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Introduction
This laboratory work provides a walkthrough of the commonly used pulse-widthmodulation inverter. This inverter provides a variable frequency and voltage output from
a DC source, and is a key component of a frequency converter that is used in variable
speed AC motor drives (VSD). The work is done with the LabVolt training system.
From
Function
switching
inputs 1 & 2
IGBT ground (white)
control
observation
DACI analog ground (white)
common ground
Main circuit
Set up the circuit shown in
Figure 1. Use two branches of the IGBT module, the two 8 mH inductors and the
1,5 F capacitor of the Filtering Inductors/Capacitors module.
Use an external 300 resistive load (ensure max power is not exceeded during measurements).
As adjustable voltage source, use the power supply DC output (adjustable 0-200VDC). Adjust to
50V DC.
Figure 1
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Value
Four-Quadrant Chopper
Switching Frequency
2000 Hz
Command Input
clarification
Duty cycle
control
0.0 s
time
Q1, Q2, Q4 and Q5 parameters
PWM
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Parameter/ function
Value
Function
Command Button
Command Name
Voltage
Max Command
10
10
Min Command
-10
-10
Command Step
Voltage
-10
Measurement:
In the Analog Output 1 window, rotate the control knob so that the duty-cycle control voltage
varies from -10 V to +10 V and backwards. While doing this, observe the voltage (before and after
filtering) and current at the four-quadrant chopper output, as well as the waveforms of the
switching control signals on the Oscilloscope display.
Do the voltage and current at the four-quadrant chopper output correspond to an ac waveform,
i.e., varying from a polarity to the other?
Successively set the duty-cycle control voltage to -10V, -8V, -6V, , 8V, 10V.
For each chopper duty cycle value ( = [0, 10%, , 100%] ), measure (with the real oscilloscope):
knob position
the duty cycle (measure with the measurement function)
chopper input voltage
the average voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output
the average voltage at the load (resistor)
In your report:
chopper operating principle
1.1 based on the LVDAC-EMS Oscilloscope images (IGBT control) and main circuit diagram,
explain how the four-quadrant chopper operates (i.e. generates adjustable DC output x V
to +x V)
1.2 explain the term duty cycle
analysis of the measurements
1.3 compare the average (DC) voltage of the chopper output before and after the filter
1.4 describe the relationship between the duty-cycle control voltage and the average DC
voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output
1.5 insert oscilloscope images (set time so that 2-3 duty cycles are visible) with unfiltered (Ch1)
and filtered (Ch2) output voltage with duty cycles 70%, 50% and 10%
Once you have recorded all measurements and oscilloscope images, you can stop the voltage
source and the four-quadrant chopper.
Same main circuit and measurement points will be used in part II.
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Value
Function
Function Generator
Waveform
Sine
Frequency
1 Hz
Amplitude
10 V
measurement
Switch on the DC supply (50V) and start the four-quadrant chopper.
Observe the chopper output voltage at the load (after filtering) on the Oscilloscope display.
Describe what happens. Record an oscilloscope image that illustrates the phenomenon for your
report.
Then, in the Analog Output 1 window, gradually increase the frequency of the duty cycle up to 10
Hz while observing the load resistor voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output on the
Oscilloscope display.
What you have is a PWM frequency converter! Next tune the output AC frequency to 50 Hz.
In your report:
2.1 present with oscilloscope image 50Hz unfiltered and filtered output voltage, and explain how
you can make AC voltage from a DC source with help of controllable switches (how the PWM
frequency converter works).
Same setup will be used in part III.
In your report:
3.1 explain the impact of switching frequency to the output voltage level
3.2 present with oscilloscope graphs the impact of the switching frequency to the output voltage
waveform
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3.3 based on your observations and theory, what kind of considerations one should make to select
optimal switching frequency in a PWM inverter
Same main circuit and measurement points will be used in part IV.
In your report:
4.1 based on your measurements and theory explain the relation between the input (DC) and
output (AC) voltages
Modulation index adjustments:
The modulation index m refers to the relative value of the modulation sine wave amplitude. With
the current setups sine wave amplitude 10V the duty cycle output control voltage varies (sine
function) between -10V and 10V and that causes the duty cycle variation respectively from 0 to
100%. In this case the modulation index m = 1.
If the modulation sive wave amplitude is decreased to 8V, the duty cycle will vary between 10%
90%10%
90% (min=10% and max=90%), and the modulation index would be = =
=
0,8.
100%
100%
measurement
With 50VDC input adjust the modulation index between 0 1 and measure the output load resistor
AC rms voltage.
Also if possible (PIT TESTATA VIEL) see what happens if you increase the modulation index
over 1 (overmodulation)
In your report:
4.2 based on your measurements and theory explain the relation between the input (DC)
voltage, modulation index and output (AC) voltage
4.3 explain what happens with overmodulation. In what kind of situations overmodulation could
be used? What problems overmodulation causes?
Once you have completed the measurements, stop the voltage source and the single-phase PWM
inverter. Close LVDAC-EMS, turn off all equipment, and remove all leads and cables.