Lecture L: lntroduction

Learning Outcomes:

1.

Understanding the basic mechanism of heat transfer

2.

Able to derive different rate of heat transfer based on

Fourier's law, Newton's law of cooling and Stefan-Boltzmann
law

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Definitions
Heat transfer is (thermal) energy transfer that is induced by
temperature differenc e (or g rad ie nt)

Thermodynamics - amount of energy transfer as the system

undergoes a process from one equilibrium to another
Heat transfer

- science that deals with the rate of such energy

transfer

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Defin itio ns
Modes of heat transfer

Conduction heat transfer: Occurs when a temperature

gradient exists through a solid or a stationary fluid (liquid or
gas).

Cbnvection heat transfer: Occurs within a moving fluid, or

between a solid surface and a moving fluid, when they are at
different tem peratu res

Thermal radiation: Heat transfer between two surfaces (that

are not in contact), often in the absence of an intervening
medium.

Lecture

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1. Conduction
Transfer of energy from the more energetic to less energetic
particles of a substance as a results of interactions between
atoms and/or molecules.

) Solid - Lattice vibration, free electron transport

) Liquids & gases - random molecular motion (collision

&

diffusion)

TrtT,

) \
S

a-/

Ho--b

Y
o\

).t
6?

vl

o\
Y ) \o

o-l ".. if
Lecture

"r.

T2

Consider a brick wall, of thickness x which in a cold winter day

is exposed to a constant inside temperature, T, and a constant
outside temperatu re, I r.

&
Tl

conduction):
Y'
Area,A

1l_

1_)

Lecture

The heat transfer rate is

(Fourier's law of heat

*-^'tT
- ,- ,cr|'

The proportionality constant is

transport property, known as
thermal conductivity k (units

w/m.K)
Thermal conductivity is
temperature dependent. lt is a
measure of the ability of the
materialto conduct heat (Table

^&''IJ,

General: Heat flux (unit: W/m2 ) is heat transfer rate in x direction per
unit area perpendicular to the direction of transfer

.. .AT

9* = -k-

Example: A furnace has a 0.15m thick brick wall (thermal

conductivity of L.7 W/m.K). Steady state operation shows

that inner wall temperature is 1400K and j_150K for outer

wall. What is the rate of heat loss if wall is 0.5m height and
1.2m wide ?

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2. Convection
Energy transfer by random molecular motion (as in

conduction) plus bulk (macroscopic) motion of the fluid.

- Convection: transport by random motion of molecules
and by bulk motion of fluid.

Advection: transport due solely to bulk fluid motion.

forced convection: Caused by external means such as fan,

pump, wind

Natural (free) convection: flow induced by buoyancy forces,

arising from density differences due to temperature
variations in the fluid

Heat transfer involving phase change (latent heat exchange

boiling and condensation.

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Example: air at 20"C blows over a hot plate, which is

maintained at a temperature Tr=300"C and has an area of A.

r? = 30rf

The convective heat flux is proportional

The proportionality constant is the convection heot tronsfer

coeffici e nt, h (W/m2. K).

Lecture

to

q",

x T, _ Tn

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The convection heat transfer rate is:

Q" =

h.A.(\ - L)

Newton's law of cooting

F ftre

heat transfer coefficient depends on surface geometry,

nature of the fluid motion, as well as fluid properties. For
typical ranges of values, see Table 1-3 textbook.

Example: A 2m long, O.3cm diameter electrical wire in a

room with T of 15C. Heat is generated in the wire and
surface T is 152c at steady state. Voltage drop and current is
measured at 60V and L.5A, determine h between wire and
air.

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3. Radiation
F Thermal radiation is energy emitted

by matter because of

their temperature

Energy is transported by electromagnetic radiation.

F Emission

is due

to changes in electron configuration.

Can occur from solid surfaces, liquids and gases.

F Does not require presence of a medium

F Emissive power E is the rate at which energy is released per
unit area (W/m2) (radiation emitted/rom the surface)

Lecture

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For an ideal radiator, or blackbody (max rate

Qemitecr

- oATr'

of radiation):

Stefan-Boltzmann law

where \ is the absolute temperature of the surface (K) and

o is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, (o = 5.67x10 8 W/m2.1+1

For a real (non-ideal) surface:

Qemitted

0<s<l

-SOAI4

the emissivity measuring how closely the surface approx.

blackbody

e is

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'

lf a heat transfer su.rface at T, is surrounded

(encrosed) by
a larger surface with Tsu' the net radiation

.
.
.

"*.f,rng"i,

eraa

_ eoA(T,u * qX,)

lf radiation occurs parallel to conduction

or convection,
combined heat transfer coefficient h.orb
is used.

The total heat transfer rate is:

, r
.

gtour

=h**oA{T, _T;)

Example: Two infinite black plates

at 8OOC and 300C
exchange heat by radiation. Calculate
the heat transfer
per unit area.

Lecture

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Summarv
Modes of Heat Transfer:

Conduction

n
Q* =h(Tr-T*)

,dT
"
q.=-k*

g*" (W /rnzl is

Convection

the

Radiation
r

Qrad=co(T! -T,0,,)

heot flux

q, (W=J/s) is the heat rote

Lecture

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How is heat transfer minimized in a thermos bottle?

$t*pper
asiqef

Lecture

Conservation of Energy

z;;\

Surroundings, S

(contro:orum)

(cv)

Boundary

Addition
->r
through

\orurirge) L.st

.. i

inr"t\Ie*tnll)/

trl

/Loss

Lrn

Energy conservation on a rate basis:

throush outet
Eo,,,

8,,,+Eu*tou,=*=t*

Units W=J/s

) lnflow and outflow are surface phenomena

F Generation and accumulation are volumetric phenomena
) Eu = KE + pE + U; U is Ur"n dhd U t","nt
Lecture