BAHASA INGGRIS

BAB 1

TENSES

Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja (verb)

karena perubahan waktu dan sifat kejadian tertentu
pada suatu konteks kalimat.

A. PRESENT TENSES
1. Simple Present Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + V1 / Vs/es + Complement (C)/Object (O)/
Adverb (A)
() S + dont/doesnt + V1 + C/O/A
(? ) Do/Does + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + C
() S + be (is, am, are) + not + C
(? ) Be (is, am , are) + S + C?
Keterangan:
Kalimat verbal: kalimat yang predikatnya kata kerja.
Kalimat nominal: kalimat yang predikatnya bukan kata
kerja.
Do dipakai untuk subjek: I, you,we, they.
Does dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it.
Am dipakai untuk subjek: I
Is dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it
Are dipakai untuk subjek: We, They
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I go to school everyday.

() I dont go to school everyday.

(? ) Do you go to school everyday?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She is hungry.
() She is not hungry.
(? ) Is she hungry?
Fungsi:
a. Untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan (ditandai dengan
keterangan frekuensi: everyday, usually, every, always,
never, once, twice, dll). Contoh: They visit me everyday.
b. Untuk menunjukkan kebenaran umum.
Contoh: The world is round.
c. Untuk menunjukkan keadaan pada waktu sekarang
(factual state). Contoh: I want a glass of coffee.

2. Present Continuous Tense

Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + V-ing + C/O/A
() S + be (is, am, are) + not V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + V-ing + C/O/A?

Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + being + C
() S + be (is, am, are) + not being + C
(? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I am repairing your bicycle now.
() I am not repairing your bicycle now.
(? ) Are you repairing my bicycle now?

Kalimat nominal:
(+) She is being very sad right now.
() She is not being very sad right now.
(? ) Is she being very sad right now?
Fungsi:
a. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang
sedang berlangsung saat ini (sedang dibicarakan).
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: now, at this
moment, look!, right now, at present, listen!
Contoh: He is reading an English text now.
b. Untuk menyatakan situasi yang berubah-ubah. Contoh:
The population of the world is rising very fast.

3. Present Perfect Tense

Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + has/have + V3 + C/O/A
() S + has/have not + V3 +C/O/A
(? ) Has/have +S + V3 +C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + has/have + been + C
() S + has/have not + been + C
(? ) Has/have + S + been + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I have opened the door since 7 oclock.
() I have not opened the door.
(? ) Have you opened the door?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She has been there since this morning.
() She has not been there till now.
(? ) Has she been there since this morning?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang telah terjadi dan masih
berhubungan dengan sekarang. Keterangan waktu: already,
just, yet, since, for, lately, these weeks/month, so far, till
now, recently. Contoh: They have been here since 2 oclock.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + has/have + been + V-ing + C/O/A
() S + has/have not + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Has/have + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + has/have + been + being + C
() S + has/have not + been + being + C
(? ) Has/have + S + been + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I have been waiting for two hours.

() I have not been meeting her since 1998.

(? ) Have you been waiting for two hours?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She has been being in the hospital for two weeks.
() She has not been being here for five minutes.
(? ) Has she been being here for two hours?
Fungsi:
- Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dimulai di waktu
lampau dan masih dikerjakan sampai saat ini.
- Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: for, all this
morning, since, the whole day.
Contoh: He has been writing a letter for 1 hour.

B. FUTURE TENSES
1. Simple Future Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall +V1 + C/O/A
() S + will/shall not + V1 + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + be + C
() S + will/shall not + be + C
(? ) Will + S + be + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will go to Jakarta next week.
() I will not go to Jakarta next week.
(? ) Will you go to Jakarta next week?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will be in Jakarta tomorrow.
() I will not be there tomorrow.
(? ) Will you be there tomorrow?
Fungsi:
a. Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan dikerjakan di
waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: the day
after tomorrow, tomorrow next, tonight, soon, next
week, dll. Contoh: John will come to see you tomorrow.
b. Untuk menunjukkan peristiwa yang akan terjadi apabila
syarat peristiwa lain terpenuhi. Contoh: You will find
many foreign tourists when you come to Bali.

2. Future Continuous Tense

Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing + C/O/A
() S + will/shall not + be + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + be + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + be + being + C
() S + will/shall not + be + being + C
(? ) Will/shall + S + be + being + C?

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will be coming there next week.
() I will not be coming there next week.
(? ) Will you be coming there next week?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will be being in London next month.
() I will not be being in London next month.
(? ) Will you be being in London next month?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan sedang dikerjakan di
waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: next/tomorrow
at ... o clock, this time tomorrow/next. Contoh: I will be
visiting my girlfriend tomorrow at 3 oclock.

3. Future Perfect Tense

Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall +have + V3 + C/O/A
() S + will/shall not + have + V3 + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + V3 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + have + been + C
() S + will/shall not + have + been + C
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:

(+) I will have finished this job by the end of this week.
() I will not have finished this job by the end of this week.
(? ) Will you have finished this job by the end of this week?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will have been in Jogja by the time you get there.
() I will not have been in Jogja by the time you get there.
(? ) Will you have been in Jogja by the end of this week?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan telah diselesaikan
di waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: by the time,
by the end of, in 3 weeks/ years/ months for, after/ before +
S + V1 after/ before + S +V1.
Contoh: will have been visited my girlfriend by this time
next week.

4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall +have + been + V-ing + C/O/A
() S + will/shall not + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A?

Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will have been finishing this job by the end of this
week.
() I will not have been finishing this job by the end of this
week.
(? ) Will you have been finishing this job by the end of this
week?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will have been being in Japan by the end of this year.
() I will not have been being in Japan by the end of this
year.
(? ) Will you have been being in Japan by the end of this
year?
Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan peristiwa yang akan telah terjadi dan
masih akan berlanjut pada saat peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu
mendatang. Keterangan waktu: for, by the time, by the end
of, dll. Contoh: He will have been sleeping for 2 hours before
she arrives.

C. PAST TENSE
1. Simple Past Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + V2 + C/O/A
() S + did not + V1 + C/O/A
(? ) Did + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + C
() S + be (was,were) not + C
(? ) Was/were + S + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) John came here yesterday.
() John did not come here yesterday.
(? ) Did John come here yesterday?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She was in the hospital yesterday.
() She was not in the hospital yesterday.
(? ) Were you in the hospital yesterday?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu
lampau. Keterangan waktu: last, ago, previously, yesterday,
in 1973, the day before yesterday.
Contoh: He bought a new bicycle last year.

Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + have + been + being + C
() S + will/shall not + have + been + being + C
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + being + C?

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

2. Past Continuous Tense

Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + V-ing + C/O/A
() S + be (was, were) not + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Be (was,were) + S + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + being + C
() S + be (was, were) not + being + C
(? ) Be (was,were) + S + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I was sleeping when she arrived.
() I was not sleeping when she arrived.
(? ) Were you sleeping when she came yesterday?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She was being at home when her father died.
() She was not being at home when her father died.
(? ) Were you being at home when your father died?
Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan kegiatan atau peristiwa yang sedang
berlangsung pada masa lampau.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: when, as, while.
Contoh:
- John was reading a book when I came.
- John was being at home while I was reading.

3. Past Perfect Tense

Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + had + V3 + C/O/A
() S + had not + V3 + C/O/A
(? ) Had + S + V3 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal :
(+) S + had + been + C
() S + had not + been + C
(? ) Had + S + been + C?

yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Keterangan waktu: for ... ,

when/after/before + S + V2 , after/before + S + V2
Contoh: Johny had studied English for 2 hours before I came.

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + had + been + V-ing + C/O/A
() S + had not + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Had + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + had + been + being + C
() S + had not + been + being + C
(? ) Had + S + been + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I had been living in London for 2 years before I moved to
Italy.
() I had not been living in London for 2 years before I
moved to Italy.
(? ) Had you been living in London for 2 years before you
moved to Italy?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) He had been being famous before he won the singing
competition.
() He had not been being famous before he won the
singing competition.
(? ) Had he been being famous before he won the singing
competition?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang masih dikerjakan pada
saat kejadian lain terjadi di waktu lampau. Tenses ini juga
ditandai oleh peristiwa lain yang terjadi pada masa lampau.
Adverb pada tenses ini adalah sama dengan bentuk Present
Perfect Tense.
Keterangan waktu: for ... , when/after/before + S + V2 , after/
before + S + V2
Contoh:
- Johny had been studying English for 2 hours before I
came.
- They had been being in the office when their boss came.

Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I had gone to Jakarta before I met her.
() I had not gone to Jakarta before I met her.
(? ) Had you gone to Jakarta before you met her?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) He had been in Jakarta before he got the bad news.
() He had not been in Jakarta before he got the bad news.
(? ) Had he been in Jakarta before he got the bad news?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah selesai dikerjakan
pada waktu lampau. Tenses ini ditandai oleh peristiwa lain

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

BAB 2

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional sentence (kalimat bersyarat) adalah kalimat yang di dalamnya mengandung syarat. Alat yang
digunakan sebagai syarat meliputi: if (jika), unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on condition that (dengan
syarat), dan susunan inversi.

A. STRUKTUR KALIMAT BERSYARAT

Conditional terdiri dari dua klausa: if clause (anak kalimat) dan main clause (induk kalimat).
TIPE

TENSE

IF CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

FAKTA

PRESENT

If + S + VI

S + will + VI

FUTURE

PAST

If + S + V2

S + would + VI

PRESENT

PAST PERFECT

If + S + had + V3

S + would have + V3

PAST

Keterangan:
1. Tipe 1 merupakan pengandaian yang kemungkinan akan
terjadi. Tipe 2 dan 3 merupakan pengandaian yang tidak
mungkin terjadi. Fakta untuk tipe 2 adalah present (tidak
terjadi di waktu sekarang) dan untuk tipe 3 adalah past
(tidak terjadi di waktu lampau).
2. To be yang digunakan untuk semua subyek dengan Past
Tense adalah were.
3. Letak If Clause tidak selalu di depan Main Clause. Salah
satu dari klausa tersebut dapat diletakkan di depan.
Apabila anak kalimat berada di depan induk kalimat,
dalam tata tulis menggunakan koma setelah anak kalimat
(If Clause).
Contoh:
1. If he studies hard, he will pass the exam. (It is possible
that he will pass the exam)
2. If he studied hard, he would pass the exam. (He doesnt
study, so he doesnt pass the exam)
3. If he had studied, he would have passed the exam. (He
didnt study, so he didnt pass the exam)

Untuk mencari fakta no. 2 dan 3, kita bisa memakai

RUMUS PRAKTIS berikut. Perhatikan!
PENGANDAIAN
V1
V2/were
Had V3
Kalimat Negatif (-)
Kalimat Positif (+)

FAKTA
Possibility (will + V1)
V1/is, am, are
V2/was, were
Kalimat Positif (+)
Kalimat Negatif(-)

FAKTA
He doesnt study so he doesnt pass the exam. (VI (-))
He didnt study so he didnt pass the exam. (V2 (-))
Keterangan:
- Pengandaian pada kalimat 2 dalam bentuk positif V2
(studied), maka fakta harus bentuk negatif VI (doesnt
study).
- Pengandaian pada kalimat 3 dalam bentuk positif had V3
(had studied), maka fakta harus negatif V2 (didnt study).

B. BENTUK INVERSI/SUSUN BALIK

Tipe 1 diawali dengan should, tipe 2 diawali dengan
were, dan tipe 3 diawali dengan had.
Contoh:
Tipe
1
2
3

Tipe
1
2
3

Contoh:

Noninversi
If you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to her
house.
If the weather were fine now, we would go
swimming.
If he had ridden his bike fast, he would not
have been late to school.

Inversi
Should you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to
her house.
Were the weather fine now, we would go
swimming.
Had he ridden his bike fast, he would not
have been late to school.

PENGANDAIAN
If he studied he would pass the exam. (V2 (+))
If he had studied he would have passed the exam.
(Had V3 (+))

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

BAB 3

SUBJUNCTIVE AND CAUSATIVE

A. SUBJUNCTIVE

B. CAUSATIVE

Subjunctive merupakan suatu kalimat yang mengemukakan suatu pengharapan yang biasanya bertentangan
dengan kenyataan yang sesungguhnya terjadi. Kalimat
subjunctive menggunakan penanda pengandaian,
yaitu: wish (berharap), if only (seandainya saja), as if/as
though (seolah-olah), would rather (lebih suka).

Causative adalah penggunaan kata kerja-kata kerja

tertentu dalam bahasa Inggris yang bermakna menyuruh
orang lain mengerjakan sesuatu, entah karena subyek
merasa tidak sanggup mengerjakan sendiri atau ingin
agar orang lain mengerjakannya. Causative yang umum
dikenal adalah have dan get.

1. Present Subjunctive

1. Untuk Obyek Aktif (Manusia)

a. Subject 1 + wish/would rather + Subject 2 +

Past (V2/were)
b. If only + Subject + Past (V2/were)
c. Subject 1 + Present (V1) + as if/as though +
Subject 2 + Past (V2/were)
Contoh:
I wish I were a doctor.
(Saya berharap saya seorang dokter (Kenyataannya
saya bukan seorang dokter/I am not a doctor)).
2. Past Subjunctive
a. Subject 1 + (wish, if, as if, as though, would
rather) + Subject 2 + Past Perfect
b. If only + Subject + Past Perfect
c. Subject1 + Past (V2) + as if/as though + Subject
2 + Past Perfect
Contoh:
I wish I had typed a letter.
(Seandainya (lampau) saya telah mengetik sebuah
surat (Kenyataannya saya tidak mengetik sebuah
surat (lampau)/I didnt type a letter).
Keterangan:
Untuk to be Past Subjunctive harus selalu were
apapun subjeknya, tidak boleh was
RUMUS PRAKTIS
PENGANDAIAN
FAKTA
Would/could V1
Possibility (will + V1)
V2/were
V1/is/am/are
Had V3
V2
Kalimat Negatif(-)
Kalimat Positif (+)
Kalimat Positif (+)
Kalimat Negatif(-)
Keterangan:
Perubahan fakta ke pengandaian sama persis
dengan rumus conditional.
Contoh: I wish she had come.
Means: She didnt come.

a. Rumus:
S + has/have/had + obyek aktif (manusia) + V1
Berarti: S + ask/asked + obyek aktif (orang) + to + V1
Contoh:
I have John wash my car.
Berarti: I ask John to wash my car.
b. Rumus
S + get/got/gotten + obyek aktif (manusia) + to + V1
Berarti: S + ask/asked + obyek aktif (orang) + to + V1
Contoh:
I get John to wash my car.
Berarti: I ask John to wash my car.

2. Untuk Obyek Pasif (Benda)

Rumus:
S + has/have/had /get/got/gotten + O pasif (benda)
+ V3
Berarti: S + ask/asked + someone/somebody + to +
V1 + O
Contoh:
I have/get my car washed (by John).
Berarti: I ask some one/some body (John) to wash
my car.
Keterangan:
- Bila have diikuti obyek aktif (orang), verb yang
mengikuti adalah V1 .
- Bila get diikuti obyek aktif (orang), verb yang
mengikuti adalah to V1 .
- Bila have atau get diikuti obyek pasif (benda),
verb yang mengikuti adalah V3.

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

BAB 4

TO INFINITIVE AND GERUND

A. TO INFINITIVE
Bentuk kata kerja simple (V1) dengan awalan to.
Fungsi dan Penggunaan
No

Penggunaan

Contoh

Setelah be (is, am, are, was, were) untuk

menyatakan keharusan.

The students are to do the school assignment.

Sebagai subject.

To study hard makes us clever.

Menerangkan tujuan.
Rumus: alasan + to infinitive (tujuan)

He comes here to meet me

alasan
tujuan

Sebagai verb setelah obyek pelaku.

Doni asked me to go with him.

Menerangkan noun/kata benda.

Rumus: (kalimat) + N + to infinitive

I need a glass of milk to drink.

Menerangkan adjective/kata sifat.

Rumus: (kalimat) + Adj + to infinitive

English is easy to learn.

Setelah Adjective/kata sifat.

Dedi is too young to run the business.

Mengikuti verb tertentu, berfungsi sebagai obyek I want to go.

kata kerja atau komplemen obyek.
I want you to go.
Rumus: S + V tertentu + (O) + to infinitive
She expects me to study.
Verb tertentu yang diikuti to infinitive:
Ask, allow, advice, beg, decide, expect, hope,
intend, invite, instruct, learn, mean, need,
propose, promise, permit, want, warn, would like,
tell, teach, urge, dll.

B. GERUND
Ving yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).
Fungsi dan Penggunaan
No

Penggunaan

Contoh

Sebagai subyek (S (gerund)+ V + O).

Swimming is my hobby.

Sebagai obyek (S + V + O (gerund)).

I like swimming.

Sebagai pelengkap (complement).

His job is working on the field.

Mengikuti preposisi / kata depan.

He is good at speaking English.
Preposisi: in, on, at, of, for, from, by, with, without, after,
before

Possessive pronoun + gerund.

I dont mind her smoking here.
Keterangan: Possessive Pronoun (kata ganti kepunyaan):
my, his, her, their, your, our, John s.

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

Mengikuti prepositional object

Preposisi to berikut ini diikuti gerund:
- to be used to: terbiasa
- to be accustomed to: terbiasa
- object to: keberatan
- look forward to: menanti/ ingin sekali
- to take to: senang
- confess to: mengakui

I am looking forward to hearing from you

soon.

Membentuk noun phrase (frase kata benda): Ving + Noun

swimming pool (kolam untuk berenang),

walking stick (tongkat untuk berjalan)
(bedakan dengan frase kata benda active
participle)

Mengikuti verb (kata kerja) tertentu:

He enjoys smoking.
(V tertentu + gerund)
I avoid answering my question.
Keterangan: verb tertentu yang diikuti gerund: avoid,
admit, appreciate, anticipate, continue, consider, deny,
detest, delay, enjoy,escape, excuse, finish, forgive, fancy,
imagine, keep, mind, postpone,practice, prevent, quit,
risk, resist, suggest.

Digunakan setelah frase berikut: Cant help/stand (tidak It is no use waiting for her.
tahan), no use (tidak ada gunanya)

10

Sebagai obyek kata kerja: need/want/require (perlu) dan I have seen the film. I think it is worth seeing.
kata sifat worth (layak) dengan makna pasif.

11

Kata kerja yang bisa diikuti Ving atau to V1

-
a. Tidak ada perbedaan makna: advise, begin, continue,
dislike, dread, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose,
start.
b. Ada perbedaan makna:
-
S + forget/remember/stop/regret + Ving:
pekerjaannya sudah dilakukan
S + forget/remember/stop/regret + to V1:
pekerjaannya belum dilakukan

Catatan khusus:
Apa bedanya used to dan to be used to?
Jawabannya adalah:
1. used to + V1: kebiasaan lampau.
2. to be used to + gerund: kebiasaan hingga
sekarang.
Contoh:
I used to play soccer. (sekarang sudah tidak lagi)
I am used to playing soccer. (sampai sekarang
masih dilakukan)

I forget giving her a letter.

(lupa telah memberi)
I forget to give her a letter.
(lupa belum memberi)
I stop smoking .
(berhenti dari kebiasaan merokok)
I stop to smoke.
(berhenti dari melakukan suatu pekerjaan
untuk merokok)

C. PERBEDAAN GERUND DAN ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

1. Modifiers of Noun
- a swimming pool (Gerund/Kolam untuk berenang)

a swimming child (Participle/Anak yang sedang berenang)
- a walking stick (Gerund/Tongkat untuk berjalan)

a walking girl (Participle/Gadis yang sedang berjalan)
Keterangan :
Kalau tidak dapat diterjemahkan dengan kata untuk, berarti bukan Gerund tetapi Participle

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

2. Sentence Pattern
- Walking in the jungle makes the young man happy. (Gerund)

Walking in the jungle, the young man felt happy. (Participle)
- Studying with teachers can solve the problem. (Gerund)

Studying with teachers, she can solve the problem. (participle)
Keterangan:
Kalau setelah bentuk ing, tidak ada koma, berarti kalimat tersebut belum mempunyai Subject, sehingga
bentuk ing tersebut berfungsi sebagai subject dan berbentuk Gerund, kalau ada koma, berarti kalimat
tersebut sudah mempunyai Subject dan berbentuk Participle.

BAB 5

ACTIVE PARTICIPLE AND PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

Kata kerja (verb) dapat memiliki bentuk yang bermacammacam, yaitu: Infinitive (V1), To infinitive (To V1), Past
(V2), Past Participle (V3), dan Present Participle (V-ing).
Present participle (V-ing) menunjuk kegiatan aktif
sedangkan Past Participle (V3 ) menunjuk kegiatan pasif.

A. ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
V-ing yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas.
1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat
V-ing
S + P ...
Having + V3
Keterangan:
V-ing dan Having V3 yang diletakkan di awal kalimat
mengandung tiga makna:
a. kejadian sebab-akibat
b. kejadian berurutan
c. kejadian bersamaan
Contoh:
- Sebab-akibat: Studying, he passed the test
(He passed the test because/as/for, since he
studied)
- Berurutan: Having opened the drawer, I take
the gun (After I have opened the drawer, I take
the gun)
- Bersamaan: Studying, he watches the TV
(While he is studying he watches the TV)
2. Apabila Subyek Melakukan Dua Pekerjaan pada
Saat yang Sama
S + V + V-ing + Object
Contoh: He runs kicking the ball

3. Setelah Obyek dari Kata Kerja

S + Verb panca indera + orang + V-ing
Keterangan:
- V-ing mengikuti Verb panca indera seperti: see,
notice, observe, watch ,find, smell, listen,
hear, feel. Contoh: When I came back home, I
saw the boy trying to get on the roof.
- Jika diikuti V1, peristiwanya lengkap dari awal
hingga akhir. Jika diikuti V-ing, peristiwanya tak
lengkap, hanya saat sedang dikerjakan.
4. Digunakan Sebagai Kata Sambung dalam
Gabungan Kalimat yang Menggunakan Relative
Pronoun
(kalimat) + N + V-ing
Contoh:
Kalimat 1: I meet the girl
Kalimat 2: She smiles
Gabungan kalimatnya:
1. I meet the girl who smiles. (relative pronoun)
2. I meet the girl smiling. (active participle)
5. Membentuk Noun Phrase (Frase Kata Benda)
Noun Phrase : V-ing + N
Contoh: I meet the smiling girl (noun phrase)

B. PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
V3 yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas.
1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat
V3
+ S + P ...
Having + been + V3
Keterangan:

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

V3 dan Having been V3 yang diletakkan di awal

kalimat mengandung tiga makna:
a. kejadian sebab-akibat
b. kejadian berurutan
c. kejadian bersamaan
Contoh:
Sebab-akibat: Surrounded by mountain, the
city has a cool climate.

(Because/as/since the city is surrounded by
mountain, the city has a cool climate).
Berurutan: Having been beaten by Joko, Joni
became a polite man.

(After Joni had been beaten by Joko, he
became a polite man.)
Bersamaan: Studied, he watched the movie

(While he is studying he watches the movie)
2. Setelah Obyek dari Kata Kerja Sensasi
S + V panca indera + benda + being V3
Keterangan:
V3 mengikuti verb panca indera jika obyeknya
adalah obyek pasif (benda).
Contoh: When I came back home, I saw the roof
being tried to get on.

BAB 6

3. Digunakan Gabungan Kalimat dengan

Menggunakan Relative Pronoun
(kalimat) + N + V3
Keterangan:
Dalam kalimat V3 berfungsi menerangkan Noun
(kata benda) mengacu arti yang di-.
Contoh:
The book is good
The book is written by Mr. Covey
Gabungan kalimatnya:
1. The book which is written by Mr. Covey is
good
2. The book written by Mr. Covey is good
(passive participle)

4. Membentuk Frase KB (Kata Benda)
V3 + N = yang di / ter
Contoh:
- The tired boy (anak lelaki yang lelah)
- Hidden treasure (harta karun yang terpendam)
- Written story (cerita yang tertulis)

DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH

A. DIRECT SPEECH

Doni

Direct speech adalah kalimat langsung/kutipan asli

suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan.
Penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kutip
dan kalimat selalu diawali huruf kapital.

B. INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect speech adalah kalimat tidak langsung/
bentuk kalimat yang menceritakan kembali pendapat/
pembicaraan seseorang yang mengalami modifikasi
tertentu. Terdapat tiga jenis Indirect Speech:
1. Kalimat Berita/Pernyataan (declarative/
statement)
a. Direct : He says: I go to school everyday.

Indirect : He says that he goes to school

everyday.
b. Direct : Doni said: I am doing my job here

now.

Indirect : Doni said that he was doing his job

there then.

said
told

that

he was doing his job there then

Catatan:
- Kedua bentuk mempunyai arti yang sama.
- Kalau induk kalimatnya present, anak kalimatnya tidak ada perubahan tenses, yang berubah hanya kata ganti (pronoun) dan kata
keterangan (adverbial).(Lihat contoh a)
- Kalau induk kalimatnya past, anak kalimatnya
ada perubahan tenses, pronoun, dan
adverbial. (Lihat contoh b)
2. Kalimat Perintah (imperative/command/request)
a. Positive Imperative
Direct : Doni said: Close the door!
Indirect : Doni asked me to close the door.

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

C. PERUBAHAN TENSES

Asked

Me

Told

Him

Advised

Her

Commanded

Joko

Ordered

The Girl

Doni

Direct

Close the
door

to

b. Negative Imperative
Direct : Doni said: Dont close the door!
Indirect : Doni asked me not to close the door.

Doni

Asked

Me

Told

Him

Commanded

Joko

Ordered

The boy

Not

To

Present Perfect
Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous

Tense

Simple Past Tense

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Continuous
Tense
Past Future Tense

Simple Future Tense

Close the
door

Future Continuous Tense

Past Future Continuous

Tense

Future Perfect Tense

Past Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Continuous

Tense

Past Future Perfect Tense

Past Future Tense

Past Perfect Future Tense

Past Future Continuous

Tense

Past Perfect Future

Continuous Tense

Perubahan
pada

asked
Doni

Simple Past Tense

Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense

Past Continuous Tense

3. Kalimat Tanya (interogative/question)

a. Tanpa kata tanya
Direct : Doni asked: Do you know Stephen

Covey?
Indirect : Doni asked if (whether) I knew

Stephen Covey.

wondered

If/
whether

wanted to know

I knew

Stephen
Covey

Pronoun
Possessive
Pronoun
Keterangan
Tempat
(Adverb of
Place)
Demonstrative
Adjective

inquired

Catatan:
Kalimat tanya tanpa kata dapat dijawab: Yes, I do
atau No, I dont.
b. Dengan kata tanya
Direct : Doni asked: Who is Stephen Covey?
Indirect : Doni asked who Stephen Covey is.
Me
Him
Asked

Her
Joko

Doni

who

inquired

who

Direct

is

Stephen
Covey

is

Keterangan
Waktu
(Adverb of
Time)

about

Stephen Covey

about

Stephen Covey

Indirect

I
We
My
Our

She/He
They
Her/His
Their

Here

There

This

That

These

Those

Now
Today

Then
That day
The next day
The day after
The following day
The day before
____ before

Tomorrow

Stephen
Covey

The Girl
wanted
to know

Indirect

Simple Present Tense

Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense

Yesterday
________ ago
The day before
yesterday
Last ____
Next ____

Catatan:
Semua kata tanya dapat dipergunakan (who,
whom, whose, what, which, why, where, when,
how)

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

Two days before

The____ before
The ____ after
The following ____

BAB 7

DEPENDENT-INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

Dependent-independent clause adalah kalimat majemuk

yang terdiri dari induk kalimat sebagai independent
clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) dan anak kalimat sebagai
dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri).

POLA KALIMAT
Independent Clause +
Question word/that/if/whether + S + V/auxiliary

Dependent clause
Keterangan:
- Question word/kata tanya: what, when, whom,
which, whose, how, how many, how much, dsb.
- That
- If atau whether (Yes/No Question)
Contoh-contoh verb yang bisa dipergunakan sebagai
verb untuk independent clause dalam susunan
Dependent-independent Clause:
be afraid expect explain
hope to be learn
agree teach be worried
sorry believe tell
ask decide hope
feel learn think
promise say see
show suppose understand
guess hear imagine
know remember wonder

Contoh:
1. Diawali kata tanya

I dont know where he comes from.
- I dont know = induk kalimat/main clause/
independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
- where he comes from = anak kalimat/
dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri)
2. Diawali that

You hope that Joni will come with me tonight.
- You hope = induk kalimat/main clause/
independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
- that Joni will come with me tonight = anak
kalimat/dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri
sendiri)

3. Diawali if/whether
I dont know if/whether she can come on time.
- I dont know = induk kalimat/Main clause/
Independent Clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
- if/ whether she can come on time = anak
kalimat/Dependent Clause (tidak dapat berdiri
sendiri)

Aturan-aturan Bentuk Kalimat Dependentindependent Clause

1. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat dalam bentuk
Present Tense atau Future Tense maka tense
untuk anak kalimat bisa dalam bentuk tense
apa pun. Contoh: You hope that Joni will come
with me tonight.
2. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat Past Tense
maka tense untuk anak kalimat juga harus
dalam bentuk Past Tense. Contoh: You hoped
that Joni would come with me tonight.
3. Susunan anak kalimat/dependent clause harus
selalu dalam bentuk affirmative/pernyataan.
4. Untuk bentuk negatif dan interrogatif, yang
berubah hanya induk kalimatnya saja.
Contoh:
- Kalimat positif: You hope that Joni will come
with me tonight.
- Kalimat negatif: You do not hope that Joni will
come with me tonight.
- Kalimat interrogatif: Do you hope that Joni will
come with me tonight?

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

BAB 8

PASSIVE VOICE

A. POLA KALIMAT PASIF

Pola Dasar: S + to be + V3
Pola Continuous: S + to be + being + V3
Pola Perfect: S + have/has/had + been + V3
Pola Future: S + will/shall/would/should + be + V3

B. POLA PERUBAHAN KALIMAT AKTIF MENJADI

KALIMAT PASIF
1. Pola Dasar
Aktif

S + V+O

Pasif

S + to be V3 + by ____

Contoh:

Aktif: John bites Mary.

Pasif: Mary is bitten by John.
2. Pola Continuous
Aktif

Pasif

S + to be Ving + O
S + to be being V3 + by ___

Contoh:
Aktif: John is bitting Mary.
Pasif: Mary is being bitten by John.
3. Pola Perfect

Aktif
Pasif

S + to be (has/hav/had) V3 + O

4. Pola Future

Aktif
Pasif

S + modal (will,shall,dll) V + O

S + modal (will/shall,dll) be V3 + by ___

Contoh:
Aktif: John will bite Mary.
Pasif: Mary will be bitten by John.
Keterangan:
Untuk mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif
adalah sebagai berikut.
a. Tense kalimat pasif sama dengan tense kalimat
aktif.
b. Subjek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari objek
kalimat aktif.
c. Objek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari subjek
kalimat aktif.
d. Verb/kata kerja dalam kalimat aktif berubah
menjadi to be + V3 atau to be + being + V3.

C. PASIF UNIK

need
S + want + Ving
require

need
atau S + want + tobe V
3
require

Contoh:
The room needs cleaning atau
The room needs to be cleaned.

S + to be (has/hav/had) been V3 + by ___

Contoh:
Aktif: John has bitten Mary.
Pasif: Mary has been bitten by John.

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

BAB 9

CONJUNCTION

Conjunction adalah kata sambung/penghubung atau

kelompok kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang berfungsi
menghubungkan dua kata, frase, atau kalimat. Dalam
penggunaannya diperlukan pemahaman konteks
kalimat dan arti dari conjunction-nya. Macam-macam
kata hubung ada dua, yaitu coordinative conjunction
dan subordinative conjunction.

A. Coordinative Conjunction
Konjugasi yang menghubungkan klausa yang setara.
1. Correlative Conjunction
Konjungsi yang dalam pemakaiannya berpasangan
dengan konjungsi lain.
a. Both... and... = keduanya baik... maupun... .

Contoh: Both my brother and sister are in
London now.
b. Either... or... = baik... atau... .

Contoh: You can go to the market either by bus
or by motorcycle.
c. Neither... nor... = tidak... maupun... .

Contoh: He has neither food nor water.
d. Not only... but also... = tidak hanya... tetapi
juga... .

Contoh: She has not only a big house but also
a wide garden.
2. Conjunctive Adverb
Conjunctive adverb yaitu kata keterangan yang
berfungsi sebagai penghubung klausa atau kalimat.
a. Nevertheless, however, yet = namun

Contoh: She doesnt earn much; however, he
can send his children to college.
b. Therefore, accordingly, hence, as a result =
oleh karena itu

Contoh: She always works hard; therefore, she
is promoted to a manager of the company.
c. Thus = dengan demikian

Contoh: The girl is very beautiful; thus, she is
liked by the boys.
d. Besides, in addition = di samping itu

Contoh: She is clever; in addition, she is rich.
e. Moreover, furthermore = lagi pula

Contoh: He was very handsome; moreover, he
was very polite.

B. Subordinative Conjunction
Konjungsi yang menghubungkan klausa yang tidak
setara.
1. Keterangan Sebab
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: as, since, because,
because of, due to, on account of the fact that,
owing to the fact that... = karena.
Contoh:
a. She is absent because/as/for/since he is sick.


kalimat
b. She is sick due to/because of the cold weather.

noun
2. Keterangan Pertentangan
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: although, though, even
though, even if, despite, in spite of = meskipun/
walaupun.
Contoh: He is happy although he has no money
at all.
3. Keterangan Syarat
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: if (jika, seandainya),
unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on
condition that (dengan syarat), as long as (selama),
otherwise (jika tidak).
Contoh: I will give the money if you work for me.
4. Keterangan Waktu
Menggunakan konjungsi: when/as/while (ketika),
since (sejak), after (setelah), before (sebelum),
as soon as (segera setelah), in the mean time
(sementara itu), till/until (sampai).
Contoh: She has been living here since 1980.
5. Keterangan Akibat dan Tujuan
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: so that (sehingga),
so...that (sangat... sehingga), such... that (sangat...
sehingga), in order that (agar, supaya).
Contoh: They studied hard in order that they
passed the exam.
6. Keterangan Perbandingan dan Cara
Menggunakan konjungsi: as if, as though (seolaholah), as (sebagaimana), as...as (se.../ sama...),
than (daripada).
Contoh: He walked around as though he was in a
daze.

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

BAB 10 MODALS
Modal sering disebut juga sebagai auxiliary karena fungsinya dalam kalimat adalah sebagai kata kerja bantu.

A. MODAL PRESENT
Rumus: S + MODAL (will, shall, must, may, ought to, can) + V1
Modal

Fungsi

Will (to be going to)

= akan
Shall
= akan

Must (has/have to)

= harus, pasti
May
= mungkin, boleh
Ought to
= seharusnya
Can
= dapat, mampu

Contoh

menyatakan peristiwa yang akan datang

He will arrive tomorrow

menyatakan permintaan sopan

Will you open the door, please?

menyatakan peristiwa yang akan datang

We shall leave here next month.

menyatakan persetujuan

Shall I open the door?

menyatakan keputusan yang harus

dilaksanakan

You shall open the door now!

keharusan (tidak boleh tidak dikerjakan)

You must study hard.

kesimpulan sekarang (present)

He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must

speak English well.

kemungkinan sekarang (present)

He is absent. He may be sick.

ijin

May I go now?

menyatakan keharusan

You ought to practice a lot before the

competition.

kemampuan

I can sing.

menyatakan kebolehan/ijin

Can I borrow your car?

B. MODAL PAST
Rumus: S + MODAL PAST (would, should, must/had to, might, could) + V1
Modal past

Keterangan

Fungsi

Contoh

Would
= akan

bentuk past
dari will

menyatakan permintaan sopan

Would you like to open the door,

please?

Should
= akan

bentuk past
dari will

menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya

dikerjakan/tidak dikerjakan

The man should not swim in that

dangerous beach.

Must (had to)

= harus, pasti

bentuk past
dari will/has
to/have to

keharusan (tidak boleh tidak dikerjakan)

You must/had to study in biology

class yesterday.

kesimpulan sekarang (present)

He has been living in USA for 10

years. He must speak English well.

Might
= mungkin,
boleh

bentuk past
dari may

menyatakan ungkapan yang lebih sopan

Joni might do the exam well.

menyatakan kemungkinan besar

Ariel was absent yesterday. He

might be sick.

menyatakan permintaan yang lebih sopan

Could you open the door please?

menyatakan kebolehan/ijin

You could open the window.

Could
bentuk past
= dapat, mampu dari can

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

C. MODAL PERFECT

Rumus: S + MODAL (must, might, should, could) + have + V3

Modal past

Fungsi

Contoh

Must have + V3

kesimpulan lampau

Anto passed the exam. He must have studied.

Might have + V3

kemungkinan lampau

Anto was absent. He might have been sick.

keharusan yang tak dikerjakan pada

waktu lampau

Contoh: Anto didnt pass. He should have studied.

Fakta berlawanan arti: He didnt study.

kesimpulan sekarang (present)

He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must speak

English well.

kemampuan yang tak digunakan di

waktu lampau

Anto could have done the homework himself.

Fakta berlawanan arti: He didnt do the homework
himself.

Should have + V3

Could have + V3

BAB 11

CONCORD AND AGREEMENT

Concord merupakan pola persesuaian (agreement)

antara subyek (noun) dengan kata kerja (verb) atau
kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) dalam suatu kalimat. Juga
persesuaian antara satu kata dengan kata lainnya
(word agreement).
- Apabila subyek singular (tunggal), maka verb/
auxiliary tunggal.
- Apabila subyek plural (jamak), maka verb/auxiliary
jamak.
Contoh:
He comes there;
T
T

They come there.

J J

ATURAN-ATURAN DALAM CONCORD

1. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubungkan preposisi/kata depan of, in, on, at, maka
verb yang mengikuti bisa jamak bisa juga tunggal
bergantung noun di depan preposisi.
Contoh:
- Different interpretations on the same event by
various newspapers make readers confused
and angry.
- A period of eight hours is not enough to finish
this assignment.
2. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubungkan oleh together with, accompanied by, dan as
well as, a long with bisa diikuti verb jamak maupun
tunggal, tergantung noun depan.

Contoh:
- The minister together with the wives and
children attends the meeting.
- The ministers together with the wives and
children attend the meeting.
3. Bila subyek: the number of + verb tunggal. Contoh:
The number of students does the exam.
4. Bila subyek: a number of + verb jamak. Contoh: A
number of students do the exam.
5. Bila subyek: everyone, everybody, somebody,
someone, something, no one/none, nothing, no
body, anyone, anybody, anything + verb tunggal
maka kata ganti jamak.
Keterangan: kata-kata di atas diikuti oleh verb
tunggal tetapi kata gantinya jamak.
Contoh:
-
Everyone likes her. They are happy.
-
Nobody knows their faults.
6. Bila subyek: each of, each, every, neither/neither
of, one of, either/either of + verb tunggal.
Contoh: Each of students studies hard.
7. Bila subyek menyatakan jumlah jarak, waktu,
uang, berat, volume + verb tunggal
Contoh:
- One hundred dollars is expensive for this hat.
- Two hours is not enough to do the test.
8. Bila subyek: benda-benda sepasang seperti shoes,
trousers, glasses, socks, scissors + verb jamak.
Contoh: His glasses are nice.

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

9. Bila subyek: gerund dan kata benda yang dianggap

abstrak + verb tunggal. Contoh: Swimming is her
hobby.
10. Bila subyek: judul buku, cerita, film + verb tunggal.
Contoh: Romeo and Juliet is a good story.
11. Bila subyek: benda-benda berbentuk jamak
berikut ini diikuti verb tunggal: billiards, dominos,
cards + verb tunggal. Contoh: Billiards is an
interesting game.
12. Kata benda kolektif berikut bisa diikuti verb
tunggal maupun jamak: team, staff, family, jury,
village. Dianggap tunggal bila dilihat kesatuannya.
Dianggap jamak bila dititikberatkan pada anggotaanggotanya.
Contoh:
- The staff is slim. It is composed of five
members. (mengacu pada kesatuannya)
- The staff are strong. They are always ready
to join the competition. (mengacu pada
anggota-anggotanya/bermakna orang)
13. Kesesuaian antara pronoun (kata ganti) dengan
antecedent (kata atau bagian kalimat yang
mendahului kata ganti).
Contoh:
- John loves his daughter very much. (his: John)
- Stephen and Sandra love their children. (their:
Stephen and Sandra).
14. Bila kata either diikuti oleh or dan neither diikuti
oleh nor, maka kata kerja/verb dan auxiliary-nya
mungkin tunggal atau jamak bergantung pada
kata setelah or atau nor tunggal atau jamak.
Kalaupun kata or atau nor berdiri sendiri verb/
auxiliary-nya tetap ditentukan oleh kata setelah
or ataunor.
Contoh:
- Neither Novi nor Vivi is going to class today.
- Either Novi or Wiwit is going to the beach
today.
- Neither Novi nor her friends are going to class
today.
- Either Novi or his classmates are going to the
beach today.

15. Kata hubung and menghubungkan pemakaian

jenis dan bentuk kata yang setara, misalnya
gerund dengan gerund, klausa dengan klausa,
noun dengan noun, adjective dengan adjective,
frase dengan frase, dst.
Contoh:
- Debby enjoys playing on the beach and
swimming in the ocean.
- I know Dean as a loyal employee and a hard
worker.
16. Subyek yang terbentuk dari kata benda yang tak
dapat dihitung (uncountable noun) harus dianggap
singular.
Contoh:
- The meat has a lot of fat.
- The news of Saptis marriage is surprising
many boys.
17. Nama-nama cabang ilmu berikut ini harus
dianggap singular: mathematics, physics,
mechanics, statistics, politics, economics, optics,
phonetics + verb tunggal
Contoh:
- Economics is a social science.
- Politics has become a favourite subject.
18. Untuk kata-kata all, no, half sangat mengacu
kepada kata yang ditekankan.
Contoh:
- No motorcycle is expensive.
- No motorcycles are expensive.

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

BAB 12 WORDS ORDER

Words order adalah urutan kata yang tepat dan benar
dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris.

O = Ordinative
Contoh: one, two, three, second, first, dsb.
Kata sifat yang diberi awalan more, most dan
akhiran -er, -est
E = Epithet/Adjective = kata sifat
Contoh: nice, fantastic, strong, beautiful, small
C = Classifying = kata benda yang berfungsi
sebagai kata sifat
Contoh: American man

C
H = Head = kata benda utama
Pada kata: The three beautiful American women,
head-nya adalah women.
Kadang epithet/adjective pada noun phrase lebih
dari satu. Maka rumusnya menjadi:

Noun phrase (kelompok kata benda)

Disusun dengan urutan: D O E C H

Contoh: The three beautiful American women

D O E
C
H

Keterangan:
- D = Determiner

Contoh:
a. Articles
b. Possessive
c. Demonstrative
d. Quantitatives

Keterangan:
- Di =
- Si =
- A =
- T =
- Sha =
- C =
- M =
- PA =

-
a, an, the
my, your, our, her, his, its
this, that, these, those
some, many, a lot of,
much, little, any, few,

Di

Si

Epithet
Sha

descriptive enumerator :
size = ukuran :
age = umur :
temperature = suhu :
shape = bentuk :
colour = warna :
Material = bahan :
V3 yang berfungsi sebagai adjective:

PA

beautiful, expensive, strong, cheap, interesting,etc.

big, small, thick, short, etc.
young, old, new, etc.
cold, cool, warm, hot, etc.
square, round, triangle, etc.
red, black, white, etc.
plastic, metal, leather, diamond, etc.
bored, well-trained, handmade, etc.

Rumus Lengkap:
D

Di

Si

Epithet
T

Sha

PA

Contoh:
1. The most intelligent handsome tall young black well-trained French Actor.
D

The

most intelligent

Di

Si

handsome

tall

young

Epithet
T Sha
-

black

PA
welltrained

C
French

H
Actor

2. The two clever fat old white bored English teachers.

D

The

two

Di
clever

Si
fat

A
old

Epithet
T
Sha
-

C
white

M
-

PA
bored

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

English

teachers

BAB 13 DERIVATION
1. Susunan kata yang tepat dan benar dalam kalimat
bahasa Inggris menurut fungsinya, yakni subyek,
predikat, obyek, dan keterangan.
2. Juga merupakan pola pembentukan kata turunan
yang berasal dari kata dasar dengan memberikan
penam-bahan imbuhan (awalan dan akhiran), baik
kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat maupun kata
keterangan.

A. KATA BENDA (NOUN/N)

1. Fungsi Kata Benda
Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai subyek dan juga
obyek.
a. Letak Sebelum Verb
Contoh:
- John is a patriot.
- Education is very important for the future.
b. Letak Setelah Verb
Contoh:
- We need Education.
- We love John.
2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Benda
a. Setelah determiners: a, the, my, our, his, your,
this, that, those, some, many, each, few, one,
two, dsb.
Contoh:
- Their English is still bad.
- We must carry out our development.
b. Pola pembentukan kata benda (noun) yang
berasal dari kata kerja (verb), menggunakan
akhiran.
Akhiran

Contoh

ion, -tion

collection, correction, confusio

-ment

agreement, appointment

-ance, -ence

attendance, difference

-ness

carelessness, clearness, dsb.

-er, -or, -ist, -ent

actor, typist, applicant, dsb.

-t

complaint, joint, gift, dsb

-ure, -ture, -ature failure, furniture, mixture, dsb.

Akhiran

Contoh

-al

arrival, approval, proposal, dsb.

-age

carriage, package, marriage, dsb.

-ity

creativity, ability, dsb.

-y, -ery, -ary

delivery, discovery, boundary, dsb.

-hood

brotherhood, childhood, dsb.

-ship

leadership, relationship, dsb.

B. KATA KERJA (VERB/V)

1. Fungsi Kata Kerja
Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat.
a. Letak setelah subyek. Rumus: S + verb

Contoh: He studied.
b. Letak setelah kata Dont, Lets, dan Please
pada kalimat perintah. Rumus: Dont, Lets,
Please + Verb

Contoh: Dont go!, Lets go!, Please help me!
c. Letak setelah auxiliaries (is, am, are, was,
were, can, may, must, has, have). Rumus:
Auxiliaries + Verb

Contoh: I am swimming.

They have written a novel.
2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Kerja
a. Menggunakan awalan: en
Contoh: enlarge, encourage, enrich, dst.
b. Menggunakan akhiran.
Akhiran

Contoh

-ze, -ize

apologize, standardize, dst.

-en

lengthen frighten hasten

threaten, dst.

-d

succeed, offend, applaud, dst.

-fy, -ify

classify, solidity, beautify, dst.

-ve

prove, believe, relieve, dst.

-s yang dibaca /z/

(dari noun yang
berakhiran desis s)

use /z/, excuse /z/, advice /z/,

dst.

-ed atau -ing

cleaned, asked, asking, dst.

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

C. KATA SIFAT (ADJECTIVE/ADJ)

1. Fungsi Kata Sifat
Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat.
a. Letak setelah to be. Rumus: S + to be (is, am,
are, was, were) + adjective
Contoh: She is beautiful; They are happy
b. Letak setelah linking verb. Rumus: S + linking
verb + adjective
Macam-macam linking verb:
- seem, appear, look (nampak)
- get, become, turn (berubah jadi ... )
- sound (terdengar)
- stay, remain, keep (tetap)
- feel (terasa)
Contoh: He looks calm adj
c. Letak sebelum kata benda/ menerangkan
kata benda. Rumus: Adjective + noun

Contoh: Beautiful girl.
2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Sifat
a. Setelah kata: very, so, quite, too, more, most.
Contoh:
- He is very handsome.
- The ball is so expensive.
b. Menggunakan akhiran.
Akhiran

Contoh

- ive

imaginative, creative, active.

-ous

dangerous, suspicious.

-ful

beautiful, powerful.

-less

jobless, homeless, powerless.

-y

wealthy, hairy, sadly.

-ly

monthly, friendly, daily.

Akhiran

Contoh

-able

reasonable, adaptable, questionable.

-ing

satisfying, interesting, disappointing.

-ish

Reddish, childish.

-al

astronomical, economical, accidental.

-ic

basic, sympathetic.

-ed

bored, satisfied.

D. KATA KETERANGAN (ADVERB/ADV)

Fungsi Kata Keterangan
Dalam kalimat berfungsi menerangkan kata kerja.
a. Letak sesudah verb/predikat. Rumus: S + V + Adv

Contoh: He walks carefully.
b. Letak sebelum verb/predikat yang diterangkan.
Rumus: S + Adv + V

Contoh: He carefully ran away.
c. Letak di awal kalimat. Rumus: Adv + S + V

Contoh: Everyday, I wake up early.
d. Letak sesudah obyek. Rumus: S + V + O + Adv

Contoh: He studies Mathematics carefully.
Catatan:
Posisi adverb tergantung jenis adverb-nya. Ada yang
hanya bisa di satu posisi, ada yang bisa ada di berbagai
macam posisi.

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

BAB 14 ELLIPTIC SENTENCES

Penggabungan dua kalimat dengan penghilangan
bagian predikat yang sama dari suatu kalimat.

A. GABUNGAN SETARA
Gabungan setara menggunakan kata hubung and.
Gabungan setara dibagi dua, yaitu positif dan negatif.
1. Positif
Untuk kalimat positif digunakan kata hubung so
dan too.
Polanya:
a. Menggunakan auxiliary.
S1 + auxiliary + (V) and S2 + auxiliary + too
S1 + auxiliary + (V) and so + auxiliary + S2
Contoh:
- Anton is handsome and Joko is too.
- Anton is handsome and so is Joko.
b. Tidak menggunakan auxiliary:
S1 + V1 and S2 + do/does + too
S
+ V1 and so + did + S2

1
Contoh:
- I like Madonna. He likes Madonna.

I like Madonna and he does too.

I like Madonna and so does he.
- He came there. She came there.

He came there and she did too.

He came there and so did she.
Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) dibagi dua, yaitu:
1. auxiliary - Past did, was, were
2. auxiliary - Present is, am, are, do, does
2. Negatif
Untuk kalimat negatif digunakan kata hubung
either dan neither.
Polanya:
S1 + auxiliary not (V) and S 2 + auxiliary not + either
S1 + auxiliary not (V) and neither + auxiliary + S2

B. GABUNGAN SETARA BERLAWANAN

Untuk kondisi berlawanan digunakan kata hubung
but/while.
Polanya:
S1 + auxiliary (V) but/while S2 + auxiliary not
S1 + auxiliary not (V) but/while S2 + auxiliary
Contoh:
My sister will be interested in reading this book while
my son wont.
S1 + V1 but/while S2 + do/does not
S1 + V2 but/while S2 + did not
Contoh:
- I like ice cream but he doesnt.
- He doesnt like ice cream but I do.
C. GABUNGAN/KATA SAMBUNG BERPASANGAN
1. Untuk kalimat positif dan negatif

Polanya:
Either ____ or .. (baik: .. , maupun ... )
Contoh:
The boy goes to the party. We go to the party.
Either the boy or we go to the party.
2. Untuk kalimat negatif

Polanya:
Neither ____ nor ____ (baik ... maupun ... tidak ... )
Contoh:
- He is not a teacher. She is not a teacher.

Neither he nor she is a teacher.
- He doesnt speak French. I dont speak French.

Neither he nor I speak French.

Contoh:
- He is not studying. She is not studying.

He is not studying and she is not either.

He is not studying and neither is she.

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com

BAB 15 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Adjective clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai
kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda sebelumnya/
orang atau benda.

A. UNTUK ORANG
1. Pengganti Subyek
Polanya: Orang + ____ who/that ____ + P
Contoh:
The boy is kind.
He visits her house.
Gabungan: The boy who visits her house is kind.
2. Pengganti Obyek
Polanya: Orang + ____ whom/that ____ + S + P
Contoh:
The girl is cute.
He loves her indeed.
Gabungan: The girl whom he loves indeed is cute.
3. Pengganti Kepunyaan
Polanya: Orang + ____ whose ____ + Noun
Contoh:
The man is charming.
His hair is white.
Gabungan: The man whose hair is white is
charming.

B. UNTUK BENDA/BINATANG
1. Untuk Pengganti Subyek
Polanya: Benda + ____ which/that ____ + P
Contoh:
The book is good.
The book is written by Covey.
Gabungan: The book which is written by Covey is
good.

2. Untuk Pengganti Obyek

Polanya: Benda + ____ which/that ____ + S + P
Contoh:
The book is good.
We bought it yesterday.
Gabungan: The book which/that we bought
yesterday is good.
3. Untuk Pengganti Kepunyaan
Polanya: Benda + ___ whose/of which ___ +
Noun (kepunyaan)
Contoh:
The bicycle is cheap.
Its colour is red.
Gabungan: The bicycle whose/of which colour is
red is cheap.

C. UNTUK KETERANGAN TEMPAT

Polanya:
Ket. Tempat + ____ where/in which ____ + S + P
Contoh:
The house is haunted.
We lived there last year.
Gabungan: The house where/in which we lived last
year is haunted.

D. UNTUK KETERANGAN WAKTU

Polanya:
Ket. Waktu + ____ when/on which ____ + S + P
Contoh:
The month was April.
The APEC conference was held on April.
Gabungan: The month when/on which the APEC
conference was held was April.

kendi_mas_media@yahoo.com