Ism T11 C03 C

160
Chapter 3 Differentiation
3.6 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

1. y x*%
dy
dx
9
4
x&%
2. y x$&
3. y $2x (2x)"$
"
3
dy
dx
5. y 7x 6 7(x 6)"#
dy
dx
6. y 2x 1 2(x 1)"#

7. y (2x 5)"#
8. y (" 6x)#$
9. y x ax# 1b
10. y x ax# 1b
"#
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
11. s (t# t#(
"
4
(5x)$% 5
7
2 x
6
x1
(1 6x)"$ (6) 4(1 6x)"$
2
3
"#
a#xb ax# 1b
$#
dy
dt
dz
dt
" ax# 1b
"#
"#
ax# x# "b
" ax# 1b
$#
12. r %)$ )$%
dr
d)
2x#
1
x#
1
ax# x# "b
43 )(%
sin (" 6t)#$ 23 (1 6t)"$ (') 4(1 6t)"$ sin (1 6t)#$

"#
f w (x)
"
#
1 x"# "# #" x"#
gw (x) 23 2x"# 1
17. h()) $1 cos (2)) (1 cos 2))"$ hw ())

18. k()) (sin () 5))&% kw ())
5
4
"
3
%$
(1)x$#
2
3
"
4 1 x x
"
4 x 1 x
2x"# 1%$ x$#
(1 cos 2))#$ (sin 2)) 2 23 (sin 2))(1 cos 2))#$
(sin () 5))"% cos () 5)
5
4
cos () 5)(sin () 5))"%
19. x# y xy# 6:
Step 1:
x #
Step 2:
x#
dy
dx
Step 3:
dy
dx
dy
dx
ax# 2xyb 2xy y#
Step 4:
y 2x x 2y
2xy
dy
dx
dy
dx
y# 1 0
2xy y#
2xyy#
x#
2xy
20. x$ y$ 18xy 3x# 3y#
dy
dx
18y 18x
21. 2xy y# x y:
Step 1:
2x
dy
dx
"
ax#
1b$#
cos (2t 5)#$ 23 (2t 5)&$ 2 43 (2t 5)&$ cos (2t 5)#$
15. f(x) 1 x 1 x"#

"$
"#
a#xb ax# 1b
2 &(
7 t
14. z cos (" 6t)#$
dy
dx
5"%
4x$%
"# (2x 5)$# 2 (2x 5)$#
13. y sin (2t 5)#$
16. g(x) 2 2x"# 1
dy
dx
1(x 1)"# "
yw x "# ax# 1b
ds
dt
4. y %5x (5x)"%
(x 6)"#
7
#
yw x "# ax# 1b
"#
2"$
3x#$
(2x)#$ 2
35 x)&
dy
dx
2y 2y
dy
dx
1
dy
dx
dy
dx
a3y# 18xb
dy
dx
18y 3x#
dy
dx
6y x#
y# 6x
Section 3.6 Implicit Differentiation

Step 2:
2x
Step 3:
dy
dx
dy
dx
Step 4:
dy
dx
2y
dy
dx
dy
dx
161
1 2y
(2x 2y 1) " 2y
1 2y
2x
2y 1
22. x$ xy y$ 1 3x# y x
dy
dx
3y#
0 a3y# xb
dy
dx
dy
dx
y 3x#
dy
dx
y 3x#
3y# x
23. x# (x y)# x# y# :
Step 1:
x# 2(x y) 1
Step 2:
2x# (x y)
Step 3:
dy
dx
dy
dx
Step 4:
dy
dx
dy
dx
2y
(x y)# (2x) 2x 2y
dy
dx
2x 2x# (x y) 2x(x y)#
c2x# (x y) 2yd 2x c1 x(x y) (x y)# d
2x c1 x(x y) (x y)# d
2x# (x y)
2y
dy
dx
x c1 x(x y) (x y)# d
y x# (x y)
x a1 x#
xy x#
2xy y# b
x# y x$
y
x 2x$
3x# y xy#
x# y x$
y
24. (3xy 7)# 6y 2(3xy 7) 3x
dy
dx
dy
dx
3y 6
[6x(3xy 7) 6] 6y(3xy 7)
(x
1) (x 1)
(x
1)#
dy
dx
dy
dx
2(3xy 7)(3x)
y(3xy
7)
x(3xy
7) 1
dy
dx
6
dy
dx
6y(3xy 7)
3xy
7y
1 3x# y 7x
25. y#
x"
x
1
2y
26. x#
xy
x
y
x$ x# y x y 3x# 2xy x# yw 1 yw ax# 1b yw 1 3x# 2xy yw
dy
dx
27. x tan y 1 asec# yb
dy
dx
dy
dx
2
(x
1)#
"
sec# y
dy
dx
"
y(x
1)#
1 3x# 2xy
x#
1
cos# y
dy
dy
dy
#
#
#
28. xy cot axyb x dy
dx y csc (xy)x dx y x dx x csc (xy) dx y csc (xy) y
dy
dx x
x csc# (xy) y csc# (xy) "
29. x tan (xy) ! 1 csec# (xy)d y x
1
x sec# (xy)
y
x
cos# (xy)
x
y
x
30. x sin y xy 1 (cos y)
dy
dx
dy
dx
yx
"y cos "y sin y" x y
sin y" 2y cos y" 2 2
33. )"# r"# 1
"
#
y csc# (xy)
"
x"
csc# (xy)
yx
0 x sec# (xy)
(cos y x)
dy
dx
"
y#
dy
dx
)"# "# r"#
dy
dx
dr
d)
dy
dx
sin y"
dy
dx
32. y# cos "y 2x 2y y# sin y" (1)

dy
dx
dy
dx
1 y sec# (xy)
cos# (xy) y
x
31. y sin "y 1 xy y cos y" (1)

dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
y1
x
y

"
y#
"
y
cos "y
sin "y
x
dy
dx
cos y" 2y
dy
dx
dy
dx
y1
cos y x
y
y #
sin "y cos "y

xy
dy
dx
22
dy
dx
2
sin "y
2y cos "y #
dr
d)
"
#
"
# )
dr
d)
2 r
2 )
dy
dx
" y sec# (xy)

x sec# (xy)
162
34. r 2)
3
#
"
#
35. sin (r))
)#$ 43 )$%
)"# )"$ )"%
dr
d)
[cos (r))] r )
dr
d)
dr
d)
)"# )"$ )"%
dr
d)
[) cos (r))] r cos (r))
r cos (r))
) cos (r))
dr
d)
)r ,
cos (r)) 0
36. cos r cot ) r) (sin r)
dr
d)
csc# ) r )
37. x# y# 1 2x 2yyw 0 2yyw 2x

y(1)
xy
y
yww
y
x xy
38. x#$ y#$ 1
d# y
dx#
"
3
dy
dx
x#$ y"$
"$
3 y
"
#$
"$
d y
dx
#
"
[sin r )] r csc# )
yw xy ; now to find
yww
d y
dx
#
dy
dx
dr
d)
y x
y
#
2x
2
2y
d# y
dx#
y a"y b
y
#
d
dx
"$
3 y
"
#$

x
x
1
y
y"$
x"$

y
"
d
dx
xy
dy
dx
3 x
ayw b
#$
yx
"$
"$
"$
yx
y (x
1) x y 1

y (x
1)
y
yww
40. y# 2x 1 2y 2y yw 2 2yw yw (2y 2) 2 yw

d# y
dx#
(y 1)# (y 1)"
"
y
1
(y 1)" ; then yww (y 1)# yw
"
(y
1)$
yww
41. 2y x y y"# yw 1 yw yw y"# 1 1
dy
dx
yw
"
y"#
1
y
y
1
; we can
differentiate the equation yw y"# 1 1 again to find yww : yw "# y$# yw y"# 1 yww 0
y"# 1 yww
"
#
w # $#
cy d y
d# y
dx#
"
#
yww
"
$#
y"# 1 y
ay"#
1b
"
$
2y$# ay"#
1b
"
$
# 1
y
42. xy y# 1 xyw y 2yyw 0 xyw 2yyw y yw (x 2y) y yw
(x
2y)y
y(1
2y )
(x
2y)
2y(x
2y) 2y#
(x
2y)$
y
y
(x
2y) (x 2y)
y 1
2 (x 2y)
(x
2y)
2y#
2xy
(x
2y)$
"
(x 2y)
y
(x
2y)
d# y
dx#
yww
cy(x
2y)
y(x
2y) 2y d
(x
2y)
#
2y(x
y)
(x
2y)$
#
43. x$ y$ 16 3x# 3y# yw 0 3y# yw 3x# yw xy# ; we differentiate y# yw x# to find yww :
# ww
w #
# ww
y y y c2y y d 2x y y 2x 2y cy d
2xy$ 2x%
y&
d# y
dx# (22)
32 32
32
ww
2x 2y
y#
1)
"# we obtain yww k (0
x#
y#
2x
y#
2x%
y$
2
44. xy y# 1 xyw y 2yyw 0 yw (x 2y) y yw

since yw k (0
#$
y (x
1)y
y
; then yww
"$
csc )
rsin
r
)
dr
d)
"
y
23 y"$ 23 x"$ yw
#$
#$
39. y# x# 2x 2yyw 2x 2 yw
dy
dx
x
y
y 3 x
x
y"$
" "$ %$
"
x
3x
%$ 3y"$ x#$
3 y
x
Differentiating again, yww
since yw xy
x"$ 23 y"$
2
3
dr
d)
1)
(2) "# (1)(0)

4
45. y# x# y% 2x at (# ") and (# 1) 2y
dy
dx
y
(x
2y)
yww
(x
2y) ay b (y) a1
2y b
(x
2y)
w
4"
2x 4y$
dy
dx
2 2y
dy
dx
4y$
dy
dx
2 2x
dy
dx
a2y 4y$ b 2 2x
dy
dx
x
"
#y $ y
dy
dx (21)
1 and
46. ax# y# b (x y)# at(" !) and (" 1) 2 ax# y# b 2x 2y
and
dy
dx
c2y ax# y# b (x y)d 2x ax# y# b (x y)
dy
dx (11)
dy
dx
dy
dx (21)
dy
dx
2(x y) 1
2x ax#
y# b
(x y)
2y ax#
y# b
(x y)
dy
dx
dy
dx (10)
1
47. x# xy y# 1 2x y xyw 2yyw 0 (x 2y)yw 2x y yw

(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k (2 3)
the tangent line is y 3
7
4
(b) the normal line is y 3 47 (x 2) y 47 x
7
4
2x
y
2y x
(x 2) y
7
4
x
"
#
29
7
48. x# y# 25 2x 2yyw 0 yw xy ;
(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k (3
y
3
4
x
4)
xy
(34)
3
4
3
4
(x 3)
25
4

49. x# y# 9 2xy# 2x# yyw 0 x# yyw xy# yw yx ;
(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k ( 1 3) yx ( 1 3) 3 the tangent line is y 3 3(x 1)

y 3x 6
(b) the normal line is y 3 "3 (x 1) y 3" x
8
3
50. y# 2x 4y " ! 2yyw 2 4yw 0 2(y 2)yw 2 yw

w
(a) the slope of the tangent line m y k (
2 1)
"
y#
1 the tangent line is y 1 1(x 2) y x 1
(b) the normal line is y 1 1(x 2) y x 3

51. 6x# 3xy 2y# 17y 6 0 12x 3y 3xyw 4yyw 17yw 0 yw (3x 4y 17) 12x 3y
12x 3y
yw 3x
4y
17 ;
(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k (
y
6
7
x
1 0)
"2x 3y
3x
4y
17 (10)
6
7
6
7
(x 1)
6
7
7
6
52. x# 3xy 2y# 5 2x 3xyw 3y 4yyw 0 yw 4y 3x 3y 2x yw

(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k 3 2
3y 2x
4y 3x 32
0 the tangent line is y 2
(b) the normal line is x 3

53. 2xy 1 sin y 21 2xyw 2y 1(cos y)yw 0 yw (2x 1 cos y) 2y yw
(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k 1 12
2y
2x
1 cos y 1 1
2
y
1
#
1# the tangent line is
1# (x 1) y 1# x 1
(b) the normal line is y
1
#
2
1
(x 1) y
2
1
x
2
1
2y
2x
1 cos y
1
#
3y 2x
4y 3x
163
164
54. x sin 2y y cos 2x x(cos 2y)2yw sin 2y 2y sin 2x yw cos 2x yw (2x cos 2y cos 2x)
sin 2y 2y sin 2x yw
sin 2y
2y sin 2x
cos 2x 2x cos 2y
(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k 14
1
2
;
sin 2y
2y sin 2x
cos 2x 2x cos 2y 1 1
4 2
1
#
y
2 x 14 y 2x
(b) the normal line is y
1
#
"# x 14 y "# x
1
1
#
2 the tangent line is
51
8
55. y 2 sin (1x y) yw 2 [cos (1x y)] a1 yw b yw [1 2 cos (1x y)] 21 cos (1x y)
yw
21 cos (1x y)
1
# cos (1x y)
21 cos (1x y)
1
2 cos (1x y) (10)
y 0 21(x 1) y 21x 21
(b) the normal line is y 0 #"1 (x 1) y 2x1
21 the tangent line is
"
#1
56. x# cos# y sin y 0 x# (2 cos y)(sin y)yw 2x cos# y yw cos y 0 yw c2x# cos y sin y cos yd
2x cos# y
2x# cos y sin y
cos y
2x cos# y yw
2x cos# y
2x# cos y sin y
cos y (01)
0 the tangent line is y 1
(b) the normal line is x 0

57. Solving x# xy y# 7 and y 0 x# 7 x 7 7 ! and 7 ! are the points where the
curve crosses the x-axis. Now x# xy y# 7 2x y xyw 2yyw 0 (x 2y)yw 2x y
2 7
y
2x
y
yw 2x
x
2y m x
2y the slope at 7 ! is m 7 2 and the slope at 7 ! is
m 277 2. Since the slope is 2 in each case, the corresponding tangents must be parallel.
58. x# xy y# 7 2x y x
dy
dx
(a) Solving
dy
dx
2y
dy
dx
0 (x 2y)
dy
dx
2x y
dy
dx
2x y
x
2y
and
dx
dy
x
2y
2x y
0 2x y 0 y 2x and substitution into the original equation gives
x# x(2x) (2x)# 7 3x# 7 x 73 and y 2 73 when the tangents are parallel to the
x-axis.
dx
dy
(b) Solving
0 x 2y 0 y x# and substitution gives x# x x# x# 7
3x#
4
x 2 73 and y 73 when the tangents are parallel to the y-axis.

59. y% y# x# 4y$ yw 2yyw 2x 2 a2y$ yb yw 2x yw y x2y$ ; the slope of the tangent line at
3
"

43 #3 is y x2y$ 3 3 3 4 63 " 4 3 # " 3 1; the slope of the tangent line at 43 #"

4
#
is
x
y2y$
3
4
1
2
3
"
#
28
2 3
42
60. y# (2 x) x$ 2yyw (2 x) y# (1) 3x# yw

m
y
3x
2y(2 x) (11)
4
#
y#
3x#
2y(2 x)
; the slope of the tangent line is
2 the tangent line is y 1 2(x 1) y 2x 1; the normal line is
y 1 "# (x 1) y "# x
3
#
61. y% 4y# x% 9x# 4y$ yw 8yyw 4x$ 18x yw a4y$ 8yb 4x$ 18x yw
4x$ 18x
4y$ 8y
2x$ 9x
2y$ 4y

x a2x# 9b
y a2y# 4b
m; (3 2): m
(3)(18 9)
2(8 4)
27
8 ; ($ #): m
; (3 #): m
27
8
27
8
; (3 #): m 27
8
62. x$ y$ 9xy 0 3x# 3y# yw 9xyw 9y 0 yw a3y# 9xb 9y 3x# yw

(a) yw k (4 2)
and yw k (2 4)
5
4
3y x
y# 3x
(b) yw 0
4
5
165
9y 3x#
3y# 9x
3y x#
y# 3x
;
x#
3
0 3y x# 0 y
x$ x3 9x x3 0 x' 54x$ 0
x$ ax$ 54b 0 x 0 or x $54 3 $2 there is a horizontal tangent at x 3 $2 . To find the

corresponding y-value, we will use part (c).
dx
dy
(c)
y# 3x
3y x#
0 y# 3x 0 y 3x ; y 3x x$ 3x 9x3x 0
x$ 63 x$# 0 x$# x$# 63 0 x$# 0 or x$# 63 x 0 or x $108 3 $4 .

Since the equation x$ y$ 9xy 0 is symmetric in x and y, the graph is symmetric about the line y x.
That is, if (a b) is a point on the folium, then so is (b a). Moreover, if yw k (a b) m, then yw k (b a) m" .
Thus, if the folium has a horizontal tangent at (a b), it has a vertical tangent at (b a) so one might expect
that with a horizontal tangent at x $54 and a vertical tangent at x 3 $4, the points of tangency are
$54 3 $4 and 3 $4 $54, respectively. One can check that these points do satisfy the equation
x$ y$ 9xy 0.
63. x# 2tx 2t# 4 2x
2y$ 3t# 4 6y#
#
dx
dt
2x 2t
6t 0
dy
dt
dx
dt
4t 0 (2x 2t)
dy
dt
6t
6y#
t
y#
; thus
dy
dx
2x 4t
dx
dt
dy/dt
dx/dt
yt#
xx2tt
dx
dt
t(xt)
y# (x2t)
2x4t
2x2t
x2t
x t
;t2
x 2(2)x 2(2) 4 x 4x 4 0 (x 2) 0 x 2; t 2 2y$ 3(2)# 4

2y$ 16 y$ 8 y 2; therefore
64. x 5 t
at 1b
dy
dt
"
# t
therefore,
dy
dx t4
dy
dt
dy
dt
"#
"
t y
at 1 b
" #y t
#tt 2t
dy/dt
dx/dt
"4
dx
dt
3x"#
dx
dt
dy
t
y dt
dy
dx
2t 1 1 3x"#
#
y
2t
1
2y (t b 1) b 2tt b 1
" "#
; y(t 1) t y (t 1) dy
dt # t
dy
dt
dx
dt
4 t 5 t
" #y t
#t t 2 t
"
" #yt
#tat" b
4t 5 t
"
14
3
"
t 4 x 5 4 3; t 4 y(3) 4 2
2y
dy
dt
cyy c 4yt b 1
4 t 5 t
; thus
t 1 y " (t 1)"# 2y 2t " y"#
t 1
dy
dx
2(2 2)
(2)# (2 2(2))
"# t"#
2" 2a2b4& 4
65. x 2x$# t# t
5 t
y
#" #yt& t
;
"t
"
#
dx
dt
dy
dx t2
2t b 1
1 b 3x"#
dy
dt
dx
dt
2t 1
2ct yb 1 2y
t 1 y
t
dy
dt
dx
dt
t 1
2t
1
1
3x"#
y
2 t
1
yy 4yt 1
2y (t 1) 2tt 1
; yt 1 2ty 4
2y t y
; thus
; t 0 x 2x$# 0 x 1 2x"# 0 x 0; t 0
4
y0 1 2(0)y 4 y 4; therefore
dy
dx t0
4 4(4)0 1
24(0 1) 2(0)0 1
2(0) 1
1 3(0)"#
6
dy
dt
166
66. x sin t 2x t
dx
dt
sin t x cos t 2
t sin t 2t y sin t t cos t 2

x
1
#
dy
dx t1
; therefore
1 (sin t 2)
dx
dt
dy
dt ;
thus
sin 1
1 cos 1 2
1 1
# cos 1
sin 1 2
dy
dx
41 8
2
1
dx
dt
1 x cos t
sin t t cos t 2
c x cos t
1sin
tb2
(c)
(d)
4
2x
w
68. 2x# 3y# 5 4x 6yyw 0 yw 2x
3y y k (1 1) 3y
3x#
2y
1 x cos t
sin t
2
3 #$
3, then f w (x) x"$ and f ww (x) "3 x%$ so the
# x
9 &$
if f(x) 10
x 7, then f w (x) 3# x#$ and f ww (x) x"$ is true
f ww (x) x"$ f www (x) "3 x%$ is true
if f w (x) #3 x#$ 6, then f ww (x) x"$ is true
also, y# x$ 2yyw 3x# yw
; t 1 x sin 1 2x 1
67. (a) if f(x)

(b)
dx
dt
yw k (1 1)
3x#
2y (11)
(11)
3
#
claim f ww (x) x"$ is false
23 and yw k (1
and yw k (1
1)
1)
2x
3y
3x#
2y (11)
(11)
2
3
#3 . Therefore
the tangents to the curves are perpendicular at (1 1) and (1 1) (i.e., the curves are orthogonal at these two
points of intersection).
69. x# 2xy 3y# 0 2x 2xyw 2y 6yyw 0 yw (2x 6y) 2x 2y yw
tangent line m yw k (1 1)
x
y
3y x (11)
x
y
3y x
the slope of the
1 the equation of the normal line at (1 1) is y 1 1(x 1)
y x 2. To find where the normal line intersects the curve we substitute into its equation:
x# 2x(2 x) 3(2 x)# 0 x# 4x 2x# 3 a4 4x x# b 0 4x# 16x 12 0
x# 4x 3 0 (x 3)(x 1) 0 x 3 and y x 2 1. Therefore, the normal to the curve
at (1 1) intersects the curve at the point (3 1). Note that it also intersects the curve at (1 1).
70. xy 2x y 0 x
dy
dx
y2
dy
dx
dy
dx
y
2
1x
; the slope of the line 2x y 0 is 2. In order to be
parallel, the normal lines must also have slope of 2. Since a normal is perpendicular to a tangent, the slope of
2
"
the tangent is "# . Therefore, y1
x # 2y 4 1 x x 3 2y. Substituting in the original equation,
y(3 2y) 2(3 2y) y 0 y# 4y 3 0 y 3 or y 1. If y 3, then x 3 and

y 3 2(x 3) y 2x 3. If y 1, then x 1 and y 1 2(x 1) y 2x 3.
71. y# x
dy
dx
"
#y
. If a normal is drawn from (a 0) to (x" y" ) on the curve its slope satisfies
y" 0
x" a
2y"
y" 2y" (x" a) or a x" "# . Since x" 0 on the curve, we must have that a "# . By symmetry, the
two points on the parabola are x" x" and x" x" . For the normal to be perpendicular,
x
"
"
x " a a x " 1
x"
(a x" )#
Therefore, "4 #" and a

72. Ex. 6b.)
Ex. 7a.)
3
4
1 x" (a x" )# x" x"
"
4
and y" #" .
"%
y a1 x# b has a derivative only on (" ") because the function is defined only on [" "] and
the slope of the tangent becomes vertical at both x 1 and x 1.
dy
dx
y$ x#
dy
dx
2xy 0
y
2xy
$
#
#
$
3xy
#
x# ; also, xy x y 6 x a3y b y
dx
dy
x" x"
y x"# has no derivative at x 0 because the slope of the graph becomes vertical at x 0.
73. xy$ x# y 6 x 3y#
"
#
x
3xy
y$
2xy ; thus
dx
dy
appears to equal
"
dy
dx
dx
dy
dy
dx
a3xy# x# b y$ 2xy
x# y 2x
dx
dy
dx
dy
dy
dx
y$ 2xy
3xy#
x#
ay$ 2xyb 3xy# x#
. The two different treatments view the graphs as functions

symmetric across the line y x, so their slopes are reciprocals of one another at the corresponding points
(a b) and (b a).
74. x$ y# sin# y 3x# 2y
3x#
2 sin y cos y 2y
appears to equal
dy
dx
(2 sin y)(cos y)
; also, x$ y# sin# y 3x#

"
dy
dx
dx
dy
dy
dx
dy
dx
(2y 2 sin y cos y) 3x#
2y 2 sin y cos y
dx
dy
2 sin y cos y 2y
3x#
75. x% 4y# 1:
(a)
%
y 14x
dy
dx
3x#
2y 2 sin y cos y
; thus
dx
dy
. The two different treatments view the graphs as functions symmetric across the line
y x so their slopes are reciprocals of one another at the corresponding points (a b) and (b a).
dy
dx
(b)
y
"# 1
% "#
x%
x $
"#
a1 x % b
differentiating implicitly, we find, 4x$ 8y dy
dx
dy
4x$
4x$
x $
dx 8y
"# .
a1 x % b
8 "# 1 x%
"4 a1 x b
a4x$ b
76. (x 2)# y# 4:
(a) y 4 (x 2)#
dy
"
# "#
(2(x 2))
dx # a4 (x 2) b
(x 2)
; differentiating implicitly,
c4 (x 2)# d"#
dy
2(x 2)
2(x 2) 2y dy
dx 0 dx
2y
(x 2)
(x 2)
(x 2)
y
.
c4 (x 2)# d "#
c4 (x #)# d "#
77-84. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
q1 := x^3-x*y+y^3 = 7;
pt := [x=2,y=1];
p1 := implicitplot( q1, x=-3..3, y=-3..3 ):
p1;
;
0
(b)
167
168
eval( q1, pt );
q2 := implicitdiff( q1, y, x );
m := eval( q2, pt );
tan_line := y = 1 + m*(x-2);
p2 := implicitplot( tan_line, x=-5..5, y=-5..5, color=green ):
p3 := pointplot( eval([x,y],pt), color=blue ):
display( [p1,p2,p3], ="Section 3.6 #77(c)" );
Mathematica: (functions and x0 may vary):
Note use of double equal sign (logic statement) in definition of eqn and tanline.
<<Graphics`ImplicitPlot`
Clear[x, y]
{x0, y0}={1, 1/4};
eqn=x + Tan[y/x]==2;
ImplicitPlot[eqn,{ x, x0 3, x0 3},{y, y0 3, y0 3}]
eqn/.{x x0, y y0}
eqn/.{ y y[x]}
D[%, x]
Solve[%, y'[x]]
slope=y'[x]/.First[%]
m=slope/.{x x0, y[x] y0}
tanline=y==y0 m (x x0)
ImplicitPlot[{eqn, tanline}, {x, x0 3, x0 3},{y, y0 3, y0 + 3}]
3.7 RELATED RATES
1. A 1r#
2. S 41r#
dA
dt
dS
dt
21r
dr
dt
81r
3. (a) V 1r# h
dV
dt
dV
dt
(c) V 1r# h
dr
dt
1 r#
4. (a) V "3 1r# h
dh
dt
# dh
1r dt
dV
dt
" # dh
2
3 1r dt 3 1rh
(b) V 1r# h
21rh
dV
dt
" # dh
3 1r dt
dr
dt
(b) V "3 1r# h
dV
dt
dV
dt
5. (a)
dV
dt
dV
dt
dR
dt
"
1 volt/sec
(b) dI
dt 3 amp/sec
" dV
dI
" dV
V dI
dR dR
R dI
dR
dt I dt
dt I
dt R dt
dt I
dt I dt
" #" (3) 3# ohms/sec, R is increasing
"# 1 12
# 3
(d)
6. (a) P RI#
dP
dt
I#
(b) P RI# 0
dP
dt
dR
dt
2RI
I#
dR
dt
dr
dt
dr
dt
(c)
(c)
21rh
32 1rh
dr
dt
dI
dt
2RI
dI
dt
dR
dt
2RI
I#
7. (a) s x# y# ax# y# b
"#
ds
dt
x
dx
x#
y# dt
(b) s x# y# ax# y# b
"#
ds
dt
x
dx
x#
y# dt
(c) s x# y# s# x# y# 2s
ds
dt
2x
dx
dt
8. (a) s x# y# z# s# x# y# z# 2s
dI
dt
2 PI dI
I#
dt
2P
I$
dI
dt
y
dy
x#
y# dt
2y
ds
dt
dy
dt
2x
2s 0 2x
dx
dt
2y
dy
dt
2z
dx
dt
dz
dt
2y
dy
dt
dx
dt
yx
dy
dt
Section 3.7 Related Rates
ds
dt
x
dx
x#
y#
z# dt
y
dy
x#
y#
z# dt
(b) From part (a) with
dx
dt
(c) From part (a) with
ds
dt
0 0 2x
9. (a) A
(c) A
"
#
"
#
ab sin )
ab sin )
10. Given A 1r# ,
dr
dt
dA
dt
dA
dt
"
#
"
#
ds
dt
z
dz
x#
y#
z# dt
y
dy
x#
y#
z# dt
dx
dt
d)
dt
d)
dt
ab cos )
ab cos )
2y
dy
dt
z
dz
x#
y#
z# dt
2z
dz
dt
(b) A
"# b sin )
z dz
x dt
"
#
ab sin )
dA
dt
"# a sin )
da
dt
0.01 cm/sec, and r 50 cm. Since
dx
dt
21r
dA
dt
y dy
x dt
"
#
ab cos )
d)
dt
"# b sin )
db
dt
dr
dt
, then
dA
dt r=50
"
21(50) 100
1 cm# /min.
(a)
(b)
(c)
dj
dt
dw
dt 2 cm/sec, j 12 cm and w 5 cm.
dj
dA
#
A jw
j dw
dt w dt dt 12(2) 5(2) 14 cm /sec, increasing
dP
dj
dw
P 2j 2w dt 2 dt 2 dt 2(2) 2(2) 0 cm/sec, constant
"#
"
dj
#
# "#
D w# j# aw# j# b
dD
2w dw
dD
dt # aw j b
dt 2j dt
dt
11. Given
2 cm/sec,
dA
dt
(5)(2)
(12)(2)
25
144
12. (a) V xyz
dV
dt
dj
w dw
dt
j dt
w#
j#
14
13 cm/sec, decreasing
yz
xz
dx
dt
xy
dy
dt
dz
dt
dV
dt (432)
(3)(2)(1) (4)(2)(2) (4)(3)(1) 2 m$ /sec
dx
(b) S 2xy 2xz 2yz dS
dt (2y 2z) dt (2x 2z)
dS
(10)(1) (12)(2) (14)(1) 0 m# /sec
dt
dy
dt
(2x 2y)
dz
dt
(432)
(c) j x# y# z# ax# y# z# b
13. Given:
dj
dt (432)
dx
dt
"#
dj
dt
x
dx
x#
y#
z# dt
y
dy
x#
y#
z# dt
z
dz
x#
y#
z# dt
429 (1) 329 (2) 229 (1) 0 m/sec
5 ft/sec, the ladder is 13 ft long, and x 12, y 5 at the instant of time
(a) Since x# y# 169
dy
dt
xy
dx
dt
12
5 (5) 12 ft/sec, the ladder is sliding down the wall
(b) The area of the triangle formed by the ladder and walls is A
is changing at
(c) cos )
x
13
"
#
xy
dA
dt
"# x
dy
dt
y
dx
dt .
The area
#
[12(12) 5(5)] 119
# 59.5 ft /sec.
sin )
14. s# y# x# 2s
"
#
ds
dt
d)
dt
2x
dx
dt
d)
dt
"
13 sin
)
2y
dy
dt
ds
dt
dx
dt
"
13
"
s
dx
dt
dx
dt
y
5" (5) 1 rad/sec
dy
dt
ds
dt
"
169
[5(442) 12(481)]
614 knots
15. Let s represent the distance between the girl and the kite and x represents the horizontal distance between the
girl and kite s# (300)# x#
ds
dt
x dx
s dt
400(25)
500
20 ft/sec.
"
#
16. When the diameter is 3.8 in., the radius is 1.9 in. and dr
dt 3000 in/min. Also V 61r
$
"
dV
dt 121(1.9) 3000 0.00761. The volume is changing at about 0.0239 in /min.
17. V
(a)
(b)
"
" 4h #
1 h$
3
3r
4h
#
h 1627
3 1r h, h 8 (2r) 4 r 3 V 3 1 3
dh
90
9
dt h=4 1614# (10) 2561 0.1119 m/sec 11.19 cm/sec
dr
4 dh
4 90
15
r 4h
3 dt 3 dt 3 2561 321 0.1492 m/sec 14.92
dV
dt
cm/sec
161h# dh
9
dt
dV
dt
121r
dr
dt
da
dt
169
170
18. (a) V
"
3
1r# h and r
15h
#
"
3
h
1 15h
#
751h$
4
0.0113 m/min 1.13 cm/min

dr
15 dh
dr
8
15 225
(b) r 15h
# dt # dt dt h=5 #
1
19. (a) V
1
3
y# (3R y)
y 8 we have
"
1441 (6)
dy
dt
1
3
dV
dt
4
151
c2y(3R y) y# (1)d
dV
dt
2251h# dh
4
dt
dh
dt h=5
4(50)
2251(5)#
8
2251
0.0849 m/sec 8.49 cm/sec

dy
dt
dy
dt
" dV
dt
13 a6Ry 3y# b
at R 13 and
m/min
(b) The hemisphere is on the circle r (13 y)# 169 r 26y y# m

(c) r a26y y# b
5
2881
20. If V
4
3
"#
"
#
dr
dt
"
241
a26y y# b
"#
(26 2y)
dy
dt
dr
dt
13 y
dy
26y y# dt
dr
dt y=8
13 8
268 64
#"
41
m/min
1r$ , S 41r# , and
dV
dt
kS 4k1r# , then
dV
dt
41r#
4k1r# 41r#
dr
dt
dr
dt
dr
dt
k, a constant.
Therefore, the radius is increasing at a constant rate.

4
dV
dV
dr
$
$
# dr
3 1r , r 5, and dt 1001 ft /min, then dt 41r dt dt
dr
#
dt 81(5)(1) 401 ft /min, the rate at which the surface area
21. If V
81r
1 ft/min. Then S 41r#
dS
dt
is increasing.
22. Let s represent the length of the rope and x the horizontal distance of the boat from the dock.
s ds
s
ds
(a) We have s# x# 36 dx
dt x dt #
dt . Therefore, the boat is approaching the dock at
s 36
dx
dt s=10
(b) cos )
d)
dt
10
10# 36
6
r
(2) 2.5 ft/sec.
sin )
6
8
10# 10
d)
dt
r6#
(2)
3
20
dr
dt
d)
dt
6
dr
r# sin ) dt
. Thus, r 10, x 8, and sin )
8
10
rad/sec
23. Let s represent the distance between the bicycle and balloon, h the height of the balloon and x the horizontal
distance between the balloon and the bicycle. The relationship between the variables is s# h# x#
" dh
dx
"
ds
ds
dt s h dt x dt
dt 85 [68(1) 51(17)] 11 ft/sec.
24. (a) Let h be the height of the coffee in the pot. Since the radius of the pot is 3, the volume of the coffee is
dh
dh
" dV
10
V 91h dV
dt 91 dt the rate the coffee is rising is dt 91 dt 91 in/min.
(b) Let h be the height of the coffee in the pot. From the figure, the radius of the filter r
1 h$
1#
, the volume of the filter. The rate the coffee is falling is
25. y QD"
26. (a)
(b)
dc
dt
dc
dt
dp
dt
dy
dt
D"
dQ
dt
a3x# 12x 15b

#
QD#
dD
dt
"
41
(0)
233
(41)#
(2)
dh
dt
466
1681
a3(2)# 12(2) 15b (0.1) 0.3,
dx
dt
#
a3x 12x 45x b
dx
dt
dr
dt
#
4 dV
1h# dt
4
#5 1
h
#
"
3
1r# h
(10) 581 in/min.
L/min increasing about 0.2772 L/min

9
dx
dt
9(0.1) 0.9,
a3(1.5) 12(1.5) 45(1.5) b (0.05) = 1.5625,
dr
dt
dp
dt
70
0.9 0.3 0.6

dx
dt
70(0.05) 3.5,
3.5 (1.5625) 5.0625
27. Let P(x y) represent a point on the curve y x# and ) the angle of inclination of a line containing P and the
origin. Consequently, tan )
#
and cos )kx=3
x#
y #
x #
28. y (x)"# and tan )
3#
9 #
3 #
y
x
y
x
tan )
"
10
, we have
tan )
(x)"#
x
x#
d)
#
x x sec ) dt
d)
dt x=3 1 rad/sec.
sec# )
d)
dt
dx
dt
d)
dt
cos# )
"# (x)"# (1)x (x)"# (1) dx

x#
dt
dx
dt
. Since
dx
dt
10 m/sec
Section 3.7 Related Rates

d)
dt
d)
dt
cx
x
dx
#
2 cx x#
acos )b dt . Now, tan )
4
2
4 16 45 (8)
2
5
2
4
#" cos ) 25 cos# )
"
#
a x# y # b
"#
2x
dx
dt
. Then
rad/sec.
29. The distance from the origin is s x# y# and we wish to find
4
5
2y
dy
dt (512)
(5)(1)
(12)(5)
25
144
ds
dt (512)
5 m/sec
30. When s represents the length of the shadow and x the distance of the man from the streetlight, then s
3
5
x.
(a) If I represents the distance of the tip of the shadow from the streetlight, then I s x
dx
dt
3 dx
dx
8 dx
8
(which is velocity not speed) dI
k

5
k
8
ft/sec,
the
speed
the
tip
of
the
dt
5 dt
dt
5
dt
5
dI
dt
ds
dt
shadow is moving along the ground.

ds
3 dx
3
dt 5 dt 5 (5) 3 ft/sec, so the length of the shadow is decreasing at a rate of 3 ft/sec.
(b)
31. Let s 16t# represent the distance the ball has fallen,
h the distance between the ball and the ground, and I
the distance between the shadow and the point directly
beneath the ball. Accordingly, s h 50 and since
the triangle LOQ and triangle PRQ are similar we have
I
30h
50 h
1500
16t#
h 50 16t# and I
30
dI
dt
1500
8t$
30 a50 16t# b
50 a50 16t# b
dI
dt t= 12
1500 ft/sec.
32. Let s distance of car from foot of perpendicular in the textbook diagram tan )
d)
dt
cos ) ds
132 dt
ds
dt
264 and ) 0
d)
dt
4
3
1r$ 43 14$
thickness of the ice is decreasing at
5
721
sec# )
d)
dt
" ds
13# dt
2 rad/sec. A half second later the car has traveled 132 ft
right of the perpendicular k)k 14 , cos# ) "# , and

33. The volume of the ice is V
s
13#
dV
dt
ds
dt
264 (since s increases)
41r#
dr
dt
dr
dt r=6
5
721
10
3
in./min when
in/min. The surface area is S 41r#
#
10
3 in /min, the outer surface area of the ice is decreasing at
d)
dt
dS
dt
81r
dr
dt
in# /min.
"#
132
(264) 1 rad/sec.
10 in$ /min, the

5
481 72
dS
dt
1
dV
dt
r=6
34. Let s represent the horizontal distance between the car and plane while r is the line-of-sight distance between
r
dr
ds
5
the car and plane 9 s# r# ds
dt #
dt dt r=5 16 (160) 200 mph
r 9
speed of plane speed of car 200 mph the speed of the car is 80 mph.
35. When x represents the length of the shadow, then tan )
We are given that
dx
dt
d)
dt
0.27
#
#
x 80sec ) ddt) d)
=
dt
31
2000
31
#000
80
x
sec# )
rad/min. At x 60, cos )
and sec ) = 35
31
16
3
5
d)
dt
80
x#
dx
dt
dx
dt
x# sec# ) d)
80
dt
ft/min 0.589 ft/min 7.1 in./min.
36. Let A represent the side opposite ) and B represent the side adjacent ). tan ) AB sec# ) ddt) B" dA
dt
2
d)
"
10
4
t at A 10 m and B 20 m we have cos ) 20
and
(

2)

(1)
dt
#0
400
5
10
"
10
" 4
40
5
A dB
B# dt
"
10
rad/sec 18
1 /sec 6/sec
37. Let x represent distance of the player from second base and s the distance to third base. Then
#
(a) s x 8100 2s
ds
dt
2x
dx
dt
ds
dt
x dx
s dt
dx
dt
16 ft/sec
. When the player is 30 ft from first base, x 60
171
172
s 3013 and
(b) cos )"
(c)
d)"
dt
90
sx
d)"
dt
90
s
ds
dt
sin )"
90
3013 (60)
ds
dt .
90
s# sin )"
60
3013
d)"
dt
32
13
(16)
90
s#
32

13
8
65
ds
dt
8.875 ft/sec
d)"
dt
90
s# sin )"
rad/sec; sin )#
90
s
ds
dt
90
sx
cos )#
. Therefore, x 60 and s 3013
ds
dt
d)#
dt
90
s#
8
Therefore, x 60 and s 3013 ddt)# 65
rad/sec.
ds
90
x
dx
90
dx
90
dt s# x s dt s# dt x#
8100 dx
dt lim
x!
lim x#
908100 (15) 6" rad/sec;
x!
90
x#
8100
dx
dt
d)#
x ! dt
lim
"
6
d)#
dt
90
s# cos )#
ds
dt
ds
dt
d)#
dt
90
s# cos )#
ds
dt
d)"
dt
90 x dx
s90
dx

#
s# x s
dt
dt
s
rad/sec
38. Let a represent the distance between point O and ship A, b the distance between point O and ship B, and
D the distance between the ships. By the Law of Cosines, D# a# b# 2ab cos 120
"
da
db
db
da
da
db
dD
413
dD
dt #D 2a dt 2b dt a dt b dt . When a 5, dt 14, b 3, and dt 21, then dt 2D
where D 7. The ships are moving
dD
dt
29.5 knots apart.
3.8 LINEARIZATION AND DIFFERENTIALS

1. f(x) x$ 2x 3 f w (x) 3x# 2 L(x) f w (2)(x 2) f(2) 10(x 2) 7 L(x) 10x 13 at x 2
2. f(x) x# 9 ax# 9b
"#
f w (x) "# ax# 9b
45 (x 4) 5 L(x) 45 x
3. f(x) x
"
x
9
5
"#
(2x)
x
x#
9
L(x) f w (4)(x 4) f(4)
at x 4
f w (x) 1 x# L(x) f(1) f w (1)(x 1) # !(x 1) #
4. f(x) x"$ f w (x)
"
$x#$
L(x) f w (8)ax a8bb fa8b
"
1#
(x 8) 2 L(x)
"
1#
x
4
3
5. f(x) x# 2x f w (x) 2x 2 L(x) f w (0)(x 0) f(0) 2(x 0) 0 L(x) 2x at x 0

6. f(x) x" f w (x) x# L(x) f w (1)(x 1) f(1) (1)(x 1) 1 L(x) x 2 at x 1
7. f(x) 2x# 4x 3 f w (x) 4x 4 L(x) f w (1)(x 1) f(1) 0(x 1) (5) L(x) 5 at x 1
8. f(x) 1 x f w (x) 1 L(x) f w (8)(x 8) f(8) 1(x 8) 9 L(x) x 1 at x 8
9. f(x) $x x"$ f w (x) "3 x#$ L(x) f w (8)(x 8) f(8)
10. f(x)
x
x
1
L(x)
f w (x)
"
4
x
"
4
(1)(x
1) (")(x)
(x
1)#
at x 1
"
(x
1)#
"
1#
(x 8) 2 L(x)
L(x) f w (1)(x 1) f(1)
"
4
(x 1)
"
#
"
1#
x
4
3
at x 8
Section 3.8 Linearization and Differentials

11. f(x) sin x f w (x) cos x
(a) L(x) f w (0)(x 0) f(0) 1(x 0) 0
L(x) x at x 0
(b) L(x) f w (1)(x 1) f(1) (1)(x 1) 0
L(x) 1 x at x 1
12. f(x) cos x f w (x) sin x

(a) L(x) f w (0)(x 0) f(0) 0(x 0) 1
L(x) 1 at x 0
(b) L(x) f w 1# x 1# f 1#
(1) x 1# 0 L(x) x
at x 1#
1
2
13. f(x) sec x f w (x) sec x tan x

(a) L(x) f w (0)(x 0) f(0) 0(x 0) 1
L(x) 1 at x 0
(b) L(x) f w 13 x 13 f 13
23 x 13 2 L(x) 2 23 x 13
at x 13
14. f(x) tan x f w (x) sec# x

(a) L(x) f w (0)(x 0) f(0) 1(x 0) 0 x
L(x) x at x 0
(b) L(x) f w 14 x 14 f 14 2 x 14 1
L(x) 1 2 x 14 at x 14
15. f w axb ka" xbk" . We have fa!b " and f w a!b k. Laxb fa!b f w a!bax !b " kax !b " kx
'
16. (a) faxb a" xb' " axb " 'axb " 'x
(b) faxb
#
" x
"
#" axb
(c) faxb a" xb
"#
(d) faxb " x#
#" a"baxb # #x
" "# x " x#

"#
#" x# #"
#
(e) faxb a% $xb"$ %"$ "
$x "$
%
" x#
# #
%"$ "
#"
" $x
$ %
x#
%
%"$ " x%
173
174
(f) faxb "
" 2$
#
x
2$
" #
" x
" $# #
" x "
#
'
$x
17. (a) (1.0002)&! (1 0.0002)&! 1 50(0.0002) 1 .01 1.01

(b) $1.009 (1 0.009)"$ 1 " (0.009) 1 0.003 1.003
3
18. f(x) x 1 sin x (x 1)"# sin x f w (x) "# (x 1)"# cos x Lf (x) f w (0)(x 0) f(0)
3 (x 0) 1 Lf (x) 3 x 1, the linearization of f(x); g(x) x 1 (x 1)"# gw (x)
#
"# (x 1)"# Lg (x) gw (0)(x 0) g(0)

w
"
#
(x 0) 1 Lg (x)
"
#
x 1, the linearization of g(x);
h(x) sin x h (x) cos x Lh (x) h (0)(x 0) h(0) (1)(x 0) 0 Lh (x) x, the linearization of
h(x). Lf (x) Lg (x) Lh (x) implies that the linearization of a sum is equal to the sum of the linearizations.
19. y x$ 3x x$ 3x"# dy 3x# #3 x"# dx dy 3x#
2 x
dx
"#
"#
"#
20. y x1 x# x a1 x# b
dy (1) a1 x# b (x) "# a1 x# b
(2x) dx
a1 x# b
"#
a1 2x# b
1 x#
dy (2) a1
a1x
b x# b(2x)(2x)
dx
#
21. y
2x
1
x #
22. y
2 x
3 1
x
dy
ca1 x# b x# d dx
2x"#
3 a1
x"# b
"
#
3 x 1
x
dy
dx
2 2x#
a 1
x # b#
dx
x"# 3 1
x"# 2x"# #3 x"#
9 a1
x"# b
dx
3x"#
3 3
#
9 a1
x"# b
dx
dx
23. 2y$# xy x 0 3y"# dy y dx x dy dx 0 3y"# x dy (1 y) dx dy
1 y
3 y
x
24. xy# 4x$# y 0 y# dx 2xy dy 6x"# dx dy 0 (2xy 1) dy 6x"# y# dx

dy
6 x y#
2xy 1
dx
25. y sin 5x sin 5x"# dy cos 5x"# 5# x"# dx dy
5 cos 5x
2 x
dx
26. y cos ax# b dy csin ax# bd (2x) dx 2x sin ax# b dx

$
27. y 4 tan x3 dy 4 sec# x3 ax# b dx dy 4x# sec# x3 dx

28. y sec ax# 1b dy csec ax# 1b tan ax# 1bd (2x) dx 2x csec ax# 1b tan ax# 1bd dx
29. y 3 csc 1 2x 3 csc 1 2x"# dy 3 csc 1 2x"# cot 1 2x"# x"# dx
dy 3 csc 1 2x cot 1 2x dx
x
30. y 2 cot "x 2 cot x"# dy 2 csc# x"# #" x$# dx dy

31. f(x) x# 2x, x! 1, dx 0.1 f w (x) 2x 2
(a) ?f f(x! dx) f(x! ) f(1.1) f(1) 3.41 3 0.41
(b) df f w (x! ) dx [2(1) 2](0.1) 0.4
"
x$
csc# "x dx
dx
175
(c) k?f df k k0.41 0.4k 0.01

32. f(x) 2x# 4x 3, x! 1, dx 0.1 f w (x) 4x 4
(a) ?f f(x! dx) f(x! ) f(.9) f(1) .02
(b) df f w (x! ) dx [4(1) 4](.1) 0
(c) k?f df k k.02 0k .02
33. f(x) x$ x, x! 1, dx 0.1 f w (x) 3x# 1
(a) ?f f(x! dx) f(x! ) f(1.1) f(1) .231
(b) df f w (x! ) dx [3(1)# 1](.1) .2
(c) k?f df k k.231 .2k .031
34. f(x) x% , x! 1, dx 0.1 f w (x) 4x$
(a) ?f f(x! dx) f(x! ) f(1.1) f(1) .4641
(b) df f w (x! ) dx 4(1)$ (.1) .4
(c) k?f df k k.4641 .4k .0641
35. f(x) x" , x! 0.5, dx 0.1 f w (x) x#
(a) ?f f(x! dx) f(x! ) f(.6) f(.5) "3
"
(b) df f w (x! ) dx (4) 10
25
(c) k?f df k "3 25
"
15
36. f(x) x$ 2x 3, x! 2, dx 0.1 f w (x) 3x# 2

(a) ?f f(x! dx) f(x! ) f(2.1) f(2) 1.061
(b) df f w (x! ) dx (10)(0.10) 1
(c) k?f df k k1.061 1k .061
37. V
4
3
1r$ dV 41r!# dr
38. V x$ dV 3x!# dx
39. S 6x# dS 12x! dx

40. S 1rr# h# 1r ar# h# b
dS
dr
1 ar#
h# b
1r#
r#
h #
"#
dS
, h constant
1 a2r#!
h# b
r#!
h#
dS
dr
1 ar# h# b
"#
1r r ar# h# b
"#
dr, h constant
41. V 1r# h, height constant dV 21r! h dr
42. S 21rh dS 21r dh
43. Given r 2 m, dr .02 m

(a) A 1r# dA 21r dr 21(2)(.02) .081 m#
1
(b) .08
41 (100%) 2%
44. C 21r and dC 2 in. dC 21 dr dr
21(5) 1" 10 in.#
"
1
the diameter grew about
45. The volume of a cylinder is V 1r# h. When h is held fixed, we have
dV
dr
2
1
in.; A 1r# dA 21r dr
#1rh, and so dV #1rh dr. For h $! in.,
r ' in., and dr !& in., the volume of the material in the shell is approximately dV #1rh dr #1a'ba$!ba!&b
")!1 &'&& in$ .
176
46. Let ) angle of elevation and h height of building. Then h $!tan ), so dh $!sec# ) d). We want ldhl !!%h,
&1
&1
sin )
which gives: l$!sec# ) d)l !!%l$!tan )l cos"# ) ld)l !!%
cos ) ld)l !!%sin ) cos ) ld)l !!%sin "# cos "#
!!" radian. The angle should be measured with an error of less than !!" radian (or approximatley !&( degrees),
which is a percentage error of approximately !('%.
47. V 1h$ dV 31h# dh; recall that ?V dV. Then k?Vk (1%)(V)
(1) a1h$ b
100
k31h# dhk
of h is
"
3
kdhk
"
300
(1) a1h$ b
100
kdVk
(1) a1h$ b
100
h "3 % h. Therefore the greatest tolerated error in the measurement
%.
#
48. (a) Let Di represent the inside diameter. Then V 1r# h 1 D#i h
1D#i h
4
dV 51Di dDi . Recall that ?V dV. We want k?Vk (1%)(V) kdVk

51Di dDi
1D#i
40
dDi
Di
51D#i
#
1 D#
40i
and h 10 V
" 51D#i
100
#
200. The inside diameter must be measured to within 0.5%.
(b) Let De represent the exterior diameter, h the height and S the area of the painted surface. S 1De h dS 1hdDe
dDe
dS
S De . Thus for small changes in exterior diameter, the approximate percentage change in the exterior diameter
is equal to the approximate percentage change in the area painted, and to estimate the amount of paint required to
within 5%, the tanks's exterior diameter must be measured to within 5%.
49. V 1r# h, h is constant dV 21rh dr; recall that ?V dV. We want k?Vk
k21rh drk
1r# h
1000
kdrk
r
#000
"
1000
V kdVk
1 r# h
1000
(.05%)r a .05% variation in the radius can be tolerated.
50. Volume (x ?x)$ x$ 3x# (?x) 3x(?x)# (?x)$
51. W a
b
g
a bg" dW bg# dg bgdg
dWmoon
dWearth
b dg
(5.2)#
b dg
#
(32)
32
5.2
37.87, so a change of
gravity on the moon has about 38 times the effect that a change of the same magnitude has on Earth.
52. (a) T 21 Lg
"#
dT 21L "# g$# dg 1L g$# dg
(b) If g increases, then dg 0 dT 0. The period T decreases and the clock ticks more frequently. Both
the pendulum speed and clock speed increase.
(c) 0.001 1100 980$# dg dg 0.977 cm/sec# the new g 979 cm/sec#
53. The error in measurement dx (1%)(10) 0.1 cm; V x$ dV 3x# dx 3(10)# (0.1) 30 cm$ the
30
percentage error in the volume calculation is 1000
(100%) 3%

54. A s# dA 2s ds; recall that ?A dA. Then k?Ak (2%)A
kdsk
s#
(2s)(50)
s
100
56. V
4
3
1 D$
200
#
a10 %b
1 r$
4
3
10' 1
#
10' 1
6
1 D#
kdVk
1 D$
200
s#
50
kdAk
s#
50
k2s dsk
s#
50
(1%) s the error must be no more than 1% of the true value.
55. Given D 100 cm, dD 1 cm, V

10% 1
#
10' 1
6
2s#
100
4
3
1 D#
1 D$
6
dV
1
#
D# dD
1
#
(100)# (1)
10% 1
#
. Then
dV
V
(100%)
% 3%
1 D$
6
dV
#
1D# dD
1 D#
#
3 1D
dD; recall that ?V dV. Then k?Vk (3%)V 100
6
1 D$
#00
kdDk
D
100
(1%) D the allowable percentage error in
measuring the diameter is 1%.

57. A 5% error in measuring t dt (5%)t
t
20
. Then s 16t# ds 32t dt 32t 20t
32t#
20
16t#
10
"
10
s
(10%)s a 10% error in the calculation of s.

58. From Example 8 we have
59. lim
x0
1
x
1
x#
1
0
1
#0
dV
V
dr
r
. An increase of 12.5% in r will give a 50% increase in V.
60. lim
x0
tan x
x
lim sinx x cos" x (1)(1) 1

x0
61. E(x) f(x) g(x) E(x) f(x) m(x a) c. Then E(a) 0 f(a) m(a a) c 0 c f(a). Next
f(x) m(x a) c
f(a)
0 xlim
0 xlim
f(x)x
xa
a m 0 (since c f(a))
a
a
f w (a) m 0 m f w (a). Therefore, g(x) m(x a) c f w (a)(x a) f(a) is the linear approximation,
as claimed.
we calculate m: xlim
a
E(x)
xa
62. (a) i. Qaab faab implies that b! faab.

ii. Since Qw axb b" #b# ax ab, Qw aab f w aab implies that b" f w aab.
iii. Since Qww axb #b# , Qww aab f ww aab implies that b"
In summary, b! faab, b" f w aab, and b"
(b) faxb a" xb"
ww
f aa b
# .
ww
f aa b
# .
f w axb "a" xb# a"b a" xb#

f ww axb #a" xb$ a"b #a" xb$
Since fa!b ", f w a!b ", and f ww a!b #, the coefficients are b! ", b" ", b#
#
approximation is Qaxb " x x .

(c)
#
#
". The quadratic
As one zooms in, the two graphs quickly become

indistinguishable. They appear to be identical.
(d) gaxb x"

gw axb "x#
gww axb #x$
Since ga"b ", gw a"b ", and gww a"b # , the coefficients are b! ", b" ", b#
#
#
". The quadratic
177
178
approximation is Qaxb " ax "b ax "b# .
(e) haxb a" xb"#

hw axb "# a" xb"#
hww axb "% a" xb$#

Since ha!b ", hw a!b "# , and hww a!b "% , the coefficients are b! ", b" "# , b#
approximation is Qaxb "
x
#
x
8
"%
2
"8 . The quadratic
.
(f) The linearization of any differentiable function uaxb at x a is Laxb uaab uw aabax ab b! b" ax ab, where
b! and b" are the coefficients of the constant and linear terms of the quadratic approximation. Thus, the linearization
for faxb at x ! is " x; the linearization for gaxb at x " is " ax "b or # x; and the linearization for haxb at
x ! is " x# .
63. (a) x 1
(b) x 1; m 2.5, e1 2.7
x 0; m 1, e0 1
x 1; m 0.3, e1 0.4
179
64. If f has a horizontal tangent at x a, then f w (a) 0 and the linearization of f at x a is

L(x) f(a) f w (a)(x a) f(a) 0 (x a) f(a). The linearization is a constant.
65. Find lvl when m "!"m! . m
lvl c"
dv
"!"$
"!!$
cm#
!
m3! "
m#!
m#
m!
#
" v#
c
dv c "# "
m#
!
"!"# m#
"!!# !
m!
"!!
m"
m#!
m#
1!!!
"!"$ "
"!!#
"!"#
"#
v#
c#
m! "
v#
c#
m!
m
"
#m#
m$! dm, dm !!"m! dv
v#
c#
c m#!
m$
"
m#
!
m#
m!#
m#
v# c# "
m!
"!!
. m
m!#
m#
"!"
"!! m! ,
0.69c. Body at rest v! ! and v v! dv
v 0.69c.
66. (a) The successive square roots of 2 appear to converge to the number 1. For tenth roots the convergence is more rapid.
(b) Successive square roots of 0.5 also converge to 1. In fact, successive square roots of any positive number converge
to 1.
A graph indicates what is going on:
Starting on the line y x, the succesSive square roots are found by moving to the graph of y x and then across to
the line y x again. From any positive starting value x, the iterates converge to 1.
67-70. Example CAS commands:
Maple:
with(plots):
a:= 1: f:=x -> x 3 x 2 2*x;
plot(f(x), x=1..2);
diff(f(x),x);
fp := unapply (ww ,x);
L:=x -> f(a) fp(a)*(x a);
plot({f(x), L(x)}, x=1..2);
err:=x -> abs(f(x) L(x));
plot(err(x), x=1..2, title = #absolute error function#);
err(1);
Mathematica: (function, x1, x2, and a may vary):
Clear[f, x]
{x1, x2} = {1, 2}; a = 1;
f[x_]:=x3 x2 2x
Plot[f[x], {x, x1, x2}]
lin[x_]=f[a] f'[a](x a)
Plot[{f[x], lin[x]}, {x, x1, x2}]
err[x_]=Abs[f[x] lin[x]]
180
Plot[err[x], {x, x1,x 2}]

err//N
After reviewing the error function, plot the error function and epsilon for differing values of epsilon (eps) and delta (del)
eps = 0.5; del = 0.4
Plot[{err[x], eps},{x, a del, a del}]
CHAPTER 3 PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. y x& 0.125x# 0.25x
2. y 3 0.7x$ 0.3x(
4. y x( 7x
"
1
1
5x% 0.25x 0.25
2.1x# 2.1x'
dy
dx
3. y x$ 3 ax# 1# b
dy
dx
dy
dx
3x# 3(2x 0) 3x# 6x 3x(x 2)
dy
dx
7x' 7
5. y (x 1)# ax# 2xb
dy
dx
(x 1)# (2x 2) ax# 2xb (2(x 1)) 2(x 1) c(x 1)# x(x 2)d
dy
dx
(2x 5)(1)(4 x)# (1) (4 x)" (2) (4 x)# c(2x 5) 2(4 x)d
2(x 1) a2x 4x 1b
6. y (2x 5)(4 x)"
3(4 x)
#
7. y a)# sec ) 1b
8. y 1
csc )
#
)#
4
9. s
t
1
t
ds
dt
10. s
"
t 1
ds
dt
1
t
"
sin# x
2
sin x
2 1
"
"
t t #t
t 1
dy
dx
"
ds
dt
)# csc ) cot )
4
#
1
t t
2t 1
t
#) 1
csc )
#
)#
4 (csc
) cot ) ))
"
#
#t 1
t
"
#
2 t t 1
dy
dx
(2 csc x)(csc x cot x) 2( csc x cot x) (2 csc x cot x)(1 csc x)
4 cos$ (1 2t)(sin (1 2t))(2) 8 cos$ (1 2t) sin (1 2t)
3 cot# 2t csc# 2t t#2
15. s (sec t tan t)&
ds
dt
16. s csc& a1 t 3t# b

&
csc )
#
(4 tan x) asec# xb (2 sec x)(sec x tan x) 2 sec# x tan x
csc# x 2 csc x
ds
dt
t 1 (0) 1
13. s cos% (1 2t)

14. s cot$ 2t
dy
d)
1
t
11. y 2 tan# x sec# x

12. y
3 a)# sec ) 1b (2) sec ) tan ))
dy
d)
6
t#
cot# 2t csc# 2t
5(sec t tan t)% asec t tan t sec# tb 5(sec t)(sec t tan t)&
ds
dt
5 csc% a1 t 3t# b acsc a1 t 3t# b cot a1 t 3t# bb (1 6t)
5(6t 1) csc a1 t 3t# b cot a1 t 3t# b

17. r 2) sin ) (2) sin ))"#
dr
d)
"
#
(2) sin ))"# (#) cos ) 2 sin ))
) cos )
sin )
2) sin )
Chapter 3 Practice Exercises

18. r 2)cos ) 2) (cos ))"#
2) "# (cos ))"# (sin )) 2(cos ))"#
dr
d)
) sin )
cos )
181
2cos )
2 cos ) ) sin )
cos )
19. r sin 2) sin (2))"#

20. r sin ) ) 1
cos 2)
2)
cos (2))"# "# (2))"# (2)
cos ) ) 1 1
"
2 )
1
2)
"
1
# )
"
"
#
22. y 2x sin x
dy
dx
"
2
2x cos x 2
sin x 2
cos x
x
x
x# csc
2
x
x# csc
2
x
cot x2 x#2 csc x2 "# 2x csc
cos ) ) 1
dy
dx
21. y
"
#
dr
d)
dr
d)
2
x
cot
2
x
x csc
2
x
sin x
x
dy
"#
sec (2x)# tan (2x)# (2(2x) 2) sec (2x)# "# x$#
dx x
8x"# sec (2x)# tan (2x)# "# x$# sec (2x)# "# x"# sec (2x)# c16 tan (2x)# x# d or #x"$# seca#xb2 16x# tana2xb#
23. y x"# sec (2x)#
"
24. y x csc (x 1)$ x"# csc (x 1)$
dy
dx
x"# acsc (x 1)$ cot (x 1)$ b a3(x 1)# b csc (x 1)$ "# x"#
3x (x 1)# csc (x 1)$ cot (x 1)$

or
"
csc(x
# x
csc (x
1)$
2 x
"
#
x csc (x 1)$ x" 6(x 1)# cot (x 1)$
1)$ c1 6x(x 1)# cot (x 1)$ d
25. y 5 cot x#
26. y x# cot 5x
dy
dx
5 acsc# x# b (2x) 10x csc# ax# b

x# acsc# 5xb (5) (cot 5x)(2x) 5x# csc# 5x 2x cot 5x
dy
dx
27. y x# sin# a2x# b
dy
dx
x# a2 sin a2x# bb acos a2x# bb (4x) sin# a2x# b (2x) 8x$ sin a2x# b cos a2x# b 2x sin# a2x# b
28. y x# sin# ax$ b
dy
dx
x# a2 sin ax$ bb acos ax$ bb a3x# b sin# ax$ b a2x$ b 6 sin ax$ b cos ax$ b 2x$ sin# ax$ b
29. s t
4t 1
30. s
#
"
15(15t 1)$
2 t
4t 1
$
(4t)(1)
(t
1)(4)
2 t
4t 1
(t
1)#
"
15
(15t 1)$
31. y x
1
2 x
ds
dt
dy
dx
32. y 2x
1
dy
dx
(x
1)#
2 x
2 2 x
1
#
"#
33. y x x
# x 1 "x
dy
dx
34. y 4xx x 4x x x"#

"#
x x
2x 1
"
# x
"#
"
#
4
(t
1)#
"
15
(3)(15t 1)% (15)
ds
dt
"
(x
1) #
x (1)
x
2 x
1
$
(x
1) 2x
(x
1)$
2x
1 " 2x "
x
x
2 x
1
1 "x "# x"#
dy
dx

"
"#
3
(15t 1)%
1x
(x
1)$
#x # 1
4x "# x x"#
(t 8t
$1)
4x "x
2 x
1 $
4
2 x
1 $
"
x
1 "# x"# x x"# "# (4)
"#
2x x 4x 4x
4 x x x x
6x
5x
x
x
182
#
35. r cossin) ) 1
2 cossin) ) " cos
1
36. r 1sin )cos
2(sin )
")
(1 cos ))$
)) (sin ))(sin ))
2 cossin) ) 1 (cos ) 1)(cos
(cos ) 1)#
dr
d)
) cos )
sin# )
(cos ) ")#
(2 sin )) (1 cos ))
(cos ) 1)$
1 (1 cos ))(cos )) (sin )

")(sin ))
2 1sin )cos
)
(1 cos ))#
dr
d)
2(sin )
1)(cos ) sin ) 1)
(1 c os ))$
acos ) cos# ) sin# ) sin )b
37. y (2x 1) 2x 1 (2x 1)$#
dy
dx
3
#
(2x 1)"# (2) 32x 1
38. y 20(3x 4)"% (3x 4)"& 20(3x 4)"#!

39. y 3 a5x# sin 2xb
40. y a3 cos$ 3xb
2 sin )
(cos ) ")#
$#
"$
"
20 20
(3x 4)"*#! (3)
3 3# a5x# sin 2xb
dy
dx
"3 a3 cos$ 3xb
dy
dx
dy
dx
%$
&#
[10x (cos 2x)(2)]
a3 cos# 3xb (sin 3x)(3)
3
(3x 4)"*#!
9(5x
cos 2x)
a5x#
sin 2xb&#
3 cos# 3x sin 3x
a3
cos$ 3xb%$
2
41. xy 2x 3y 1 axyw yb 2 3yw 0 xyw 3yw 2 y yw (x 3) 2 y yw yx
42. x# xy y# 5x 2 2x x
5 2x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
4x 4y"$ 2 3x# 4y
44. 5x%& 10y'& 15 4x"& 12y"&

"
#
45. (xy)"# 1
(xy)"# x
46. x# y# 1 x# 2y
47. y#
x
x
1
2y
x
48. y# 11
x
"#
dy
dx
dy
dx
dp
dq
dp
dq
dy
dx
2y
dy
dx
5 2x y
dy
dx
(x 2y)
"
x
1x
4y$
dp
dq
dy
dx
2 4x
dy
dx
0 12y"&
dy
dx
dy
dx
4y"$
4x"&
x"# y"#
2xy#
dy
dx
yx
dy
dx
6q 0 3p#
dp
dq
dy
dx
dy
dx
2 3x# 4y
dy
dx
dy
dx
"
"3 x"& y"& 3(xy)
"&
x" y
dy
dx
yx
"
#y(x
1)#
dy
dx
(1 x)(1) (1
x)")
(" x)#
4 p q
dy
dx
2 3x# 4y
4x 4y"$
dy
dx
y 0 x"# y"#
dy
dx
dp
dq
"
2y$ (1 x)#
4q
dp
dq
6q 4p
dp
dq
a3p# 4qb 6q 4p
6q 4p
3p#
4q
50. q a5p# 2pb
&! x
4y 4y"$
y# (2x) 0 2x# y
49. p$ 4pq 3q# 2 3p#
dy
dx
(x
1)(1) (x)(1)
(x
1)#
y%
dy
dx
5 2x y
x
2y
43. x$ 4xy 3y%$ 2x 3x# 4x
y 2y
$#
1 3# a5p# 2pb
&#
a5p3(5p

2p1)b
&#
10p
dp
dq
2
dp
dq
23 a5p# 2pb
&#
dp
dq
(10p 2)

dr
51. r cos 2s sin# s 1 r(sin 2s)(2) (cos 2s) ds
2 sin s cos s 0
dr
ds
2r sin 2s sin 2s
cos 2s
(2r 1)(sin 2s)

cos 2s
52. 2rs r s s# 3 2 r s
53. (a) x$ y$ 1 3x# 3y#
d# y
dx#
(b) y# 1
d# y
dx#
x#
y#
2xy#
a2yx# b
y%
2y
2
x
2xy x#
dy
dx
y# x%
"
yx#
54. (a) x# y# 1 2x 2y
(b)
dy
dx
x
y
d# y
dx#
y(1) x
y#
dr
ds
d# y
dx#
xy#
dy
dx
2x%
y
y%
"
yx#
dy
dx
1 2s 0
(2s 1) 1 2s 2r
y# (2x) ax# b 2y
dr
ds
" 2s 2r
2s 1
dy
dx
y%
2xy$ 2x%
y&
dy
dx
ayx# b
"
dy
dx
d# y
dx#
ayx# b
#
y(2x) x#
dy
dx
2xy# 1
y$ x%
0 2y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dr
ds
2xy#
2
x#
(cos 2s) 2r sin 2s 2 sin s cos s
(2r 1)(tan 2s)
dr
ds
dy
dx
dr
ds
y x xy
y#
dy
dx
2x
y# x#
y$
"
y$
x
y
(since y# x# 1)
55. (a) Let h(x) 6f(x) g(x) hw (x) 6f w (x) gw (x) hw (1) 6f w (1) gw (1) 6 "# a%b (
(b) Let h(x) f(x)g# (x) hw (x) f(x) a#g(x)b gw (x) g# (x)f w (x) hw (0) #f(0)g(0)gw (0) g# (0)f w (0)
#(1)(1) "# (1)# ($) #
(c) Let h(x)
f(x)
g(x)
1
(&
1) "# 3 a%b
(&
1)#
(g(x)
1)f (x) f(x)g (x)
(g(x)
1)
hw (x)
hw (1)
(g(1)
")f (1) f(1)g (1)
(g(1)
1)
w
&
"#
(d) Let h(x) f(g(x)) hw (x) f w (g(x))gw (x) hw (0) f w (g(0))gw (0) f w (1) "# "# "#
"
%
(e) Let h(x) g(f(x)) hw (x) gw (f(x))f w (x) hw (0) gw (f(0))f w (0) gw (1)f w (0) a%b ($) "#
(f) Let h(x) (x f(x))$# hw (x) 3# (x f(x))"# a1 f w (x)b hw (1) 3# (1 f(1))"# a1 f w (1)b
3# (1 3)"# 1 "# *#
(g) Let h(x) f(x g(x)) hw (x) f w (x g(x)) a1 gw (x)b hw (0) f w (g(0)) a1 gw (0)b
f w (1) 1 "# "# $# $%
56. (a) Let h(x) x f(x) hw (x) x f w (x) f(x)

(b) Let h(x) (f(x))"# hw (x)
"
#
"
# x
(f(x))"# af w (x)b hw (0)
(c) Let h(x) f x hw (x) f w x
"
# x
"
5" (3) #"
# 1
"
"#
(2) 3"
# (9)
hw (1) 1 f w (1) f(1)

"
#
(f(0))"# f w (0)
hw (1) f w 1
"
# 1
w
"
5
"
#
13
10
"
10
(d) Let h(x) f(1 5 tan x) hw (x) f w (1 5 tan x) a5 sec# xb h (0) f w (1 5 tan 0) a5 sec# 0b
f w (1)(5) "5 (5) 1
(2
cos x)f (x) f(x)(sin x)
f(0)(0)
hw (0) (2
1)f(2(0)
3(9 2)
(2
cos x)
1)
h(x) 10 sin 1#x f # (x) hw (x) 10 sin 1#x a2f(x)f w (x)b f # (x) 10 cos 1#x 1#
hw (1) 10 sin 1# a2f(1)f w (1)b f # (1) 10 cos 1# 1# 20(3) "5 ! 12
(e) Let h(x)

(f) Let
57. x t# 1
dy
dt
dy
dx
dx
dt
f(x)
2
cos x
dx
dt
hw (x)
"$
2 au# 2ub
"$
dt
du
5; thus
"
3
dy
dt t=0
au# 2ub
ds
du
ds
dt
2t; y 3 sin 2x
6 cos a2t# b 2t
58. t au# 2ub
dy
dx
32
3(cos 2x)(2) 6 cos 2x 6 cos a2t# 21b 6 cos a2t# b ; thus,
6 cos (0) 0 0
#$
dt
du
(2u 2)
2
#
3 au
"$
2 au# 2ub
2ub
#$
(u 1); s t# 5t
5 32 au#
2ub
#$
(u 1)
ds
dt
2t 5
183
184
ds
du u=2
2 a2# 2(2)b
59. r 8 sin s 16
; thus,
28 sin s 16
dw
ds s=0
#$
(2 1) 2 2 8"$ 5 8#$ 2(2 2 5) 4"
dw
dr
28 sin 16
d )
dt
d)
dt
dr
ds
cos 8 sin s 16 2
# 8 sin s 16
(cos 0)(8)
24
d)
dt
and
61. y$ y 2 cos x 3y#

2 sin (0)
3
1
0;
d# y
dx# (01)
d# y
dx#
d# y
dx#
"3
8#$
"
3
2 sin x
a3y#
"
3
1b
x#$ 3" y#$

dy
#$ 23
dx y
#
#$
ax
2
3
dy
dx
a3y#
1b (2 cos x) (2 sin x) 6y
x#$ 23 y"$
(3
1)(2 cos 0) (2 sin 0)(60)
(3
1)#
62. x"$ y"$ 4
dy
dx
"
cos r 2 #
8 cos s 16
(2)t 1) )#
dy
dx
d)
dt
) #
2)t
1
; r a)# 7b
0 and )# t ) 1 ) 1 so that
6" (1)
"$
d)
dt t=0, )=1
1
1
1
"
6
a3y# 1b 2 sin x
dy
dx
2 sin x
3y#
1
dy
dx (01)
dy
dx
#"
dy
dx
x"$
dw
dr
9
#
#$
#$
dr
"
#
(2)) 32 ) a)# 7b
; now t
d) 3 a) 7b
dr
2
dr
dr
"
#$
6 dt t=0 d) t=0 ddt) t=0
d) )=1 3 (1 7)
dw
ds
cos 8 sin 16 28 cos 16
60. )# t ) 1 )# t 2)
5 23 a2# 2(2)b
8 cos s 16 ; w sin r 2
dr
ds
cos 8 sin s 16 2
"$
dy
dx
#$
yx#$
d# y
dx# (88)
dy
dx (88)
1;
dy
dx
y#$
x#$
8#$ 23 8"$ (1)

8#$ 23 8"$
8%$
"
6
"
"
f(t
h) f(t)
2t
1 (2t
2h
1)
"
"
#(th)1h #t1 (2t
2t
1 and f(t h) #(t
h)
1
h
2h
1)(2t
1)h
f(t
h) f(t)
2h
2
w
lim (2t
2h
21)(#t
1)
(2t
2h
1)(2t
1)h (2t
2h
1)(2t
1) f (t) hlim
h
!
h!
#
(2t
1)#
63. f(t)
g(x
h) g(x)
h
g(x
h) g(x)
lim
lim
h
h!
h!
64. g(x) 2x# 1 and g(x h) 2(x h)# 1 2x# 4xh 2h# 1
a2x#
4xh
2h#
1b a2x#
1b
h
4xh
2h#
h
4x 2h gw (x)
4x
(4x 2h)
65. (a)
lim f(x) lim c x# 0 and lim b f(x) lim b x# 0 lim f(x) 0. Since lim f(x) 0 f(0) it
x!
x!
x!
x!
x!
follows that f is continuous at x 0.
(c) lim c f w (x) lim c (2x) 0 and lim b f w (x) lim b (2x) 0 lim f w (x) 0. Since this limit exists, it
(b)
x !c
x!
x!
x!
follows that f is differentiable at x 0.
x!
x!
185
66. (a)
lim f(x) lim c x 0 and lim b f(x) lim b tan x 0 lim f(x) 0. Since lim f(x) 0 f(0), it
x!
x!
x!
x!
x!
(c) lim c f w (x) lim c 1 1 and lim b f w (x) lim b sec# x 1 lim f w (x) 1. Since this limit exists it
(b)
x !c
x!
x!
x!
x!
x!
follows that f is differentiable at x 0.

67. (a)
lim f(x) lim c x 1 and lim b f(x) lim b (2 x) 1 lim f(x) 1. Since lim f(x) 1 f(1), it
x"
x"
x"
x"
x"
(c) lim c f w (x) lim c 1 1 and lim b f w (x) lim b 1 1 lim c f w (x) lim b f w (x), so lim f w (x) does
(b)
x "c
x"
x"
x"
not exist f is not differentiable at x 1.
x"
x"
x1
x"
lim f(x) lim c sin 2x 0 and lim b f(x) lim b mx 0 lim f(x) 0, independent of m; since
x!
x!
x!
x!
f(0) 0 lim f(x) it follows that f is continuous at x 0 for all values of m.
68. (a)
x !c
x!
lim f w (x) lim c (sin 2x)w lim c 2 cos 2x 2 and lim b f w (x) lim b (mx)w lim b m m f is
x !c
x!
x!
x!
x!
x!
differentiable at x 0 provided that lim c f w (x) lim b f w (x) m 2.
(b)
x!
69. y
"
#
x
#
"
#x 4
2(2x 4)
"
# x
#
(2x 4)"
dy
dx
"
#
x!
2(2x 4)# ; the slope of the tangent is 3# 3#
2 2(2x 4)# 1
"
(2x 4)#
4x# 16x 15 0 (2x 5)(2x 3) 0 x
(2x 4)# 1 4x# 16x 16 1
5
#
or x
3
#
5# 94 and 3# "4 are points on the
curve where the slope is .

3
#
70. y x
"
2x
"
#
dy
dx
1
2
(2x)#
"# "# and
71. y 2x$ 3x# 12x 20

#
"
"
#x# ; the slope of the tangent is 3 3 1 #x#
" "
# # are points on the curve where the slope is 3.
1
dy
dx
6x# 6x 12; the tangent is parallel to the x-axis when
dy
dx
"
#x #
x#
"
4
6x 6x 12 0 x x 2 0 (x 2)(x 1) 0 x 2 or x 1 (# !) and (" #7) are

points on the curve where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
72. y x$
dy
dx
3x#
dy
dx (28)
12; an equation of the tangent line at (# )) is y 8 12(x 2)
y 12x 16; x-intercept: 0 12x 16 x 43 43 ! ; y-intercept: y 12(0) 16 16 (0 16)
186
73. y 2x$ 3x# 12x 20
dy
dx
6x# 6x 12
(a) The tangent is perpendicular to the line y 1
x
24
when
dy
dx
" " 24; 6x# 6x 12 24

#4
x# x 2 4 x# x 6 0 (x 3)(x 2) 0 x 2 or x 3 (# 16) and ($ 11) are

x
points where the tangent is perpendicular to y 1 24
.
dy
(b) The tangent is parallel to the line y 2 12x when dx 12 6x# 6x 12 12 x# x 0
x(x 1) 0 x 0 or x 1 (! 20) and (" () are points where the tangent is parallel to
y 2 12x.
74. y
1 sin x
x
Since m"
x(1 cos x) (1 sin x)(1)

x#
dy
dx
"
m#
the tangents intersect at right angles.
75. y tan x, 1# x
1
#
dy
dx
m"
dy
dx x=1
1 #
1#
1 and m#
dy
1#
dx x=c1 1#
1.
sec# x; now the slope
of y x# is "# the normal line is parallel to

y x# when
#
cos x
dy
dx
"
#
2. Thus, sec# x 2
cos x
for 1# x
1
#
"
2
x
1
4
"
cos# x
and x
1
4
14 1 and 14 " are points
where the normal is parallel to y x# .
76. y 1 cos x
dy
dx
sin x
dy
dx 1 1
1
the tangent at 1# 1 is the line y 1 x 1#

y x 1# 1; the normal at 1# 1 is
y 1 (1) x 1# y x
77. y x# C
thus,
"
#
"# #
78. y x$
dy
dx
dy
dx
1
#
1
2x and y x
C C
3x#
dy
dx
1; the parabola is tangent to y x when 2x 1 x
"
#
"
#
"
4
dy
dx x=a
3a# the tangent line at aa a$ b is y a$ 3a# (x a). The tangent line
intersects y x$ when x$ a$ 3a# (x a) (x a) ax# xa a# b 3a# (x a) (x a) ax# xa 2a# b 0

(x a)# (x 2a) 0 x a or x 2a. Now
dy
dx x=c2a
3(2a)# 12a# 4 a3a# b, so the slope at
x 2a is 4 times as large as the slope at aa a$ b where x a.

79. The line through (! $) and (5 2) has slope m
y x 3; y
c
x
1
dy
dx
c
(x
1)# ,
3 (2)
05
1 the line through (! $) and (& 2) is
so the curve is tangent to y x 3
(x 1)# c, x 1. Moreover, y
c
x
1
intersects y x 3
#
c
x
1
dy
dx
1
c
(x
1)#
x 3, x 1
c (x 1)(x 3), x 1. Thus c c (x 1) (x 1)(x 3) (x 1)[x 1 (x 3)]

!, x 1 (x 1)(2x 2) 0 x 1 (since x 1) c 4.

80. Let b a# b# be a point on the circle x# y# a# . Then x# y# a# 2x 2y
dy
dx x=b
b
a # b #
y a# b#
normal line through b a# b# has slope

a # b #
b
(x b) y a# b#
a # b #
b
a # b #
b
dy
dx
dy
dx
xy
normal line is
x a# b# y
a# b #
b
which passes through the origin.

81. x# 2y# 9 2x 4y
"4 x
9
4
5
#
x
2y
dy
dx
"4 the tangent line is y 2 "4 (x 1)
dy
dx (12)
and the normal line is y 2 4(x 1) 4x 2.
82. x$ y# 2 3x# 2y
3# x
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
3x#
2y
dy
dx (11)
and the normal line is y 1 23 (x 1)
83. xy 2x 5y 2 x
y 2 5
dy
dx
dy
dx
(x 5) y 2
the tangent line is y 2 2(x 3) 2x 4 and the normal line is y 2

84. (y x)# 2x 4 2(y x) dy
dx 1 2 (y x)
the tangent line is y 2 34 (x 6)
85. x xy 6 1
"
#xy
dy
dx
3
4
x
dy
dx
1 (y x)
y 2
x 5
dy
dx
1
#
(x 3) "# x 7# .
dy
dx
1
yx
yx
3
2
x"# 3y"#
y 4 "4 (x 1) 4" x
dy
dx
dy
dx (62)
3
4
dy
dx
y 2xy
dy
dx
2xy y
x
dy
dx
x"#
2y"#
dy
dx (14)
dy
dx (41)
4
5
x
5
4
11
5
"4 the tangent line is
and the normal line is y 4 4(x 1) 4x.
17
4
87. x$ y$ y# x y x$ 3y#
dy
dx
dy
dx (32)
the tangent line is y 1 54 (x 4) = 54 x 6 and the normal line is y " 45 (x 4)

86. x$# 2y$# 17
(x 1)
and the normal line is y 2 43 (x 6) 43 x 10.
5
#
y 0 x
3
#
x "3 .
2
3
dy
dx
#3 the tangent line is y 1
dy
dx
y$ a3x# b 2y
a3x$ y# 2y 1b 1 3x# y$
dy
dx
dy
dx
1
1 3x# y$
3x$ y#
2y 1
dy
dx
3x$ y#
dy
dx (11)
dy
dx
2y
24 , but
dy
dx
dy
dx (11) is
dy
dx
" 3x# y$
undefined.
Therefore, the curve has slope "# at (" ") but the slope is undefined at (" 1).
88. y sin (x sin x)
dy
dx
[cos (x sin x)](1 cos x); y 0 sin (x sin x) 0 x sin x k1,
k 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 (for our interval) cos (x sin x) cos (k1) 1. Therefore,
dy
dx
0 and y 0 when
1 cos x 0 and x k1. For #1 x 21, these equations hold when k 2, 0, and 2 (since
cos (1) cos 1 1). Thus the curve has horizontal tangents at the x-axis for the x-values 21, 0, and 21
(which are even integer multiples of 1) the curve has an infinite number of horizontal tangents.
89. x
"
#
tan t, y
"
#
2 cos
90. x "
tan
13
"
t#
"
#
sec t
1
3
"
4
3
#
,y"
3
t
dy
dx
dy/dt
dx/dt
"
#
sec
1
3
and y
dy
dx
dy/dt
dx/dt
"
#
sec t tan t
"
#
# sec t
tan t
sec t
sin t
1 y
3
#
x 4" ;
t3#
t2$
32 t
d# y
dx
dy
dx t2
dy
dx t13
dy /dt
dx/dt
1
3
sin
"
#
cos t
sec t
#
3
#
;t
1
3
2 cos$ t
d y
dx t13
#
3# (2) 3; t 2 x 1
"
##
5
4
and
187
188
y1
3
#
"# y 3x
"3
4
d# y
dx
dy /dt
dx/dt
3
#
t2
3 $
4 t
d y
dx t2
#
3
4
(2)$ 6
91. B graph of f, A graph of f w . Curve B cannot be the derivative of A because A has only negative slopes
while some of B's values are positive.
92. A graph of f, B graph of f w . Curve A cannot be the derivative of B because B has only negative slopes
while A has positive values for x 0.
93.
94.
95. (a) 0, 0
(b) largest 1700, smallest about 1400
96. rabbits/day and foxes/day

sin x
97. lim
#
x ! 2x x
98. lim
3x tan 7x
#x
99. lim
sin r
x!
r ! tan 2r
100.
sin 7x
2x cos 7x
x!
2r
tan 2r
103.
104.
105.
)!
x!
4 tan# )
tan )
1
tan# )
&
lim c
) 1
lim
tan x
x
lim
)!
2 sin# #)
)#
)!
lim cos" x
tan )
)
x!
sin (sin ))
sin )
"
tan5# )
5 cot7 ) cot8# )
3
#
1 1 27 2
"
#
. Let x sin ). Then x 0 as ) 0
(4
0
0)
(1
0)
(0 2)
(5 0 0)
lim
x sin x
# x
x ! 2 2 sin #
52
x x
lim sin## # x
x!
sin x
x
(1)(1)(1) 1
lim
sin x
x
"
27
"# (1) 1"
cos 2r
4
tan" )
tan"# )
cot"# ) 2
lim b
)!
lim
sin 7x
7x
sin x
x
x sin x
lim 2(1xsincosx x)
x ! 2 2 cos x
x!
x#
x
lim sin x sin # x sinx x
x!
#
#
x!
x!
sin 2r
r ! 2r
lim
1cos )
)#
)!
lim cos"7x
"# "# (1) lim
lim
3
#
)!
lim
1 2 cot# )
5 cot# ) 7 cot ) 8
lim b
)!
102.
(1) "1 1
(sin )) sin )
lim sinsin
lim
)
)
sin (sin ))
sin )
)!
lim c
) 1
lim 3x
2x
r!
lim
101.
"
(#x 1)
lim sinr r
sin (sin ))
)
lim
)!
x!
lim sinx x
)!
sin #)
#)
sin #)
#)
"# (1)(1) "#
"
#
1; let ) tan x ) 0 as x 0 lim g(x) lim

x!
1. Therefore, to make g continuous at the origin, define g(0) 1.
x!
tan (tan x)
tan x

106.
lim f(x) lim
x!
(tan x)
lim tantan
tan (tan x)
x ! sin (sin x)
sin x
sin (sin x)
x!
#105); let ) sin x ) 0 as x 0
(b) S 21r# 21rh and r constant

(c) S 21r# 21rh
(d) S constant
dh
dt
(b) r constant
dr
dt
109. A 1r#
110. V s$
111.
dR"
dt
dV
dt
dh
r dr
dt
h dt
r#
h #
dr
dt
3s#
ds
dt
1 ohm/sec,
dR#
dt
ds
dt
(using the result of
1. Therefore, to make f
(41r 21h)
dr
dt
(2r
dh
dt
dr
dt
dr
dt 21r
h) dr
dt r
dh
dt
dh
dt
dr
dt
r dh
2r
h dt
1r# h#
dr
1 r#
r#
h# dt
; so r 10 and
dr
dt
lim )
) ! sin )
(41r 21h)
21r
dr
dt
sin x
x ! sin (sin x)
1r# h#
dr
dt
1 r#
dr
r#
h# dt
1rh
dh
r#
h# dt
dS
dt
dr
dt
1r# h#
1r# dr
dt
r#
h #
dS
dt
21 r
dA
dt
dr
dt
1r# h#
dS
dt
(c) In general,
1r
dS
dt
(a) h constant
21r dh
dt
#1 r dh

h
dt
0 0 (41r 21h)
dS
dt
108. S 1rr# h#
41r
dS
dt
41r dr
dt 21 h
dS
dt
dS
dt
1 lim
sin x
lim
x ! sin (sin x)
continuous at the origin, define f(0) 1.

107. (a) S 21r# 21rh and h constant
"
cos x
dr
dt
" dV
3s# dt
dh
1rh
r#
h# dt
12 m/sec
; so s 20 and
0.5 ohm/sec; and
"
R
"
R"
"
R#
dV
dt
dA
dt
(21)(10) 12 40 m# /sec
1200 cm$ /min

" dR
R# dt
" dR"
R"# dt
ds
dt
" dR#
R## dt
"
3(20)#
(1200) 1 cm/min
. Also,
"
"
R" 75 ohms and R# 50 ohms R" 75
50
R 30 ohms. Therefore, from the derivative
9(625)
" dR
"
"
"
"
"
dR
50005625
(30)# dt (75)# (1) (50)# (0.5) 5625 5000
dt (900) 56255000 50(5625) 50
equation,
0.02 ohm/sec.
112.
dR
dt
3 ohms/sec and
X 20 ohms
dZ
dt
dX
dt
2 ohms/sec; Z R# X#
(10)(3)
(20)(2)
10#
20#
113. Given
dx
dt
10 m/sec and
2x
dx
dt
2y
&
dD
dt
dy
dt
"
5
dX
R dR
dt
X dt
R #
X#
so that R 10 ohms and
0.45 ohm/sec.
5 m/sec, let D be the distance from the origin D# x# y# 2D
dy
dt
dD
dt
dZ
dt
(5)(10) (12)(5)
dD
dt
y
dx
dt
110
5
dy
dt
dD
dt
. When (x y) ($ %), D $# a%b# & and
22. Therefore, the particle is moving away from the origin at 22 m/sec
(because the distance D is increasing).

114. Let D be the distance from the origin. We are given that
x# x
$# #
x# x$ 2D
2x
dD
dt
3x#
dx
dt
dx
dt
dD
dt
11 units/sec. Then D# x# y#
x(2 3x)
dx
dt
and substitution in the derivative equation gives (2)(6)(11) (3)(2 9)

115. (a) From the diagram we have
(b) V
"
3
1 r# h
"
3
10
h
1 25 h h
4
r
41 h$
75
116. From the sketch in the text, s r)
ds
dt
d)
dt
(1.2)
d)
dt
. Therefore,
dV
dt
2
5
; x 3 D 3# 3$ 6
dx
dt
dx
dt
4 units/sec.
h.
41h# dh
25 dt
ds
d)
dr
dt r dt ) dt .
ds
dt 6 ft/sec and r
5 and h 6
dh
dt
125
144
1 ft/min.
Also r 1.2 is constant
dr
dt
, so
dV
dt
1.2 ft
d)
dt
5 rad/sec
189
190
117. (a) From the sketch in the text,
d)
dt
point A, x 0 ) 0
0.6 rad/sec and x tan ). Also x tan )

dx
dt
dx
dt
sec# )
d)
dt ;
at
asec 0b (0.6) 0.6. Therefore the speed of the light is 0.6
3
5
km/sec
when it reaches point A.

(3/5) rad
sec
(b)
1 rev
21 rad
118. From the figure,
a
r
60 sec
min
b
BC
18
1
a
r
revs/min
b
b# r#
. We are given
that r is constant. Differentiation gives,

"
r
da
dt
b# r# db
dt (b)
b#
b 2r and
da
dt
db
dt
r#
db
dt
b# r#
. Then,
0.3r
(2r)# r# (0.3r) (2r) 2r(#0.3r)#

(2r) r
r
(2r)# r#
3r# (0.3r)
4r# (0.3r)
3r#
3r
a3r# b (0.3r)
a4r# b (0.3r)
3 3 r#
0.3r
3 3
r
103
m/sec. Since
da
dt
is positive,
the distance OA is increasing when OB 2r, and B is moving toward O at the rate of 0.3r m/sec.
119. (a) If f(x) tan x and x 14 , then f w (x) sec# x,
f 14 1 and f w 14 2. The linearization of
f(x) is L(x) 2 x 14 (1) 2x
1 2
#
(b) If f(x) sec x and x 14 , then f w (x) sec x tan x,

f 1 2 and f w 1 2. The linearization
4
of f(x) is L(x) 2 x 14 2
2x
120. f(x)
"
1
tan x
2(% 1)
.
4
f w (x)
sec# x
(1
tan x)#
. The linearization at x 0 is L(x) f w (0)(x 0) f(0) 1 x.
121. f(x) x 1 sin x 0.5 (x 1)"# sin x 0.5 f w (x) "# (x 1)"# cos x
L(x) f w (0)(x 0) f(0) 1.5(x 0) 0.5 L(x) 1.5x 0.5, the linearization of f(x).
122. f(x)
2
1 x
2
(1 x)#
1 x 3.1 2(1 x)" (1 x)"# 3.1 f w (x) 2(1 x)# (1) "# (1 x)"#
"
2 1
x
L(x) f w (0)(x 0) f(0) 2.5x 0.1, the linearization of f(x).
123. S 1 rr# h# , r constant dS 1 r "# ar# h# b

dS
1 r h! adhb
r#
h#!
"#
#h dh
1rh
r#
h# dh.
Height changes from h! to h! dh
Chapter 3 Additional and Advanced Exercises

124. (a) S 6r# dS 12r dr. We want kdSk (2%) S k12r drk
12r#
100
kdrk
r
100
191
. The measurement of the
edge r must have an error less than 1%.

#
3r dr
(b) When V r$ , then dV 3r# dr. The accuracy of the volume is dV

V (100%) r$ (100%)
r
3r (dr)(100%) 3r 100
(100%) 3%
125. C 21r r
dV
C
21
, S 41 r #
C#
1
, and V
4
3
1 r$
C$
61 #
. It also follows that dr
"
#1
dC, dS
2C
1
dC and
dC. Recall that C 10 cm and dC 0.4 cm.

0.2
drr (100%) 0.2
2101 (100%) (.04)(100%) 4%
(a) dr 0.4
21 1 cm
1
8
1
dS
8 100
(b) dS 20
(100%) 8%
1 (0.4) 1 cm
S (100%) 1
C
21 #
10#
21 #
(0.4)
20
1#
20 61
cm dV
V (100%) 1# 1000 (100%) 12%
126. Similar triangles yield
35
h
(c) dV
dh 120a# da
15
6
120
a#
h 14 ft. The same triangles imply that 20h

a 6a h 120a" 6
"
2
1"# "#!
"#
da 120
45
.0444 ft 0.53 inches.
a#
"&#
CHAPTER 3 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES

1. (a) sin 2) 2 sin ) cos )
#
d
d)
cos 2) cos ) sin )

(b) cos 2) cos# ) sin# )
(sin 2))
d
d)
d
d)
(cos 2))
(2 sin ) cos )) 2 cos 2) 2[(sin ))(sin )) (cos ))(cos ))]

d
d)
acos# ) sin# )b 2 sin 2) (2 cos ))(sin )) (2 sin ))(cos ))
sin 2) cos ) sin ) sin ) cos ) sin 2) 2 sin ) cos )

2. The derivative of sin (x a) sin x cos a cos x sin a with respect to x is
cos (x a) cos x cos a sin x sin a, which is also an identity. This principle does not apply to the
equation x# 2x 8 0, since x# 2x 8 0 is not an identity: it holds for 2 values of x (2 and 4), but not
for all x.
3. (a) f(x) cos x f w (x) sin x f ww (x) cos x, and g(x) a bx cx# gw (x) b 2cx gww (x) 2c;
also, f(0) g(0) cos (0) a a 1; f w (0) gw (0) sin (0) b b 0; f ww (0) gww (0)
cos (0) 2c c "# . Therefore, g(x) 1 "# x# .
(b) f(x) sin (x a) f w (x) cos (x a), and g(x) b sin x c cos x gw (x) b cos x c sin x; also,
f(0) g(0) sin (a) b sin (0) c cos (0) c sin a; f w (0) gw (0) cos (a) b cos (0) c sin (0)
b cos a. Therefore, g(x) sin x cos a cos x sin a.
(c) When f(x) cos x, f www (x) sin x and f % (x) cos x; when g(x) 1 "# x# , gwww (x) 0 and g% (x) 0.
Thus f www (0) 0 gwww (0) so the third derivatives agree at x 0. However, the fourth derivatives do not
agree since f % (0) 1 but g% (0) 0. In case (b), when f(x) sin (x a) and g(x)
sin x cos a cos x sin a, notice that f(x) g(x) for all x, not just x 0. Since this is an identity, we
have f n (x) gn (x) for any x and any positive integer n.
4. (a) y sin x yw cos x yww sin x yww y sin x sin x 0; y cos x yw sin x
yww cos x yww y cos x cos x 0; y a cos x b sin x yw a sin x b cos x
yww a cos x b sin x yww y (a cos x b sin x) (a cos x b sin x) 0
(b) y sin (2x) yw 2 cos (2x) yww 4 sin (2x) yww 4y 4 sin (2x) 4 sin (2x) 0. Similarly,
y cos (2x) and y a cos (2x) b sin (2x) satisfy the differential equation yw w 4y 0. In general,
y cos (mx), y sin (mx) and y a cos (mx) b sin (mx) satisfy the differential equation yww m# y 0.
192
5. If the circle (x h)# (y k)# a# and y x# 1 are tangent at (" #), then the slope of this tangent is
m 2xk (1 2) 2 and the tangent line is y 2x. The line containing (h k) and (" #) is perpendicular to
y 2x
k2
h1
"# h 5 2k the location of the center is (5 2k k). Also, (x h)# (y k)# a#
x h (y k)yw 0 1 ayw b# (y k)yw w 0 yww

w
1
ay b
ky
w
. At the point (" #) we know
ww
y 2 from the tangent line and that y 2 from the parabola. Since the second derivatives are equal at (" #)
we obtain 2
1
(2)
k#
9
#
#
. Then h 5 2k 4 the circle is (x 4)# y 9# a# . Since (" #)
lies on the circle we have that a
5 5
2
6. The total revenue is the number of people times the price of the fare: r(x) xp x 3
x #
, where
40
x
x
40
3 40
"
dr
x #
x
dr
0 x 60. The marginal revenue is dx

3 40
2x 3 40
40
dx
3
2x
40
x
x
dr
3 3 40 1 40 . Then dx 0 x 40 (since x 120 does not belong to the domain). When 40 people
are on the bus the marginal revenue is zero and the fare is p(40) 3
7. (a) y uv
dy
dt
du
dt
x #
40 x=40
$4.00.
v u dv
dt (0.04u)v u(0.05v) 0.09uv 0.09y the rate of growth of the total production is
9% per year.
(b) If
0.02u and
du
dt
dv
dt
0.03v, then
dy
dt
(0.02u)v (0.03v)u 0.01uv 0.01y, increasing at 1% per
year.
8. When x# y# 225, then yw xy . The tangent
line to the balloon at (12 9) is y 9
y
4
3
4
3
(x 12)
x 25. The top of the gondola is 15 8
23 ft below the center of the balloon. The intersection of y 23 and y 43 x 25 is at the far
right edge of the gondola 23
x
3
#
4
3
x 25
. Thus the gondola is 2x 3 ft wide.
9. Answers will vary. Here is one possibility.
10. s(t) 10 cos t 14 v(t)

10
(a) s(0) 10 cos 14
ds
dt
10 sin t 14 a(t)
dv
dt
d# s
dt#
10 cos t 14
(b) Left: 10, Right: 10

(c) Solving 10 cos t 14 10 cos t 14 1 t 341 when the particle is farthest to the left.
Solving 10 cos t 14 10 cos t 14 1 t 14 , but t 0 t 21 41 741 when the particle
is farthest to the right. Thus, v 341 0, v 741 0, a 341 10, and a 741 10.
(d) Solving 10 cos t 14 0 t
1
4
v 14 10, v 14 10 and a 14 !.

11. (a) s(t) 64t 16t# v(t)
ds
dt
193
64 32t 32(2 t). The maximum height is reached when v(t) 0
t 2 sec. The velocity when it leaves the hand is v(0) 64 ft/sec.

(b) s(t) 64t 2.6t# v(t) ds
dt 64 5.2t. The maximum height is reached when v(t) 0 t 12.31 sec.
The maximum height is about s(12.31) 393.85 ft.
12. s" 3t$ 12t# 18t 5 and s# t$ 9t# 12t v" 9t# 24t 18 and v# 3t# 18t 12; v" v#
9t# 24t 18 3t# 18t 12 2t# 7t 5 0 (t 1)(2t 5) 0 t 1 sec and t 2.5 sec.
13. m av# v#! b k ax#! x# b m 2v
substituting
dx
dt
v m
dv
dt
dv
dt
k 2x
dx
dt
dv
dt
2x
k 2v
dx
dt
dv
dt
kx "v
dx
dt
2At B v t"
# t# 2A t"
# t# B A at" t# b B is the
instantaneous velocity at the midpoint. The average velocity over the time interval is vav
Bt#
Cb aAt#"
t# t"
. Then
kx, as claimed.
14. (a) x At# Bt C on ct" t# d v

aAt##
dx
dt
Bt"
Cb
at# t" b cA at#

t" b
Bd
t# t"
#
?x
?t
A at# t" b B.
(b) On the graph of the parabola x At Bt C, the slope of the curve at the midpoint of the interval
ct" t# d is the same as the average slope of the curve over the interval.
15. (a) To be continuous at x 1 requires that lim c sin x lim b (mx b) 0 m1 b m 1b ;
x1
x1
(b) If yw
cos x, x 1
is differentiable at x 1, then lim c cos x m m 1 and b 1.
x1
m, x 1
16. faxb is continuous at ! because lim
x!
x 1
cos x
lim 1 xcos
#
1
cos x
x!
" cos x
x
! fa!b. f w (0) lim
f(x) f(0)
x0
1
"cos x
#
lim sinx x
x!
x!
"
#
lim
x!
1 cos x
0
x
. Therefore f (0) exists with value
"
#
17. (a) For all a, b and for all x 2, f is differentiable at x. Next, f differentiable at x 2 f continuous at x 2
lim c f(x) f(2) 2a 4a 2b 3 2a 2b 3 0. Also, f differentiable at x 2
x2
f w (x)
a, x 2
. In order that f w (2) exist we must have a 2a(2) b a 4a b 3a b.
2ax b, x 2
Then 2a 2b 3 0 and 3a b a
3
4
and b
9
4
(b) For x #, the graph of f is a straight line having a slope of
$
%
and passing through the origin; for x #, the graph of f
is a parabola. At x #, the value of the y-coordinate on the parabola is
$
#
which matches the y-coordinate of the point
on the straight line at x #. In addition, the slope of the parabola at the match up point is
$
%
which is equal to the
slope of the straight line. Therefore, since the graph is differentiable at the match up point, the graph is smooth there.
18. (a) For any a, b and for any x 1, g is differentiable at x. Next, g differentiable at x 1 g continuous at
x 1 lim b g(x) g(1) a 1 2b a b b 1. Also, g differentiable at x 1
x "
gw (x)
a, x 1
. In order that gw (1) exist we must have a 3a(1)# 1 a 3a 1
3ax# 1, x 1
a "# .
(b) For x ", the graph of f is a straight line having a slope of
"
#
and a y-intercept of ". For x ", the graph of f is
a parabola. At x ", the value of the y-coordinate on the parabola is
$
#
which matches the y-coordinate of the point
on the straight line at x ". In addition, the slope of the parabola at the match up point is "# which is equal to the
slope of the straight line. Therefore, since the graph is differentiable at the match up point, the graph is smooth there.
19. f odd f(x) f(x)
d
dx
(f(x))
d
dx
(f(x)) f w (x)(1) f w (x) f w (x) f w (x) f w is even.
194
20. f even f(x) f(x)
d
dx
(f(x))
d
dx
(f(x)) f w (x)(1) f w (x) f w (x) f w (x) f w is odd.
21. Let h(x) (fg)(x) f(x) g(x) hw (x) x lim

x
x lim
x
f(x) g(x) f(x) g(x! )

f(x) g(x! ) f(x! ) g(x! )
x x!
g(x! )
f(x! ) x lim
g(x)x
x!
x!
h(x) h(x! )
x x!
x lim
x
f(x) g(x) f(x! ) g(x! )

x x!
f(x! )
!)
x lim
f(x) g(x)x xg(x
x lim
g(x! ) f(x)x
x!
x
x
!
!
g(x! ) f (x! ) 0
g(x! )
lim g(x)x
x!
x x!
g(x! ) f (x! ) g(x! ) f w (x! ), if g is
continuous at x! . Therefore (fg)(x) is differentiable at x! if f(x! ) 0, and (fg)w (x! ) g(x! ) f w (x! ).
22. From Exercise 21 we have that fg is differentiable at 0 if f is differentiable at 0, f(0) 0 and g is continuous
at 0.
(a) If f(x) sin x and g(x) kxk , then kxk sin x is differentiable because f w (0) cos (0) 1, f(0) sin (0) 0
and g(x) kxk is continuous at x 0.
(b) If f(x) sin x and g(x) x#$ , then x#$ sin x is differentiable because f w (0) cos (0) 1, f(0) sin (0) 0
and g(x) x#$ is continuous at x 0.
(c) If f(x) 1 cos x and g(x) $x, then $x (1 cos x) is differentiable because f w (0) sin (0) 0,
f(0) 1 cos (0) 0 and g(x) x"$ is continuous at x 0.
(d) If f(x) x and g(x) x sin "x , then x# sin x" is differentiable because f w (0) 1, f(0) 0 and
sin "x
lim x sin "x lim
x!
"
x
x!
lim
t_
sin t
t
0 (so g is continuous at x 0).
23. If f(x) x and g(x) x sin "x , then x# sin x" is differentiable at x 0 because f w (0) 1, f(0) 0 and
lim x sin "x lim
x!
sin "x
"
x
x!
lim
t_
sin t
t
0 (so g is continuous at x 0). In fact, from Exercise 21,
h (0) g(0) f (0) 0. However, for x 0, hw (x) x# cos "x x"# 2x sin x" . But
lim hw (x) lim cos "x 2x sin x" does not exist because cos x" has no limit as x 0. Therefore,
w
x!
x!
the derivative is not continuous at x 0 because it has no limit there.

24. From the given conditions we have f(x h) f(x) f(h), f(h) 1 hg(h) and lim g(h) 1. Therefore,
h!
f (x)
lim f(x
h)h f(x)
h!
w
lim f(x) f(h)h f(x)

h!
lim f(x) f(h)h 1

h!
f(x) lim g(h) f(x) 1 f(x)
f w (x) f(x) and f axbexists at every value of x.
h!
25. Step 1: The formula holds for n 2 (a single product) since y u" u#
dy
dx
du"
dx
u# u"
du#
dx
Step 2: Assume the formula holds for n k:

y u" u# uk
du#
duk
dx u$ uk u" u# uk-1 dx
d(u" u# uk )
If y u" u# uk ukb1 au" u# uk b ukb1 , then dy
ukb1 u" u# uk dudxkb1
dx
dx
dukb1
du#
duk
"
du
dx u# u$ uk u" dx u$ uk u" u# ukc1 dx ukb1 u" u# uk dx
dukb1
du#
duk
"
du
dx u# u$ ukb1 u" dx u$ ukb1 u" u# ukc1 dx ukb1 u" u# uk dx .
dy
dx
du"
dx
u# u$ uk u"
Thus the original formula holds for n (k1) whenever it holds for n k.
26. Recall mk
m!
m!
m!
m!
m
m m
k! (m k)! . Then 1 1! (m 1)! m and k k
1 k! (m k)! (k
1)! (m k 1)!
m! (k
1)
m! (m k)
(m
1)!
m
1
(k
m!1)!(m(m
1)k)! (k
1)! ((m
(k
1)! (m k)!
1) (k
1))! k
1 . Now, we prove
Leibniz's rule by mathematical induction.

Step 1: If n 1, then
d(uv)
dv
du
dx u dx v dx . Assume that the statement is true for n k, that is:
"
#
k
k#
k"
d (uv)
du
d u dv
dk v
k d u d v
k du d v
dxk dxk v k dxk" dx 2 dxk# dx# k 1 dv dxk" u dxk .
kb"
k
k"
k
(uv)
d
dk u dv
dk" u d# v
ddxk"u v ddxuk dv
If n k 1, then d dx(uv)
dx
d dx
k"
k
dx k dxk dx k dxk" dx#
k
Step 2:

k2
du
dx

dk" u d# v
dxk" dx#
k2
kb"
dk# u d$ v
dxk# dx$
k k 1
k"
d# u dk" v
dx# dxk"
dv
d u
d u
d u dv
dxk u dxk" dxk" v (k 1) dxk dx
k
kb"
k"
du d v
d v
d u
k k 1 kk dx
dxk u dxk" dxk" v (k
k
kb"
dv
d v
k
k 1 du
dx dxk u dxk" .
k
k1
1)
kk 1
du dk u
dx dxk
k"
#
k2 ddxk"u ddxv#
dk u dv
dk" u d# v
k
2 1 dx
k"
dxk dx
dx#
Therefore the formula (c) holds for n (k 1) whenever it holds for n k.

27. (a) T#
(b) T#
41 # L
g
#
41 L
g
T# g
41 #
#1
L;
g
a1 sec# ba32.2 ft/sec# b

41 #
dT
#1
g
"
dL
# L
L 0.8156 ft
1
Lg dL;
dT
1
a!)"&' ftba32.2 ft/sec# b a!!"
ftb 0.00613 sec.
(c) Since there are 86,400 sec in a day, we have a0.00613 secba86,400 sec/dayb 529.6 sec/day, or 8.83 min/day; the
clock will lose about 8.83 min/day.
28. v s$
dv
dt
#
$s# ds
dt ka's b
ds
dt
#k. If s! the initial length of the cube's side, then s" s! #k
#k s! s" . Let t the time it will take the ice cube to melt. Now, t
"
"$
" $%
"" hr.
s!
#k
s!
s ! s "
av! b"$
"$
av! b $% v!
"$
195
196
NOTES:

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160

3.6 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

6. y 2x 1 2(x 1)"#

11. s (t# t#(

(1 6x)"$ (6) 4(1 6x)"$

12. r %)$ )$%

sin (" 6t)#$ 23 (1 6t)"$ (') 4(1 6t)"$ sin (1 6t)#$

1 x"# "# #" x"#

17. h()) $1 cos (2)) (1 cos 2))"$ hw ())

2x"# 1%$ x$#

(1 cos 2))#$ (sin 2)) 2 23 (sin 2))(1 cos 2))#$

(sin () 5))"% cos () 5)

cos () 5)(sin () 5))"%

ax# 2xyb 2xy y#

20. x$ y$ 18xy 3x# 3y#

15. f(x) 1 x 1 x"#

14. z cos (" 6t)#$

"# (2x 5)$# 2 (2x 5)$#

13. y sin (2t 5)#$

16. g(x) 2 2x"# 1

1(x 1)"# "

Section 3.6 Implicit Differentiation

2x 2x# (x y) 2x(x y)#

c2x# (x y) 2yd 2x c1 x(x y) (x y)# d

24. (3xy 7)# 6y 2(3xy 7) 3x

x$ x# y x y 3x# 2xy x# yw 1 yw ax# 1b yw 1 3x# 2xy yw

27. x tan y 1 asec# yb

x csc# (xy) y csc# (xy) "

29. x tan (xy) ! 1 csec# (xy)d y x

30. x sin y xy 1 (cos y)

"y cos "y sin y" x y

sin y" 2y cos y" 2 2

33. )"# r"# 1

)"# "# r"#

32. y# cos "y 2x 2y y# sin y" (1)

31. y sin "y 1 xy y cos y" (1)

sin "y  cos "y

"  y sec# (xy)

35. sin (r))

)"# )"$ )"%

)"# )"$ )"%

[) cos (r))] r cos (r))

37. x# y# 1 2x 2yyw 0 2yyw 2x

38. x#$ y#$ 1

40. y# 2x 1 2y 2y yw 2 2yw yw (2y 2) 2 yw

(y 1)# (y 1)"

(y 1)" ; then yww (y 1)# yw

41. 2y x y y"# yw 1 yw yw y"# 1 1

42. xy y# 1 xyw y 2yyw 0 xyw 2yyw y yw (x 2y) y yw

y y y c2y y d 2x y y 2x 2y cy d

"# we obtain yww k (0

44. xy y# 1 xyw y 2yyw 0 yw (x 2y) y yw

Differentiating again, yww

(2) "#  (1)(0)

45. y# x# y% 2x at (# ") and (# 1) 2y

Section 3.6 Implicit Differentiation

46. ax# y# b (x y)# at(" !) and (" 1) 2 ax# y# b 2x 2y

c2y ax# y# b (x y)d 2x ax# y# b (x y)

47. x# xy y# 1 2x y xyw 2yyw 0 (x 2y)yw 2x y yw

the tangent line is y 3

(b) the normal line is y 3 47 (x 2) y 47 x

the tangent line is y 4

(b) the normal line is y 4 43 (x 3) y 43 x

(1 6x)"$ (6) 4(1 6x)"$

12. r %)$ )$%

sin (" 6t)#$ 23 (1 6t)"$ (') 4(1 6t)"$ sin (1 6t)#$

1 x"# "# #" x"#

2x"# 1%$ x$#

(1 cos 2))#$ (sin 2)) 2 23 (sin 2))(1 cos 2))#$

"# (2x 5)$# 2 (2x 5)$#

13. y sin (2t 5)#$

16. g(x) 2 2x"# 1

1(x 1)"# "

)"# "# r"#

sin "y cos "y

" y sec# (xy)

)"# )"$ )"%

)"# )"$ )"%

(y 1)# (y 1)"

(y 1)" ; then yww (y 1)# yw

41. 2y x y y"# yw 1 yw yw y"# 1 1

(2) "# (1)(0)

t 1 y " (t 1)"# 2y 2t " y"#

claim f ww (x) x"$ is false

x # 2y 4 1 x x 3 2y. Substituting in the original equation,