )
(i)
Cr2O7 + 14H + 6Fe
2
2
Cr2O7 / Cr
3+
2+
2Cr
3+
+ 6Fe
3+
has more positive electrode potential
Therefore Cr2O7 is the stronger oxidising agent which

oxidises Fe
(ii)
2+
to Fe
3+
(ora)
Emf = (+) 0.56 V
1
[6]
40.

[9]
41.
(i)
(ii)
1O2(g) O3(g)/
O2(g) + O2(g) O3(g) (1)
NO is a catalyst (1) as it is (used up in step 1 and)
regenerated in step 2/
not used up in the overall reaction(1)
allow 1 mark for O/NO2 with explanation of regeneration.
Rate = k[NO] [O3] (1)

Species in rate equation match those reactants in the slow
step / rate determining step (1)
2
[5]
42.
(a)
[PCl 3 ][Cl 2 ]
[PCl 5 ]
Kc =
(1)
(b)
(i)
PCl5 > 0.3 mol dm ; PCl3 and Cl2 < 0.3 mol dm (1)
(ii)
At start, system is out of equilibrium with too much PCl3

and Cl2 and not enough PCL5 /
1
3

0.3 0.3
0.3 = 0.3 is greater than Kc = 0.245 mol dm3 (1)
(c)
(d)
(i)
Kc does not change as temperature is the same (1)
(ii)
Fewer moles on left hand side (1)

system moves to the left to compensate for increase in
pressure by producing less molecules (1)
(i)
Kc decreases (as more reactants than products)(1)
(ii)
Forward reaction is exothermic/

reverse reaction is endothermic (1)
equilibrium left to oppose increase in energy/
because Kc decreases (1)
2
[9]
43.
(a)
(b)
(i)
Ionic product (1)
(ii)
Kw = [H (aq)] [OH (aq)] (1) state symbols not needed
5 10 3 21.35
4
1000
moles of HCl =
= 1.067 10 mol (1)
1.067 10 4
5
2
moles of Ca(OH)2 =
= 5.34 10 mol (1)
concentration of Ca(OH)2 = 40 5.34 10
= 2.136 10 mol dm (1)

3
3
3
2 marks for 4.27 10 / 8.54 10 mol dm
(no factor of 4)
(c)
[OH ] = 2 2.7 10 = 5.4 10 mol dm (1)
Kw
+
[H (aq)] = [OH (aq)]
pH = log (1.85 10
1.0 10 14
5.4 10 3 = 1.85 1012 mol dm3 (1)
12
) = 11.73/11.7 (1)
3
+
ecf is possible for pH mark providing that the [H ]
value has been derived from Kw/[OH ]

st
If pOH method is used, pOH = 2.27. would get 1 mark,

nd
pH = 14 2.27 = 11.73 gets 2 mark.
-3
Commonest mistake will be to not double OH and to use 2.7 10
This gives ecf answer of 11.43/11.4, worth 2 marks.
pH = 11.13 from dividing by 2: worth 2 marks
(d)
8 (1)
1
[9]
44.
(a)
Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2CaSO4 (1)
(b)
H2PO4 (aq)
H (aq) + HPO4 (aq) /
2H (aq) + PO4 (aq) (1)
H2PO4 (aq)
(or equivalent with H2O forming H3O )

(c)
(i)
HPO4 (1)
1
1
10

(ii) H3PO4 (1)
(iii)
H2PO4 produced Ca(H2PO4)2 or on LHS of an attempted

equilibrium equation (1)
2 equations/equilibria to shown action of buffer (1)(1)
from:
+
H2PO4 + H
H3PO4 /
H2PO4
H2PO4 + OH
+
H + HPO4 /
H + OH
H2O + HPO4 /
H2O
3
[7]
45.
(i)
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d (1)
(ii)
Has an incomplete set of d electrons / partially

filled d sub-shell / partially filled d orbital (1)
Allow partially filled d shell
1
[2]
46.
(i)
(ii)
Has a (lone) pair of electrons that can be donated / lone pair that can form
a dative bond / pair of electrons that can form a coordinate bond (1)
3D diagram of octahedral structure (1);

Bond angle 90 (1)
2
Name
octahedral must be present to score two marks
Allow use of wedges and dotted lines to indicate three dimensions
Allow three dimensions if at least two bond angles of 90 are shown that
clearly demonstrate 3D
If two different bond angles do not award bond angle mark
[3]
47.
(i)
Brown / red-brown / foxy-red / rusty / orange ppt (1)

Allow solid instead of precipitate
Allow state symbol (s) for precipitate
(ii)
Fe (aq) + 3OH (aq) Fe(OH)3(s)

Correct equation (1)
State symbols for the correct formulae even if
spectator ions are present (1)
Allow equations using the hydrated iron(III) ion
3+
2
3]
48.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
Ionisation energy refers to removing electrons that

are attracted to the nucleus / energy needed to
overcome the force of attraction between outer
electrons and nucleus (1)
Electron affinity involves an electron (being

gained) experiencing attraction to the nucleus (1)
Correct state symbols (1);

Allow 1 error or omission in state symbols.
Providing formula has correct state symbols once in cycle this is
sufficient
Correct formula (1);
(ii)
Correct cycle with labelling or energy values (1)
= +178 + 249 + 798 + (141) + 1150 + 590 + (3459) (1)

1
= 635 kJ mol (1)
2
11

Final answer must have correct units
1
+635 kJ mol scores 0
(iii)
Ionic radius of iron(II) less (than that of calcium ion) /

2+
2+
charge density of Fe greater (than that of Ca ) /. ora (1)
1
]
49.
Fe2O3 + 3Cl2 + 10OH 2FeO4 + 5H2O + 6Cl (2)

Allow one mark if electrons shown
Allow one mark if correct reactants and products but not balanced
[2]
50.
Correct Mr for Fe2O3, 159.6, and of Na2FeO4,165.8 (1)

Moles of Fe2O3 = 0.00627 (1);
Mass of Na2FeO4 = 2.08 (1);
Percentage = 21.6 or 21.7 (%) (1)
Allow full marks for correct answer with some working
Answer must have 3 sig figs
Allow ecf from wrong moles or wrong mass
[4]
51.
Oxidation state of iron changes from +6 to +3 so is reduction (1)

Oxidation state of oxygen changes from 2 to 0 so is oxidation (1)
To get the two marks for oxidation states marks any other oxidation state
quoted must be correct.
Maximum one mark if any other oxidation number given is wrong
OR
Oxidation state of iron changes from +6 to +3 and
oxidation state of oxygen changes from 2 to 0 (1)
Iron is reduced and oxygen is oxidised (1)
2
[2]
52.
(i)
(ii)
(Oxidised to) iodine so a brown (solution) formed /

3+
2+
Fe formed which is yellow or orange / Fe formed which is green (1)
Allow red/brown or orange
Nitrogen / N2 (1)
1
Allow any correctly named oxide of nitrogen / correct formulae / HNO3
etc.
[2]
53.
(a)
VO2
(b)
(i)
1
B and D
(ii)
12

V
S a lt b rid g e
V O
2+
/V
2+
/H + /V
3+
3+
P la tin u m / c a rb o n
(iii)
Allow ecf from (b) (i)

Solutions can be reversed.
298 K / 25 C temperature
3
all solutions 1 mol dm
Both needed for 1 mark. Ignore any reference to pressure
1
[7]
54.
2+
20 cm of 0.100 mol dm VO = 0.002 moles

2+
0.002 moles VO = 0.0004 moles MnO4
0.0004 moles MnO4 are in 16.0 cm
1
1
1
[3]
55.
(a)
Ligand able to donate two lone pairs

to form dative covalent / co-ordinate bonds
1
1
(b)
3
O
C
O
O
C
O
C r
C
C
O
O
O
O
C
3-D diagram with three ethanedioate ligands used

3+
correct bonding between ligands and Cr
correct charge on ion (3)
(Accept O O as minimum for ethanedioate ion)
1
1
1
[5]
56.

[8]
57.
(a)
(i)
Curve downwards starting at t = 0

with slope gradually levelling off with no increase
(dont worry about hitting the x axis)
(ii)
Tangent shown at start
(iii)
Half-life is constant
OR: draw tangents and then plot a 2nd graph of tangent
or rate against concentration, which is a straight line
13

through the origin.
(iv)
Straight line through origin
in it ia l r a t e /
m o l d m 3 s 1
0
[C 2H 4B r2] m o l d m
(b)
(c)
4 times [KI], rate increases by 4 ,

so order = 1 with respect to KI independent marks
(i)
rate/r = k[C2H4Br2] [KI]
k
(ii)
or ecf from (b)
rate
0.027
/
[C 2 H 4 Br2 ] [KI] 0.50 0.18
3
= 0.3(0)
1 1
units: dm mol s
units dependent on rate equation in (i).

Mark independently.
3
[11]
58.

[12]
59.
proton donor
partially dissociates
[2]
60.
[HCOO ] [H ]
[H ] 2
/
/[H ]
[HCOOH]
Ka = [HCOOH]
( Ka [HA]) /
[H ] 2
4
1.58 10 = 0.025 /
+
4
3
3
[H ] = {(1.58 10 ) (0.025) } = 1.99 10 mol dm
+
3
pH = log[H ] = log 1.99 10 = 2.70
5.4034 (no square root) with working would score 1 mark.
[3]
61.
(i)
(ii)
A solution that minimises pH changes/resists pH

changes/opposes pH changes
(not pH is kept constant/pH maintained/pH cancelled out.
HCOONa/HCOO / NaOH
HCOO is the conjugate base/

HCOONa is the salt of the weak acid or HCOOH/
HCOONa supplies HCOO
(iii) Two points from:

Ka /pKa /acid strength/amount of dissociation
temperature (but not temperature & pressure)
14

ratio/amounts/concentrations of weak acid and
conjugate base/salt (or reverse ratio)
(not . concentration of base as it could imply
NaOH)
2 max
[5]
62.
1400 65
/ 910g
100
Mass of HNO3 =
910
14.4
Moles of HNO3 = 63
+
pH = log[H ] = log 14.4 = 1.16/1.2 calc 1.15836

pH from ignoring 65% pH = 1.35: with working, 2 marks.
[3]
63.
CO2 + H2O
Complete correct balanced equation for 2nd mark:
2HNO3 + CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O /
2H+ + CaCO3 Ca
+
2H + CO
2+
+ CO2 + H2O /
CO2 + H2O
[2]
64.
Two species differing by H . AW

one pair:
HNO3 and NO3
other pair: HCOOH and HCOOH2
[3]
65.
0.1263 23.75
3
1000
moles of NaOH =
/ 3.00 10 mol
3
moles of acid = 3.00 10 mol
3
2
moles of acid in flask = 10 3.00 10 = 3.00 10 mol
mass
2.58
86
3.00 10 2
molar mass of compound = n
4
Molecular formula = C4H6O2
A 4 carbon carboxylic acid
(e.g. butanoic acid) shown (bod)
Any 2 possible isomers
from:
CH2 = C(CH3)COOH
CH2 = CHCH2COOH
cis CH3CH = CHCOOH
trans CH3CH = CHCOOH
Accept structural formulae that are unambiguous.
4
8]
66.
Add (aqueous) sodium hydroxide which will give a brown/rusty ppt (1)
Allow solid for precipitate or (s) in equation
Allow Use aqueous thiocyanate ions which gives a (blood) red
colouration
[1]
67.
(i)
(ii)
2+
3+
Cr2O7 + 14H + 6Fe 2Cr + 7H2O + 6Fe

Correct reactants and products (1);
Correct balancing (electrons cancelled out) (1)
3+
Moles of dichromate(VI) = 3.53 10 (1);

15

3
Moles of iron(II) = 2.12 10 (1):
3
Moles of impure iron(II) sulphate = 2.36 10 (1);
Percentage purity = 89.8 / 89.8 90.0 (1)
4
Allow alternative working out via mass instead of moles e.g. mass of iron
in hydrated FeSO4 from percentage composition compared to mass of
iron from moles of iron(II).
Allow ecf throughout unless percentage is above 100%
[6]
68.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(Blue to) yellow (solution) / (blue to) green (solution) (1)
(ii)
Lone pair on chloride ion (1);

Donated to copper(II) ion (1)
2
Allow dative bond / coordinate bond (1)
Allow marks via a diagram that must show lone pairs and the dative
bond
(Light) blue precipitate / blue solid (1);

With excess (dark) blue solution (1)
Not just goes blue
2
[5]
69.
Any three from

Ammonia molecule 1 lone pair (and 3 bond pairs) (1);
Ammonia ligand 4 bond pairs / lone pair is now a bond pair /
ligand does not have a lone pair (1);
Lone pairs repel more than bond pairs (1):
In complex equal repulsion between electron pairs (1)
Not bonds repel / atoms repel
3
[3]
70.
(i)
(ii)
Species with (lone) pair of electrons

Capable of being donated / forms a dative covalent
bond / co-ordinate bond to a metal ion.
(allow suitable diagram)
1
1
[3]
71.
(i)
[Co(H2O)6]
2+
is octahedral
2-
[CoCl4] is tetrahedral (both needed for 1 mark)
(ii)
pink to blue
(iii)
Ligand substitution / exchange/displacement
1
[3]
72.
(a)
(i)
1 mark for correct 3-D diagram of cis isomer

1 mark for correct 3-D diagram of trans isomer
1
1
(Allow planar diagrams if two appropriate 90 angles are shown)

Allow any suitable 3-D diagrams. Possibilities to include:
Co
(ii)
(b)
Co
Co
Geometric / cis trans
1 mark for using cis isomer

1 mark for correct 3-D diagrams which are mirror images of each other.
1
1
1
(If all diagrams are drawn as non-3d do not penalise in (b))

16

Allow any suitable 3-D diagrams such as:
C H 2 C H 2 N H
en
H 2N
C l
Co
C o
or
H 2N
CH
Cl
n
C H
Cl
Cl
2
NH
[5]
73.
(i)
(ii)
Brown solution/brown precipitate/black solid

Add starch to get blue / black colour
Titration / volumetric analysis

using sodium thiosulphate(with starch indicator)
(allow from equation)
2
1
1
I2 + 2S2O3 2I + S4O6
2
1
2
1 mol Cr2O7 = 6 mols S2O3
1
[5]
74.
(a)
(b)
A = Platinum(electrode)
+
B = H (aq) / HCl(aq) / other suitable acid
C = Voltmeter / galvanometer
D = Cl2(g)
State symbols needed for B and D
All correct = 2, 3 correct = 1
(i)
Arrow marked on or close to wire via voltmeter pointing from

hydrogen half cell to chlorine half cell
Electrons flow to half cell with more +ve standard electrode
potential
(ii)
(c)
Pressure = 1 Atm / 100 kPa

Temp = 298 K / 25C
3
Concentration = 1 mol dm
All 3 correct = 2 marks 2 correct = 1 mark
1
1
The standard electrode potential for ClO3 / Cl2 is more positive
than that of Cl2 / Cl
ClO3 has a greater tendency to gain electrons than Cl2 / ClO3 is a

better oxidising agent than Cl2
Alternative:
Because E is positive, the reaction will go from left to right
therefore ClO3 is reduced so it must be a better oxidising

agent than chlorine.
[8]
75.
(a)
partial dissociation: HCOOH
(b)
(i)
(ii)
H + HCOO (1)
pH = log (1.55 10 ) = 2.81/2.8 (1)

+
[H ] deals with negative indices over a very wide range/
pH makes numbers manageable
/removes very small numbers (1)
[ H (aq)][HCOO (aq)]
[HCOOH(aq)]
Ka =
(1) (state symbols not needed)
17

(iii)
[H (aq)] 2
(1.55 10 3 ) 2
0.015
Ka = [HCOOH(aq)]
(1)
4
= 1.60 10 (mol dm )(1)

4
pKa = log Ka = log (1.60 10 ) = 3.80 (1)
(iv)
(1.55 10 3 ) 100
0.015
Percentage dissociating =
= 10.3 % /
10% (1)
(working not required)
1
[8]
76.
(i)
HCOOH + NaOH HCOONa + H2O (1)

state symbols not needed
(ii)
n(HCOOH) = 0.0150 25.00/1000 = 3.75 10 (1)

3
volume of NaOH(aq) that reacts is 30 cm (1)
4
3
so [NaOH] = 3.75 10 1000/30 = 0.0125 mol dm (1)
(iii)
1
4
Kw = [H (aq)][OH (aq)] (1)

14
pH = log(1 10 /0.0125) = 12.10/12.1 (1)

(calc 12.09691001)
(iv) metacresol purple (1)
pH range coincides with pH change during sharp rise OR
pH 6-10 /coincides with equivalence point/end point (1)
2
[8]
77.
(a)
[HI]2
Kc = [ H 2 ][I 2 ] (1)
(b)
(i)
H2
0.30
0.14
1
I2
0.20
0.04
(1)
(ii)
(c)
HI
0
0.32
(1)
0.32 2
Kc = 0.14 0.04 = 18.28571429 (1)
= 18 (to 2 sig figs) (1)
no units (1)
(or ecf based on answers to (i) and/or (a))
Kc is constant (1)
Composition of mixture is the same (1)
2
[8]
78.

[14]
79.
(a)
(b)
Atomisation of Na = (+)218 / 2 (+) 109 (1);

Ionisation of Na = (+)990 / 2 (+)495 (1);
Any other two correct enthalpy changes (1);
Last two correct enthalpy change (1)
791 + 141 247 990 218 416 (1);
2521 (1)
+
Allow ecf from part (a) e.g. 2026 if only 1 mole of Na Na
4
2
18

2412 if only 1 mole of
Na (s) Na (g)
1917 if only 1 mole of Na throughout
Allow full marks for 2521 with no working out
(c)
Calcium chloride (1)

If wrong salt chosen maximum of 2 marks (the comparison of the ions)
And Br has larger ionic radius than Cl / Br has lower charge
density than Cl / ora (1);

Not Br has larger radius
+
2+
K has a lower charge than Ca / K has lower charge

2+
+
2+
density than Ca / K has a larger ionic radius than Ca / ora (1);
Not K has lower charge
+
Not K has larger atomic radius
Strongest attraction between ions (when smallest radius and
highest charge) / strongest attraction between ions (with the
highest charge density) / ora (1)
Penalise use of atoms rather than ions just once in this question
4
[10]
80.
(a)
2+
10
Zn is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d and
2+
2 2 6 2 6 9
Cu is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d (1);
2+
10
2
9
Allow Zn [Ar]3d and Cu + [Ar]3d
Copper has at least one ion with an incomplete filled d-orbital
(zinc does not) / copper(II) ion has an incomplete set of
d electrons (zinc ion does not) / copper(II) ion has an
incomplete d sub-shell (zinc ion does not) / ora (1)
(b)
2+
2+
Cu compounds are coloured but Zn compounds are not (1);

2+
2+
Cu compounds may be catalytic but Zn compounds are not (1)
2
2+
2+
Allow Cu forms complexes but Zn does not
2+
2+
2+
Allow correct chemistry of Cu compared to Zn e.g. Cu and NaOH
2+
gives blue ppt but Zn gives white ppt (that redissolves in excess)
4]
81.
-3
Moles of hydrogen = 3.17 10 / moles of zinc = 3.17 10 (1);

3
Not 3 10
Mass of zinc = 0.207 g / moles of zinc 65.4 (1);
Not 0.2
Percentage of copper = 83.2 (1)
Allow ecf
Final answer must be to 3 or 4 sig figs
Penalise significant figures just once
Allow values between 82.983.2
[3]
82.
2+
+ 2e / Cu 2e Cu
2+
(i)
Cu Cu
(1)
(ii)
2Cu + O2 + 4H 2Cu + 2H2O (1)

Allow any correct multiple
Allow ecf from (a)(i)
2+
2]
83.
Mr of [Cu(CH3COO)2]2.Cu(OH)2 = 460.5 (1)

19

Allow ecf from wrong Mr
Molar ratio [Cu(CH3COO)2]2.Cu(OH)2 : H2O is 0.182 : 0.906 (1)
x = 5 (1)
Not full marks for 5 with no working out
3
[3]
84.

[10]
85.
(a)
Emf / voltage / potential difference

Half cell combined with standard hydrogen electrode
3
Standard conditions 298K, 1 mol dm , 1 atm
(all 3 required for 1 mark)
(b)
(i)
Diagram shows:
Voltmeter + salt bridge + complete circuit
2+
Solution labelled Cu and electrode labelled Ag
1
1
1
1
1
S a lt b r id g e
V
C u (s )
A g (s )
Cu
(c)
2+
A g +(a q )
(a q )
(ii)
Direction from Cu(s) to Ag(s) (must be in / close to wire)
(iii)
0.80 0.34 = 0.46 V
(iv)
Cu + 2Ag Cu
2+
+ 2Ag
Standard Electrode Potential for chlorine is more positive than

3+
3+
Fe therefore it is a better oxidising agent than Fe (do not
accept E is larger or smaller)

Standard Electrode Potential for iodine is less positive than
3+
3+
Fe therefore it is a poorer oxidising agent than Fe
(Accept release of electrons/equilibrium arguments)
1
1
[10]
86.
(a)
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d (Do not accept [Ar]3d )
(b)
(i)
Ring around O
Ring around N
(Accept ring around O of C=O as an alternative to O )
1
1
(ii)
Lone pair (of electrons) / non-bonding pair
1
[4]
87.
(a)
(b)
(i)
Number of dative bonds / co-ordinate bonds formed with the

transition metal (Do not accept number of ligands but allow
number of lone pairs bonded to.)
(ii)
Square planar
(i)
Ligand substitution
1
20

(ii) x = 2
y=0
(c)
(i)
1
1
cis isomer drawn

trans isomer drawn
(ignore any charges)
C l
1
1
N H
C l
Pt
NH
Pt
C l
NH
NH
Cl
(ii)
cis / trans or geometric
(iii)
Binds with DNA (not binds with cell)

Prevents replication/prevents cell dividing/prevents tumour
growth (do not allow kills cell)
1
1
[10]
88.
(a)
2+
Moles V = 25.0 0.100 / 1000 = 0.0025 mols
Moles MnO4 = 30.0 0.0500 / 1000 = 0.00150 mols
1
1
1 mole of MnO4 changes its Oxidation State by 5 to change

2+
the Oxidation State of 1.67 moles of V

2+
Oxidation State of V changes by 5 / 1.67 = 3
(b)
2+
2+
3MnO4 + 5V + 3H2O 3Mn + 5VO3 + 6H

(1 mark for correct species, 1 mark for balanced)
1
1
+
2
[6]
89.
(a)
(change in) concentration/mass/volume with time
(b)
(i)
O2:
Exp 2 has 4 [O2] as Exp. 1: rate increases by 4 (1),
so order = 1 with respect to O2 (1)
NO:
Exp 3 has 3 [NO] as Exp. 3: rate has increases by 9 (1),
so order = 2 with respect to NO (1)
(ii)
rate = k[O2] [NO] (1)

rate
(iii)
k = [O 2 ][ NO]
6
4
1
7.10
0.0010 0.0010 2 = 7.10 109 (1)
2 1
units: dm mol s (1)
2
[8]
90.
(i)
The slowest step (1)
(ii)
2NO2 NO + NO3 (1)

NO3 + CO NO2 + CO2 (1)
(or similar stage involving intermediates)
2
[3]
91.
4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3 (1)

21

N from +4 to +5
O from 0 to 2 (1) Could be below equation
2
[2]
92.
(a)
strength of acid/extent of dissociation/ionisation (1)
(b)
(i)
H2SO3(aq) + CH3COOH(aq)
HSO3 (aq) + CH3COOH2 (aq)
acid 1
base 2 (1)
base 1
acid 2 (1)
1 mark for labels on each side of equation
(ii)
CH3COOH is the stronger acid/

Ka CH3COOH is greater/
CH3COOH is more acidic ORA (1)
C6H5OH(aq) + CH3COOH(aq)
(c)
C6H5OH2 (aq) + CH3COO (aq) (1)
For HCl, pH = log[H ] (1) (or with values).

Could be awarded below
= log 0.045 = 1.35 (1) (accept 1.3)
+
For CH3COOH, [H ] = (Ka [CH3COOH]) /

5
(1.70 10 0.045) (1)

+
4
3
[H ] = 8.75 10 mol dm (1)
4
pH = log 8.75 10 = 3.058/3.06 (1) (accept 3.1)
5
[10]
93.
HCl and CH3COOH have same number of moles/

+
release same number of moles H /

1 mole of each acid produce mol of H2 (1)
+
[H ] in CH3COOH < [H ] in HCl/

CH3COOH is a weaker acid than HCl (ora) (1)
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 (1)
Mg + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Mg + H2 (1)
or
+
2+
Mg + 2H Mg + H2 (1)(1)
4
[4]
94.
amount of NaOH in titration = 0.175 x 22.05/1000

3
3
or 3.86 10 (1) (calc: 3.85875 x 10 )
3
amount of A in 25.0 cm = 0.5 mol NaOH

3
3
or 1.93 10 (1) (calc: 1.929375 10 )
3
amount of A in 250 cm = 10 1.93 10 or 1.93 10 (1)

2
1.93 10 mol A has a mass of 2.82 g

2
molar mass of A = 2.82/1.93 10 = 146 g mol (1)

(or Mr of A is 146)
Therefore A is adipic acid / HOOC(CH2)4COOH (1)
5
[5]
95.
(a)
(i)
Electron affinity -696 (1 mark);

Atomisation of Cl2 +244 (1 mark);
From top to bottom
nd
2 IE +1150,
st
1 IE +590,
atomisation of Ca +178
22

formation -796 (1 mark)
Allow 244, 1150, 590 and 176 i.e. without plus sign
(ii)
-796 - 178 - 590 - 1150 - 244 + 696 (1);

But
-2262 (with no working) (2)
Allow ecf from the wrong figures on the Born-Haber cycle
1 error max one mark
2 errors 0 mark
(iii)
Magnesium fluoride more exothermic than calcium chloride / ora

Answer must refer to the correct particle.
because
2+
2+
Ionic radius of Mg is less than that of Ca / charge density

of magnesium ion is greater than that of calcium ion / ora (1);
Ionic radius of F- is less than that of Cl / charge density

of fluoride ion is greater than that of chloride ion / ora (1);
Not Mg or magnesium has a smaller radius or fluorine has a smaller
radius
Stronger (electrostatic) attraction between cation and anion
in MgF2 than in CaCl2 / stronger ionic bonds in MgF2 (1)
Allow magnesium or fluorine has a smaller ionic radius
(b)
Any two from

For second ionisation energy the electron lost is closer to the nucleus / AW (1);
For second ionisation energy the electron is lost from a particle that
is already positive (1);
For second ionisation energy there is one more proton than electron (1)
So outer electron more firmly attracted to the nucleus (1)
Allow ora
2
[10]
96.
(a)
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d (1);
Has an incomplete set of 3d electrons (1)
2
Allow 3d orbitals are not completely occupied / incomplete 3d sub-shell
Allow has half-filled d orbitals
(b)
Any two from

Variable oxidation state / variable valency (1);
Act as catalysts (1);
Form complexes / form complex ions (1);
Form coloured compounds (1)
2
Not high melting point / good thermal and electrical conductors / high
density etc
(c)
Iron (II) ions give a green ppt (1);

Iron (III) ions give an orange-rust ppt (1)
Precipitate must be used once
Allow solid instead of ppt
(d)
2+
3+
4Fe + O2 + 4H 4Fe + 2H2O

Correct reactants and products (1);
Correct balancing (1)
2
[8]
97.
(i)
Copper may react with potassium manganate(VII) /

iron(III) ions formed in titration may be reduced back to
iron(II) ions by the copper (1)
1
23
(ii) MnO4 gains electrons and is reduced / Mn oxidation

state changes from +7 to +2 so it is reduced (1);
2+
Fe loses electrons and is oxidised / Fe oxidation state
changes from +2 to +3 so it is oxidised (1)
(iii) Moles of MnO4 = 4.50 10 (1);

Moles of Fe
2+
= 5 moles MnO4 / 2.25 10 (1);

2+
Mass of Fe = moles of Fe 55.8 / 0.1256 (1);

Percentage = 18.6 % (1)
Allow answers that use 56 for Ar of Fe this gives 18.7
Allow ecf
[7]
98.
(a)
(b)
(Pale blue solution) to a (light) blue ppt (1);

with excess dark blue solution (1)
Octahedral shape with clear indication of 3D either by

construction lines or wedges etc (1);
90 (1)
2
Ignore mistakes with the ligands question focuses on octahedral and the
bond angle
[4]
99.
Water molecule 2 lone pairs (and 2 bond pairs) (1);

Water ligand 1 lone pair and 3 bond pairs / lone pair is now
a bond pair / water has one less lone pair when it is a ligand (1);
Lone pairs repel more than bond pairs (1)
Not atoms repel
3
[3]
100. (i)
(ii)
Central ion surrounded by molecules/ions/ligands
Molecule/ion with a lone pair of electrons

Able to form a dative covalent or co-ordinate bond /
which can be donated
1
1
[3]
101. To be handed in for marking

[8]
102. (i)
(ii)
3+
Cr2O7 + 14H + 6I
2Cr + 3I2 + 7H2O
All species correct (ignore electrons for this mark)
Equation balanced (penalise if electrons not cancelled out)
1
1
Brown colour disappears

2
S2O3 reacts with I2 (to form colourless I )
1
1
Green colour remains due to Cr
3+
(must say what gives green colour)
1
[5]

[15]
104. (a)
(b)
(i)
O3: 1
and C2H4 (1)
(ii)
2 (1)
(iii)
rate = k[O3] [C2H4] (1)
(i)
measure gradient/tangent (1)

24

at t = 0/start of reaction (1)
(ii)
rate
k = [O 2 ][C 2 H 4 ] (1)
1.0 10 12
7
8
3
3
1 1
k = 0.5 10 1.0 10 = 2 10 (1) dm mol s (1)
(iii) 2 mol CH2O forms for every 0.5 mol O2 /

stoichiometry of CH2O : O2 is not 1:1 (1)
(iv)
3
1
rate increases (1)

k increases (1)
2
[11]
105. (i)
(ii)
Kw = [H (aq)] [OH (aq)] (1)

state symbols not needed
+
pH
[H (aq)] = 10
= 10
13.54
14
= 2.88/2.9 10 mol dm (1)

Kw
1.0 10 14
14
[NaOH] / [OH (aq)] = [H (aq)] 2.88 10

3
= 0.347 / 0.35 mol dm (1)
2
[3]
106. (i)
(ii)
proton donor (1)
partially dissociates (1)
1
[2]
107. C6H5OH(aq) + OH (aq)

C6H5O (aq) + H2O(l)
acid 1
base 2 (1)
base 1
acid 2 (1)
1 mark for each acid-base pair
[2]
108. (i)
(ii)
[C 6 H 5 O ][H ]
Ka = [C 6 H 5 OH] (1)
1
3
concentration = 38/94 (1) = 0.40 mol dm (1)

(first mark for Mr of phenol incorrect answer here will give ecf for
remainder of question)
[ H (aq)] 2
10
0.40
1.3 10
(1)
(= sign is acceptable)
+
[H ] = {(1.3 10
+
10
) (0.40)} = 7.2 10 mol dm (1)

6
pH = log[H ] = log 7.2 10 = 5.14 (1)

+
5
+
3 marks: [H ] (1); pH expression (1); calc of pH from [H ] (1)

Common errors:
Without square root, answer = 10.28 (1)(1)(0)
st
Use of 38 as molar concentration does not score 1 2 marks.
This gives an answer of 4.15 for 3 marks (1)(1)(1)
[6]
109.
25

O -N a
O -N a
C H
(C H
2)4
C H
/ NaOH /Na (1)

weak acid/base pair mixture formed (1)
On structure, 1 mark for O Na on either or both phenol groups.
2
[2]

[12]
111. (a)
(b)
Emf of a cell / voltage / potential difference / cell potential

Comprising half cell combined with standard hydrogen electrode
3
Conc = 1 mol.dm ; Pressure (of H2) = 1 atm; Temp = 298K
(all of above = 1 mark)
1
1
1
+0.16 V (unit required)
1
[4]
112. (a)
(b)
(i)
2MnO4 + 10Cl + 16H 2Mn
2+
+ 5Cl2 + 8H2O
correct species on both sides of equation equation balanced

(ignore electrons for first mark, penalise for balance)
(ii)
Chlorine 1 0
Manganese +7 +2
Link to (i) and allow ecf
1
1
(iii)
Chloride ion oxidised (not chlorine)

Manganate(VII) ion reduced (not manganese)
1
1
0.16 V too small/rate too slow/insufficient activation

energy/not standard conditions
1
[7]
113. (a)
(b)
(i)
Zinc
(ii)
Coins + resist corrosion (not rusting) / hard wearing

Or statues + resist corrosion/ attractive patina
Or electrical connections + good conductor
Or musical instruments + attractive / sonorous
Or plumbing fixtures + hard / corrosion resistant
(i)
(ii)
(c)
Sodium carbonate/sodium hydroxide/other suitable

named alkali (accept correct formulae)
Do not accept alkali on its own
Starch
(iii) Just before the end point/when solution turns pale straw
(i)
0.002 mol
(ii)
One (1)
(iii)
0.002 mol
(iv)
0.002 mols Cu contains 0.002 63.5 g of Cu = 0.127 g

3
250 cm of solution contains 10 0.127 g = 1.27 g
% Cu = 1.27/1.65 100 = 77.0%
(Allow 76.9-77.0; allow ecf)
2+
1
1
1
[11]
26

114. (a) Number of coordinate / dative covalent bonds attached
to metal ion / number of lone pairs accepted (not number of ligands)
(b)
2+
(i)
[Co(H2O)6] is octahedral; [CoCl4] is tetrahedral

Drawings must be 3 dimensional
Acceptable shapes for [Co(H2O)6]
C o
2+
include:
C o
C o
Co
Acceptable shapes for [CoCl4] include

Co
C o
2
(ii)
Pink blue
(iii)
Add water.
(Allow other suitable suggestions, e.g. add lead nitrate to
precipitate Cl as PbCl2)
1
[6]
115.
+
(i)
pH = log[H ] / log(0.015) (1) = 1.82 / 1.8 (1) (Not 2)
(ii)
[H ] = 0.0075 mol dm
pH = log(0.0075) = 2.12 / 2.1 (1)
1
[3]

[9]
117. (i)
(ii)
constant half-life (1)
rate = k[N2O5] (1)
Common error will be to use 2 from equation.

(iii)
curve downwards getting less steep (1)

curve goes through 1200,0.30; 2400,0.15; 3600,0.075 (1)
(iv)
tangent shown on graph at t = 1200 s (1)
(v)
3.7(2) 10 (1) mol dm s (1)

x
ecf possible from (ii) using [N2O5]
3 1
nd
(2 order answer: 2.2(3) 10 )
2
[7]
118. (i)
slow step (1)
(ii)
(CH3)2C=CH2 + H2O (CH3)3COH (1)
(iii)
H is a catalyst (1)
+
+
H used in first step and formed in second step/

regenerated/ not used up (1)
(iv)
rate = k [(CH3)2C=CH2] [H ] (1)

27

+
common error will be use of H2O instead of H
1
[5]

[6]
28

F325 Past paper Answers Explained

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F325 Past paper Answers

Mr(Lidocaine) = 236 (1)

moles Novocaine = 100 10 /236 = 4.24 10 (1)

mass C = 12 3.74/44.0 = 12 0.085 = 1.02 g (1)

4PCl5 + 10MgO P4O10 + 10MgCl2 (1)

moles PCl5 needed = 4 0.352 = 1.408/1.4 mol (1)