Unit 1 Lesson A

Grammar Simple present and present of be (review) (Student's Book p.

3.)
This lesson reviews simple affirmative and negative statements, yes-no
questions, short answers, and information questions with be and other
verbs.
Form
Check the tense chart at the end of this document
Use
The simple present is mainly used for:
repeated activities and routines (e.g. We usually go out on Thursdays.).
permanent states, or things that are true all the time (e.g. I have a brother.
I'm from Tokyo.) .
verbs for expressing likes and dislikes (e.g. I hate mornings.) .
Unit 1 Lesson B
Grammar Responses with too and either (Student's Book p. 4)
The chart in the lesson introduces short responses to affirmative and
negative statements using too and either.
Form
Use too or Me too to respond to affirmative statements:
A: I'm allergic to horses.
B:I am too. / Me too.
A: I watch pro soccer.
B: I do too. / Me too.
A: I can shop for hours!
B:I can too. / Me too.
Use either or Me neither to respond to negative statements:
A: I'm not an animal lover.
B:I'm not either. / Me neither.
A: I don't watch much television.
B:I don't either. / Me neither.
A: I can't afford anything new.
B:I can't either. / Me neither.
Use
These responses show you have something in common with or agree with
someone.

Unit 2 - Lesson A
Grammar Verb forms (Student's Book p. 13.)
This lesson focuses on verb forms after other verbs. The lesson reviews the
modal verb can / can't. It also reviews the verbs following love, like, hate,
prefer, would like with to-infinitives and the use of the Verbing form
(gerunds) after them. It also presents the Verb-ing form (gerunds) after
prepositions.
Form
can / can't
subject
+

can

+ (V1)

can'
t
Examples: I can draw. I can't paint.
love, like, hate, prefer, would like = (d like)

subject
+

love
like
hate

+ to +
(V1)

prefer
would like = (d
like)
Examples:
I like / love / hate to spend money.
I prefer to watch TV.
I'd like to learn a new language.
love, like, hate, prefer, enjoy

subject

love
like
hate

+ V-ing (gerund)

+
prefer
enjoy
Example:
I love / like / hate / enjoy swimming.
Prepositions
After prepositions, use the V-ing (gerund) form.
I'm good at drawing cartoons.
Unit 2 Lesson B
Grammar Object pronouns ( Student's Book p. 15.)
The subject pronouns:
The object pronouns

I
me

you
you

he
him

she
her

it
it

we
us

they
them

In statements, subject pronouns usually come before the verb; object

pronouns usually come after a verb or preposition.
Grammar Everybody /everyone, nobody / no one
Everybody, everyone, nobody and no one are pronouns. When they are used
as subjects, they take a singular verb:
Example: Everybody likes mysteries.
Nobody is coming tomorrow
They are also used as objects:
Example: He reads his poem to everyone.

Unit 3 Lesson A
Grammar Simple present and present continuous ( Student's Book p. 23.)
Form
Present simple
Check the tense chart at the end of this document
Present continuous
Check the tense chart at the end of this document
Use
The present simple is used to talk about regular or repeated events or
routines (e.g. We exercise six days a week.) and situations that are true all
the time (e.g. I eat everything I want.).
The present continuous is used for activities and events that are
temporary, or going on "around now" (e.g. I'm trying to lose weight.). It is
also used for activities that are going on at the time of speaking (e.g. I'm
running to class.).
Verbs such as like, love, know, want, and need which describe permanent
situations, mental processes, and feelings - are usually not used with the
present continuous.( Im wanting water.)
Unit 3 Lesson B
Grammar Joining clauses with if and when ( Student's Book p. 25.)
In this lesson when means whenever or every time (e.g. When I have a
sore throat, I drink tea with honey.).

 If/when clauses can come first in the sentence or after the main clause. If
they are first, the two parts of the sentence are separated by a comma.
Example: If I have a headache , I take an aspirin.
When I have a headache , I take an aspirin.
If they are after the main clause, the two parts of the sentence are not
separated by a comma.
Example: I take an aspirin if I have a headache.
I take an aspirin when I have a headache.

Unit 4 Lesson A
Grammar Future with going to ( Student's Book p. 35.)
be + going to + V1 is one of the most common ways used to talk about
the future.
Form
Statements
subject + be + going to + V1
We're going to go out for dinner.
Yes-No questions
be + subject + going to + V1?
Are you going to have a big wedding?
Information questions
question word + be + subject + going to + V1 V1?
What are you going to do for Bid?
Use
Be + going to is used to talk about personal plans and intentions,
especially when a person has already made a decision to do something.
I'm going to buy Mom something special.
Be + going to is used to make predictions about future actions or events,
especially when the person has reasons or evidence to predict them.
She's going to be a great lawyer.
It's going to rain.

****************************
Grammar Indirect objects ( Student's Book p. 35.)
The chart on page 35 shows the word order for sentences with two objects:
a direct object and an indirect object.
Example: I'm going to buy
my mother
a necklace
indirect object + direct object
In the sentence I'm going to buy my mother a necklace, the indirect object
is my mother; the direct object is a necklace. The indirect object comes first.
The indirect object is often the name of the person who receives the
action.
The person receiving the action (indirect object) can come after the direct
object, but a preposition is used in this case (e.g. to or for).
Example: I'm going to buy
a necklace
for
my mother
direct object + preposition +
indirect object
Form
Object pronouns are used for indirect objects.
I'm going to give my parents a card.
I'm going to send them a card.
The school is going to give our class a graduation party.
The school is going to give us a graduation party.
Unit 4 Lesson B
Grammar Present continuous for the future; going to ( Student's Book p.
37.)
This lesson introduces another way of talking about the future: using the
present continuous.
People often use the present continuous to talk about arrangements that
they have already made.
What are you doing for National Day? = What arrangements have you made?
Going to suggests the idea of intentions.
What are you going to do for National Day? = What do you intend or plan to
do?

 Going to, but not the present continuous, can also be used to talk about
predictions of events.
It's going to snow. = prediction
It's snowing. = ongoing action

Unit 5 Lesson A
Grammar be born ( Student's Book p. 45.)
The expression be born is used to review the past of be.
Subject+ was/were+ born
Example: I was born in 1990.
They were born in Jeddah.
Grammar Simple past (review)( Student's Book p. 45.)
This lesson reviews simple past affirmative and negative statements, yes-no
questions, and information questions with be and other verbs.
Form
Check the tense chart at the end of this document

Use
The simple past is generally used:
to talk about single or repeated actions, events, and situations in a definite,
finished time in the past.
Example: As a child, I spoke Chinese at home.
with a past time expression.
Example: I lived there from 1997 to 1999 / until I was five.
Grammar Time expressions ( Student's Book p. 45.)
The time expressions in the chart express the duration of events and points
in time in the past.
Form
for
for + a period of time (e.g. six years / a long time)
Example: I lived there for six years / a long time.
in
in + a specific point in time (e.g. month / year)
Example: We moved in May / in 2004.
from __ to __
from __ to __ + specific points in time (e.g. months / years)
Example: I taught there from May to July. / We lived in Brazil from
1986 to 1992.
ago
time expression + ago (e.g. ten years ago, three days ago)
Example: My family moved to the United States ten years ago.
until
until + clause with a specific point in time
Example: We lived there until I was six.
until
until + a specific point in time (e.g. year / month)
Example: We lived there until 1992 / February.
then / (and then)
(and) then + a sentence / clause
Example: We lived in Brazil. Then we moved to the U.S.
Example: We lived in Brazil, and then we moved to the U.S.
when
when + clause with a specific point in time
Example: We left when I was six.

Use
(for) long
(For) long is used in questions and negative sentences, but not in affirmative
sentences. In affirmative sentences, (for) a long time is used.
Examples: Did you live there (for) long?
We didn't live there (for) long.
We lived there (for) a long time.
Unit 5 Lesson B
Grammar Determiners ( Student's Book p. 46.)
The determiners all, most, a lot of, some, few, no, and none are also
called "quantifiers." They are used before nouns to say how much or how
many of something we are talking about.
Form
General statements (determiner + noun)
When all, most, some, and a few are used to talk about people or things in
general, they are used without of :all / most / a lot of /some / a few / no +
plural noun
Examples:
All high schools have math teachers.
Most Canadians speak English.
A lot of people don't like math.
A few people get scholarships.
No students like exams.
(Note: No can also be - followed by a singular noun [e.g. No student likes
exams.] .)
Specific statements (determiner + of + determiner + noun)
When they refer to more specific people or things; before other determiners
such as the, my, you, this, that; or before object pronouns such as us or
them.
all (of) / most of / a lot of /some of / a few of /none of + other determiner +
plural noun
Example: All of / Most of / A few of / None of my friends go to the library
after school.

All is the exception because it can be used with or without of before

determiner + noun.
Example: All of my friends go to the library after school OR
All my friends go to the library after school.
Specific statements with object pronouns (determiner + of + object
pronoun)
all of /most of / a lot of /some of / a few of /none of + object pronoun
Examples: All of us enjoyed the art classes.
Some of them joined a study group.
The exceptions are a lot of, which is a fixed expression.
With all, of is optional before determiners, but not before object pronouns.
All my friends study English.
All of my friends study English.
All of us study English.
No is not followed by of or by a determiner.
No students like exams.
No students completed the exam in the time allowed.

Unit 6 Lesson A
Grammar Is there? Are there? ( Student's Book p. 55.)
Is there and Are there are used to ask questions about the existence of
places.

Form
Questions with Is there . .. ?
Is there + a / an + singular countable noun?
Example: Is there a bank around here?
Affirmative and negative answers to Is there . .. ?
Examples: Yes, there is. / Yes, there's one on Main Street.
No, there isn't (one).
Questions with Are there . .. ?
Are there + any + plural countable noun?
Example: Are there any pay phones around here?
Affirmative and negative answers to Are there . . . ?
Example: Yes, there are. / Yes, there are some on Main Street.
No, there aren't (any).
With Is there, one can be used in the answer to avoid repeating the noun
in the question.
A: Is there a cafe around here?
B: No, there isn't one. [one = a cafe around here]
With Are there, some or any can be used in the answer to avoid repeating
the noun in the question.
A: Are there any restaurants around here?
B: Yes, there are. There are some on the next block. [some = restaurants
around here]
or
B: No, there aren't any. [any = restaurants around here]
Note: Some and any can also be used with the noun in the answers (e.g. Yes,
there are some restaurants on the next block. No, there aren't any
restaurants around here.) .
Unit 6 Lesson B
Grammar Offers and requests with Can and Could ( Student's Book p. 57.)
Can is used in requests (e.g. Can you help me?) and in offers (e.g. How
can I help?).
Could also is used to make polite requests (e.g. Could you give me
directions?) .
Form

Can / Could + Subject + V1

Unit 7 Lesson A
Grammar Infinitives for reasons ( Student's Book p. 67.)
Form ( to +V1 )
Main clause
+ infinitive for reason (to + V1)
Examples: I have to go online to find a flight.
I'm going to Puerto Rico to see my relatives.
He has to go to the bank to change some money.
Use
The infinitive with to can be used to give a reason or purpose or to answer
the question why.
****************************
Grammar

It's + adjective + to ... ( Student's Book p. 67.)

Form
Affirmative statements
Examples: It's + adjective + to + infinitive
It's easy to find cheap flights online.
It's fun to meet new people.
It's good to know a little of the language.
Negative statements
It's + not + adjective + to-infinitive
Example: It's not hard to do.
Questions with Is it . . . ?
Is it + adjective + to-infinitive?
Example: Is it easy to find bargains online?
Unit 7 Lesson B
Grammar Advice and suggestions ( Student's Book p. 69.)
There are many ways to give advice and make suggestions. Here are some of
them.
Form
Should (not)
subject + should (not) + V1
Example: You should take some insect repellent.
You shouldn't carry a lot of cash with you.

 Could (not)
subject + could (not) + V1
Example: You could borrow your dad's hat. She couldn't eat her meal.
Need to
subject + need to + V1
Example: You need to take a hat.
Questions with Why don't you + V1 ? and Do you want to + V1?
Examples: Why don't you take my jacket?
Do you want to pack some other shoes?
The expression It's a good idea to ...
It's a good idea to + V1
Example: It's a good idea to have something warm.
Imperatives
Examples: Take a hat.
Don't forget to pack a jacket.

Unit 8 Lesson A
Grammar Whose ... ? ( Student's Book p. 77.)
Form
Whose + singular / plural noun + is/are + pronoun?
Examples: Whose coat is this?
Whose earrings are they?
whose is NOT who's (= Who is).
****************************
Grammar Possessive pronouns ( Student's Book p. 77.)
Possessive adjectives are (my, his, her, your, our, their).
Possessive pronouns are (mine, , his, hers, yours, ours, theirs).
Possessive pronouns allow the speaker to avoid repeating the name of a
noun already mentioned.
Form
Possessive pronouns are used after verb be:
Example: The coat is mine. / It's mine.
They are also used as subjects.
Example: Mine is red. Yours is blue. His is over there.

Unit 8 Lesson B
Grammar Order of adjectives ( Student's Book p. 79.)
Before a noun, the usual order of types of adjectives is: opinion (beautiful);
size (big); color (blue); shape (square); nationality (Thai); material (wool).
Example: She bought a beautiful big blue square Persian wool rug.
****************************
Grammar Pronouns one and ones ( Student's Book p. 79.)
One(s) is used to avoid repeating a noun that was mentioned earlier in the
conversation.

Form
One can replace a singular noun.
A: I like the green rug. Which one do you like?
B: I like the blue one in the middle.
Ones can replace a plural noun.
A: Those speakers are cool. Which ones do you like?
B: I like the silver ones.
One(s) is often used after adjectives.
I like the blue one(s).
One(s) is also used with prepositional phrases.
I like the one(s) in the middle.
One(s) can be used after which, this / that, these / those:
A: I like this rug. Which (one) do you like?
B: I like that (one).
Unit 8 Lesson C
Do you mind . .. ? and Would you mind . .. ? are used to make polite requests
and ask permission, especially if the speaker does not know the other
person very well.
Form
Do you mind + if + subject + V1+ object ?
Do you mind if I use your phone?
Would you mind + V -ing (gerund)?
Would you mind helping me in the kitchen?
Use
The forms can be used to ask permission to do something.
Do you mind if I open the window?
They can also be used to ask someone to do something.
Would you mind giving me a pencil?
To agree with requests with mind (answering no), the following expressions
can be used:
No, go (right) ahead.
No, not at all.
Oh, no. No problem.

Examples:
A: Do you mind if I use your phone?

B: No, go (right) ahead.

A: Would you mind chopping the onions? B: No, not at all.

Unit 9 Lesson A
Grammar Past continuous statements ( Student's Book p. 87.)
Form
Affirmative statements
subject + was / were + V-ing
Examples: I was talking.
They were watching TV.
Negative statements
subject + wasn't / weren't + present participle
Examples: I wasn't paying attention.
We weren't looking.
Use:
The past continuous is used to talk about actions and events in progress in
the past.
It is also used to set the background for a story, telling about longer
actions and events.
Example: I was going to work, and I was talking to my wife.
Simple past with past continuous
The simple past is often used for shorter actions that happened during
the time of another, longer one (past continuous).
Example: A friend of mine deleted all my files (short action) when she
was using my computer (background, longer action).

Unit 9 Lesson B
Grammar Past continuous questions ( Student's Book p. 89.)
Form
Yes-No questions
Was / Were + subject + V-ing?
Examples: Was he skiing by himself?
Were they skiing on the weekend?
Affirmative short answers
A: Was he skiing by himself?
A: Were they skiing on the weekend?

B: Yes, he was.
B: Yes, they were.

Negative short answers

A: Was he skiing by himself?
A: Were they skiing on the weekend?

B: No, he wasn't.
B: No, they weren't.

Information questions
question word + was / were + subject + V-ing?
Examples: What was he doing?
What were you doing on the weekend?
****************************
Grammar Reflexive pronouns ( Student's Book p. 89.)
Reflexive pronouns are: (myself, himself, herself, yourself, ourselves,
themselves, yourselves)
Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of the verb
refer to the same person.
Examples: I hurt myself
He cut himself

 They are also used with by to mean "alone" or "with no one else."
Examples: I went by myself
He did it by himself

Unit 10 Lesson A
Grammar Comparative adjectives ( Student's Book p. 99.)
Comparative adjectives can be used to talk about the differences between
two things, people, or events. The comparative form is often used with than.
Form
For most one-syllable and some two-syllable
adjectives, add -er.
quick quicker
easy easier
Examples: E-mail is quicker than regular mail.
It's easier to solve problems on the phone than in emails.
BUT
fun more fun
Example: Bowling is more fun than golfing.
For most other adjectives of two or more syllables, use more + adjective.
personal more personal
Example: Letters are more personal than e-mail.
Less is also used with adjectives in comparisons. It expresses the opposite
of more.
less + adjective
personal less personal
Example: E-mail is less personal than letters.
Some adjectives have irregular forms for the comparative.
good better
Example: Real cards are better than e-cards.

bad worse
Example: Spam is worse than regular junk mail
Spelling rules
Here are the spelling rules for adding -er.
For adjectives ending in -e, add -r.
nice nicer
For adjectives ending in a consonant + y, change the y to -i and add -er.
busy busier
For most adjectives ending in a vowel + consonant, double the final
consonant and add -er.
big bigger
thin thinner
However, do not double the consonant in words ending in w:
slow slower
Unit 10 Lesson B
Grammar More, less, fewer ( Student's Book p. 10l.)
This lesson teaches you how to make comparisons with nouns and verbs.
Form
With countable nouns
more / fewer + countable noun
Examples: I get more calls than you (do).
You get fewer calls than I do.
With uncountable nouns
more / less + uncountable noun
Examples: I spend more time on the phone; you spend less time.
She gets less mail than he does.
With verbs
verb + more / less + than
Examples: She talks more than he does.
He talks less than she does.
Do / Does after than
Do / does is often used after than so that the verb isnt repeated.
Example: I talk more than you do. (than you do = than you talk)

Unit 11 Lesson A
Grammar Describing people ( Student's Book p. 109.)
Describing people
There are a number of expressions used to ask and answer questions to
describe people.
Form and Use
Look like
What + do / does + subject + look like? is used to ask about someone's
physical appearance.
A: What does he look like?
B: He's tall and thin and wears
glasses.
Who + do / does + subject + look like? is used to ask about whom someone
resembles
A: Who does he look like?
B: He looks like his father.
Look alike
Do + subject + and + subject + look alike? is used to ask if two people are
similar in appearance
A: Do Bill and Stewart look alike?
B: No. They look totally different.
Yes-No questions with have
Do / Does + subject + have + described feature?
A: Does he have curly hair?
B: No, he has straight hair.

 How + adjective questions with be

How + adjective + be + subject?
A: How tall is he?
B: He's six foot three.
****************************
Grammar have got ( Student's Book p. 109.)
The verb have got is another way of saying have => have got = have
/
has go = has
I've got red hair. = I have red hair.
He's got short hair. = He has short hair.

Unit 11 Lesson B
Grammar Phrases with V-ing and prepositions ( Student's Book p. 111.)
The following can be used to identify people or things:
A phrase beginning with a V-ing to describe what someone is doing or
wearing
He's the man standing by the table.
A preposition after the noun:
He's the guy with the curly hair.
He's the guy next to the window.
The pronoun one or ones followed by a preposition or a V-ing
He's the one with the curly hair.
They're the ones standing next to the window.
He's the one with the green sweater.

Unit 12 Lesson A
Grammar Future with will, may, and might ( Student's Book p. 119.)
Form
Subject + will / may / might + V1
School will end in June.
I may travel to Italy this summer.
He might buy a car next year.
The negative is formed by placing not after the modal verb.
The negative short form for (will + not) is (won't)
Short forms are not usually used for (may + not) and (might + not)
I won't decide until next month about the trip.
I may not be able to afford a trip.
I might not go on a trip this summer.

Use
Will / won't is used to give simple facts about the future.
I'll be 65 in June.
Will / won't is used to make predictions based on your opinions.
It won't be easy to get a new job.
May, might, and will with I think, I guess, maybe, probably, etc., are used
to talk about future activities, facts, situations, and predictions when the speaker is
less than 100% sure about them.
I may go on for a master's degree.
It might rain.
We'll probably move to Arizona.
Going to is used to talk about plans or decisions already made.
I'm going to retire in June.
Going to is used to talk about events that are already in progress or on the
way.
We're going to have a baby.
Going to is used to talk about predictions based on current evidence or
knowledge.
It's going to snow tonight.
The present continuous (am/is/are + V-ing) is used to talk about planned
events and activities. It is often used to talk about fixed arrangements with
times and places.
What are you doing this weekend? = What arrangements have you made?
I'm graduating in June. = This is a fixed date
Unit 12 Lesson B
Grammar Present tense verbs with future meaning ( Student's Book p. 121.)
This lesson presents a common pattern for sentences with clauses beginning
with if, when, before, or after that refer to the future. In these clauses, a
present tense verb is used even when the verb has a future meaning.
if
befor
e
when
after

+ Verb present
simple
I /we /they /you + V1
he/she/it + V1+s

If I get good grades, I will / may / might go to law school.

(not If I will get)
I need to decide before he goes on vacation.
(not before he'll go)
What are you going to do when you graduate?
(not when you will graduate)

The Tense Chart

Tense

Signal words

Simple
Present

every day
always
sometimes
usually
often
hardly
never
first ... then

Present
Continuous

Now
These days
At the moment
Look!
Listen!

- something is happening at
the same time of speaking or
around it

last ...
... ago
in 1990
yesterday

action took place in the past,

connected with an expression
of time (no connection to the
present)

Simple
Past

Past
Continuous

while

Use
- something happens
repeatedly (routine)
- how often something
happens
- one action follows another
- things in general

- an action happened in the

middle of another action
- someone was doing
something at a certain time
(in the past) - you don't know
whether it was finished or not

Examples
affirmative

Form

I /we /they /you + V1

he/she/it + V1+s

am

he/she/it

is

we/they/you

are

was

he/she/it

was

we/they/you

were

I don't work.
He doesn't work.
I don't go.
He doesn't go.

Examples
question
Do I work?
Does he work?
Do I go?
Does he go?

I'm working.
He's working.
Were working

I'm not working.

He isn't working.
We arent working

Am I working?
Is he working?
Are we going home?

I'm going home

He's going home.
Were going home

I'm not going home.

He isn't going home
We arent going home

Am I going home?
Is he going home?
Are we going home?

I worked.
He worked.
I went.
He went.

I didn't work.
He didn't work.
I didn't go.
He didn't go.

Did I work?
Did he work?
Did I go?
Did he go?

I was working.
He was working.
We were working

I was not working.

He was not working.
We were not working

Was I working?
Was he working?
Were we going home?

I was going home

He was going home.
We were going home

I was not going home.

He was not going home
We were not going home.

Was I going home?

Was he going home?
Were we going home?

+ V-ing

Subject + V2
-------------------------V2 = (* regular: V1+ ed)
V2= (* irregular: Look at the table
of irregular verbs)
I

I work.
He works.
I go.
He goes.

Examples
negative

+ V-ing

The verb be can be an auxiliary verb (helping verb) or a main verb in English.
be as a main verb in the Simple Present (am, are, is)
affirmative
I:
I am from England.
he, she, it:
He is from England.
we, you, they:
We are from England.

negative

yes/no question

I am not from England.

Am I from England?

He is not from England.

Is he from England?

We are not from England.

Are we from England

be as a main verb in the Simple Past (was, were)

affirmative
I:
I was here.
he, she, it:
He was here.
we, you, they:
We were here.

negative

yes/no question

I was not here.

Was I here?

He was not here.

Was he here?

We were not here.

Were we here?

be as a helping verb in the Present Continuous (am, are, is)

+Ving
affirmative
I:
I am reading a book.
he, she, it:
He is reading a book.
we, you, they:
We are reading a book.

negative

yes/no question

I am not reading a book.

Am I reading a book?

He is not reading a book.

Is he reading a book?

We are not reading a book.

Are we reading a book

be as a helping verb in the Past Continuous (was, were) +Ving

affirmative
I:
I was reading a book.
he, she, it:
He was reading a book.
we, you, they:
We were reading a book.

negative

yes/no question

I was not reading a book.

Was I reading a book?

He was not reading a book.

Was he reading a book?

We were not reading a book.

Were we reading a book