Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
WORDS
H.
AttuUmt
S.
V.
JONES,
Ph.D.
NEW
HENEY
SENTENCES
HOLT
YOHK
AND
COMPANY
597063
COPTBIGBT,
1919,
BT
HENRY
HOLT
AND
COMPANY
PREFACE
Although
English
correct
appeals irresistiblyto
tendency
book
be
must
definition
immense
ennui
that
the
Kittredge
Advanced
lisch
and
have
it is here
Farley's
Poutsma's
found
from
Advanced
Wendt's
Grammar
general
nurture.
it oflFers for
of rhetorical
in the
section
of thelsort.
profit I should
of Wieioric,
Onions'
English Grammar^
Late
the
the
specificdifference
with
Syntax,
this
relieve
Foundations
of
useful
particularly
the
others
Hill's
of
may
possibly
and
consulted
S.
book
system
that
minimum,
concepts,
from
I have
A.
subject
the
opportunity
will find
this manual
English Syntax^
and
in the
inseparable
which
to
"
teacher
particularly
mention
rules
of
although
of rules,
words,
rate
distinguishes
books
is
any
that
Among
At
grammar
book
on
that
and
reduce
discrimination
and
discipline.
on
in part
section
the
Perhaps
traditionallynot
students,
is to
now-a-days
is
des
heviigen Eng-
Modem
collectanea
English.
in
the
last
books.
two
Professor
now
of
for many
rhetoric
in the
book
to
my
Dr.
Scott, whose
directed
years
criticism; and
the
W.
Franklin
country,
H.
L.
one
has
Cre^
of the
given
has
instinct
happy
me
read
has
largest departments
the
the
benefit
of
his
manuscript
of
advantage.
H.
S.
V.
J.
CONTENTS
WORDS
Chapter
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Page
Derivationb
The
Meanings
The
Standing
of
op
Words
18
Words
SSt
Spelling
52
Pronunciation
59
SENTENCES
One.
Section
VI.
The
Noun
VII.
The
Adjective
Grammar
83
66
72
^
VIII.
The
IX.
Adverb
76
Pronouns
85
The
Verb
90
XI.
The
Preposition
99
XII.
The
Conjunction
X.
Two.
Section
101
The
Rhetoric
of
the
Sentence
106
XIII.
Clearness
108
XIV.
Emphasis
114
Ease
122
XV.
APPENDIX
A.
The
B.
Punctuation
138
C.
Capitalization
147
Conjugation
of
the
Verb
133
WORDS
CHAPTER
DERIVATIONS
It is of the
first
of
knowledge
clauses
if
is
sure
art,
an
As
in
arts
other
use
too
shows
convenience
as
forces,
something
history
and
human
thought.
of
before
But
not
As
we
that
paper
of
but
product
What
that
of
or
living
enterprise
human
Chaucer,
of
for
of
long perspective
is the
English
as
utility
mere
knowledge
in
grow
the
the
to
story
models
suflScient.
as
is important,
It
step.
is not
be
like
linguistic knowledge
word
points
is to
by walking;
good
us
this
of
sort
tell
can
thankful
morning
the
have
one's
means
learned
be
walk
to
watch
that
that
learns
best
Writing
cannot
living thing,
is the
clear
so
and
efifec-
expression
vocabularies.
one
is the
of
rate
accu-
an
phrases
our
units
should
to
but
increasingly
quite
individual
the
us
not
arts
one
further
need
we
larger
inspiration.
and
make
art, which
fine
very
moreover,
imitation
the
have
should
we
that
refining our
in other
science.
words
perhaps
and
enriching
the
to
are
What
tively.
of
we
that
Importance
become
we
language
and
only
not
and
Shakespeare,
Milton.
It is worth
of
language
about
apt and
while
in
the
growth
use
of
or
student
for the
Our
of words.
because
as
we
use
use
meanings.
its earlier
aggravating
to
have
development,
historical
discriminating
of its derivation
slovenly
its
then
and
8
provohing
to
of
it
glimpse
some
we
For
should
learn
word
thing
some-
is often
conscious
are
example,
be
the
checked
WORDS
help
to
For
to
us
language.
It
Ages
much
very
It
alive
of the
the
was
of the
illiterate. With
called
the
the
as
language
To
the revival of
Renaissance
of
language
formal
more
of law.
courts
Latin
era
the
The
literatures
two
student
Latin
now
was
Uterature
dead
of the
ignorant of it
classical learningin
be
claimed
not
handmaid
so
to
much
of
course.
inter-
(fifteenthand
Latin
large body
of human
sixteenth
when
the
the
the
Latin
wider
interested
theology as
be
period
centuries),
scholars
and
to
was
of the ancient
use
new
Of
modes
not
was
on
was,
literature and
and
of the modem
centuries
many
Turks
went
to
authors.
attention.
in making
in reading it
as
Cicero
might have been read by those who Uved when
and
He
approached the great classics not
Vergil wrote.
with a priestat his elbow to tell him what
they meant, but
thing
might go directlyto another to learn someas
one
person
it
of the troubled
new
lives of
men.
Because
the interest
call him
a
largely human, we
to the classical authors
humanist, and he turned particularly
heart
read the human
he believed that they had
because
than the writers of
with more
understanding and wisdom
other period.
any
of
such
student
was
so
DERIVATIONS
The
immediate
influence of Latin
great, has
French
was
soi)ietimes been
of court
upon
Ufe, such
as
exaggerated. Norman
so
that many
castle^court, emperor,
terms
gestive
sug-
inevitably
found
their way
into the native speech. There was
at fiirst,
It is
however, no real effort to supplantEnglish with French.
interestingto
was
not
note
issued
of William
been
even
if the
of
until
century and
Normandy.
strong French
Normans
Undoubtedly
influence upon
had never
come
in French
there
coming
would
have
England.
During
the Middle
"
WORDS
the
Of
here mention
may
be
not
Latin
besides
to
the
French
lary
vocabu-
English
has
Greek, which
and
been
used
tensively
ex-
in the
It should
languages
their contribution
made
that have
we
other
many
understood
that
these
contributions
were
of Italian and
directly. A very large number
into EngUsh by way
of
Spanish words, for example, came
Italian words
that may
be mentioned
French.
particularly
musical terms, such as piano, sopranoy
are
concerto^ aUegro^
andante, etc.
Belonging to other arts are cameOy campanile^
Other
from
words
the same
torso.
language are dilettante
and extravaganza. As examples of Spanish words in EngUsh
always
we
made
upon
that
to
phasized
mosquitOypunctilio,
flotilla.It should be emthat neither Greek, ItaUan, nor
Spanish has exerted
our
language an influence in any way comparable
cite
may
of Latin
Scattered
mentioned
the
Or
of French.
borrowings
be
may
from
noted
as
languages
other
than
illustrative of the
those
variety of
from Hebrew;
English vocabulary: cherub and seraph come
hawk
algebra,
cipherfrom Arabic; bazaar from Persian; tomafrom the speech of North
American
Indians; knapsack
from
Dutch; and
tea from
Chinese.
The
deals in
study of words like the study of sentences
we
distinguishroots,
part with analysis. By this means
stems,
prefixes,and
suffixes.
Hypothetically the
word, and
whole
may
are
suffixes,and
is the
of
inflectional suffixes.
earliest form
be carried back
of the
being a member
family. Cognate with
to
Indo-Germanic
Germanic
the
group
Germanic
divided
further
in the last
family
Indian
root
Suffixes
of the
of words
roots,
for
our
in
example,
language
of the Indo-Germanic
group
are
the
ing:
follow-
DERIVATIONS
Armenian,
Italic
Greek,
From
Latin are
scended
de(Latin,etc.
the so-called Romance
French,
languages, ^Italian,
Welsh, etc.),Slavonic (Russian,
Spanish, etc.),Celtic (Irish,
etc.),Baltic (Lithuanian, etc.).
"
Roots
of
in the
of time
course
endings, such
of
as
words.
new
ness^
These
by accretion
freelyemployed
were
by
to form
suffixes,
stem
stem
extended
were
to
processes,
which
may
the addition
The
stems.
into
derivative
in the
making
be added
the
may
illustrated
1. Root:
2.
"
^steig pricking,stinging,
sticking.
=
"
Root
follows:
as
Derivative
Suffix:
stigma;(extended)stimulus,stim--
"
Root
Derivative
Suffix:^
"
(extended)winstigate;
stigator,
instigation.
4. Prefix
Root
Derivative
LATIN
from
"Off, away,
his
Suffix -{"Inflection:
instigating.
PREFIXES
from."
regularbusiness.
Avocation
Abstain
is that which
calls one
ful.
being usuallyconsidered as harmwith something completely,literally
that it can
is to do away
grow
or
flourish
no
"
WORDS
in the
sense
of
to
oflF,
wear
away
Ad-|
tion to."
to
is to rub
Abrade
by friction.
Advocate
support
of
laying aside.
away,
a-| ac-|
is
putting
advocate, that is
the
Compare
cause.
''To, in addi-
as-, at-.
ar-,
an
as
ap-,
as
of the
use
called
one
advocate)
noun
the
to
in the
noun
port
sup-
of
sense
counselor.
The
Advert is
turn
the mind
to
attention
or
and
public support.
Compare
to.
adversary,
"turning to'*
means
e,, to
Allot is to
lot.
"Around,
am-.
one
to cut
add
in
to
a
to, that
same
Announce:
sense.
to
Compare
of the
messenger.
about."
in meaning; what
sense.
is,to distribute by
the noiin
hostile
to
sion.
See, too, animadver-
to.
Compare
to.
of
manner
that is,uncertain
than
or
shares
or
Aggression:going
relate to in the
Amb-,
give lots
Affix:to fasten
form.
the attention
turn
is
can
be understood
in
more
ambiguity. Amputate:
noun
the
correspondingGreek
Ante-, anti-.
to
Anticipate:
Be careful to
Antecedent:
take hold
that
of before, i,
distinguishanti-
as
which
e., to
form
before.
goes
of with.
get ahead
of the
from
prefixante-
anti'
meaning against.
"Well."
Beneficent:that which
Bene-.
does
accomplishes good.
"
Bi-.
"Two,
Bisect: to cut
is
some
in two.
confusion
in the
week
is best avoided
former
Circum-,
twice, doubly."
of
sense
For
or
of this
once
once
prefix,which
in two, and
is due
again with
two
weeks.
to
mean
This
to express
its
the
curring
oc-
fusion
con-
the
meaning;
drcu-.
use
e.
g.,
that is,careful,cautious.
Circuitous:
that which
goes
around.
DERIVATIONS
Com-,
col-,cor-,
cog-,
con-,
"With,
co-.
together." The
prefix
to
Coeval: of the
in
sense,
led:
same
or
Cognate: united
Contra-, contro-,
contrary to and
trovert:
to
avail
French
to
so
transgress. Compare
of the
to
assemble.
to
proceed
contravention.
Con-
Countervail:
oppose.
counterbalance.
against, to
form
to
"Against.** Contravene:
against in debate,
turn
weakened
with.
compact
counter-,
by
then
to bind together,Latin coUigere;
literally
a
relationship.
stock, and, in
same
similar nature.
Confederate(adj.): in
to
mutual
to show
way
contemporary.
age,
same
Compare
as in contre4emps,
preposition,
contre
the
untoward
an
occurrence.
De-.
"Down,
to
off, away."
the
remove
head.
Descend:
t. "., to
frightenaway,
intensively,
e. g., denuded.
or
down.
come
Decapitate:
decapitation.Deter: literally
De- b also used
discourage from.
Compare
to
Demi-.
to
god.
asunder, off,free from."
Dw-
erally
qffed: to alienate, to estrange the feelingsof. Distract: litto draw
asunder, i. e., to agitate. Compare distraction,
distractive. Sometimes
e.
g.f
the
Again it is intensive,e.
g., dissever
as
compared with
sever.
"z-,
e-, ef-.
from.
"Out, away
Educe:
to
bring from
out
pare
forth, "gushing," that b, expressingfeelingtoo freely. Comthe
outside of
Extra-.
corresponding Greek
or
prefix ec-,
as
in ecstasy, being
beside oneself.
"Beyond,
outside
of."
Extravagant: to wander
beyond
10
WORDS
bounds.
proper
Note
to the excessive
"In, into,
to
"Not"
within."
on,
press,
Inspire: literallyto
prefixem^,
en-,
lUuminate:
with.
to
ing
Irruption:a burst-
to fix upon.
Compare
money.
infuse, to animate
enlighten. Impress: to
In-.
expenditure of
into, then
breathe
tliat the
as
and
responding
cor-
emhody.
Inactive,etc.
Inter-,Intel-.
"Between,
forth from
to
one
faculty of choosing
the
number
among
of
objects of
choice.
Intra-.
"Within."
Intro-.
selfIntrospection:
looking within; that is, self-analysis,
Intramural:
within
the walls.
examination.
"Near."
Juxta-.
Juxtaposition:placing
being placed
or
near
together.
Mai-, male-,
and
"Bl, badly."
noun).
Non-.
"Not."
Ob-,
Malediction:
in
proclamation of evil,a
(adjective
curse.
swearing allegianceto.
vance
"Against, toward, facing." Object(vb.);to ad-
Nonjuring:
of-,op-.
0C-,
discontented
Malcontent:
not
Occur:
opposition to.
to
present itself,that
b,
to
passes
the form
where
The
of the
is par, used
boil
"After, behind."
Post-.
such Latin
Pre-.
"Before."
Postpone: to place at
phrases as post-mortem,
Premonition:
that which
ex
later time.
pare
Com'
post facto.
beforehand
comes
as
warning.
Prater-.
"Beyond."
pass
Pro-.
Pretermit:
to send beyond,
literally
t.
e., to
by, to disregard.
"Before, forward."
Protest:
to
literally
come
forward
as
11
DERIVATIONS
witness, t.
The
to
e.,
French
form
"Back,
Re-, red-.
bear witness
prefixis por
of the
again.*' Recommit;
Retro-.
"Backward."
in portray.
as
again. Redeem:
to commit
Retroactive: that
deliver.
to
recover,
which
acts
what
upon
is
aside."
"Away,
the form
Semi-.
Semivowel:
suf-, sug-,
sue-,
Subterranean:
to
suffice,
sug-
Super-.
the earth.
below.
Compare
union.
between
"Under,
sus-.
and
sonant.
con-
down, near."
subterraneous.
Compare
Similarly,support.
as
in
cumb:
Suc-
Sustain:
in
Note
in
stiff"
as
surreptitious.
Subterfuge:a, acheme
prefixsur-
As in the
to eacsLpe.
case
as
vowel
Compare sustainable,sustainer^sustenance,
in suggest, sur-
as
"Under."
is sur-,
Trans^.
sur-,
sup-,
under
usual
specifiedor
sound
sustentation, sustention.
of the
from
withdraw
to hold from
Subter-.
to
aed in sedition,literally
a going apart.
"Half."
Sub-,
Secede:
The
number.
Supernumerary: exceeding
form
French
of the
prefix
in surmmmt.
"Across,
alphabet to
tranr- when
Notice
another.
the
Transliterate: to
over."
followingstem
transubstantiaHon.
In
have
territory,
we
that
the
transfer
one
prefixusually becomes
begins with
trespass, to
an
pass
form
French
from
s, e. g.,
across
of the
tion,
transudainto forbidden
prefix;as
in
etc.
traverse, travesty,
Ultra-.
"Beyond."
GREEK
Ampbi-.
"Around,
is,livingon
form.
An-,
a-.
PREFIXES
double."
land
and
Compare
Amphibious: having
lives,that
cular
Amphitheater: a theater of cirthe cognate Latin prefixamb, am.
Negative prefix,equivalent
anomalousness.
two
water.
irregular,literallyuneven.
Ana-.
unduly conservative.
UUraconservative:
Atheist:
to
Compare
one
who
Latin
un-.
Anomalous:
anomaly, anomalistic,
God.
12
WORDS
Compare
who
analyst,analytic. Anabaptist:one
Anti-.
believes in
re-baptism.
our
to
own.
Apo-.
AposUe: one
Dia-, di".
the
letters but
Digraph:
Diameter:
the
written
symbol consisting
singlesound.
line that,
from
the distance
measures
forth.
overthrowing,a disaster,ruin.
an
representingonly
"Through."
center,
sent
oiuil{/se,
anct^lffKiftb
one
passing through
point
the circumferen
on
to another.
"n-,
"In."
el-.
em-|
Endemic:
prevailing among
specified
people.
"Within."
"ndo-.
Endoganums:
"pi-,
ep-,
tomb
"z-,
ec-.
means
Epitaph: that
"Upon."
eph-.
in commemoration
"Away,
out
of invocation.
"Outside."
is written
upon
of the dead.
of."
Exorcise:
Ecstasy:a
which
to
state
expel an
of
evil
spiritby
experience.
Exopathic:of
disease
originatingoutside of the
body.
Hyper-.
"Over,
excessive."
Hypertrophy: enlargement
due
to
ovemutrition.
Syn-,
ay-,
ByU*
to
Synckroniae:
occur
at
the
same
come
time.
over
CHAPTER
THE
MEANINGS
Complementary
meanings.^
Here
words
have
been
understood,
have
altered
their
meanings,
in
this way
The
the
classify
may
Latin
by which
words
Shifting
painting.
star,
modem
On
Shakespeare's
German
the
*'rats
and
mice
is retained
in
of
course
delivering; by
the
of horses
Apart
view
The
far
first
the
word
the
means
original
will
signified the
horses; then
to
hiring
more
at
and
and
from
flcienoe is called
semantics
IS
of
act
general
specialization,singly
less chance
or
the
in
the
care
them.
removed
meanings
^
by
and
longer
spirit world;
in
compare
deer"
specializations it developed
generalization
from
alternation, words,
assume
to
sense,
specialized
no
use
lamity.
ca-
alternately generalized
example,
of food
small
the
or
animal;
Sometimes
be
of several
one
delivery
with
for
the
Ghost.
history
its
ordinary
from
Holy
specialized. Livery^
sense,
in
such
from
original
been
has
general meaning,
Ghoet
we
tion,
Deteriora-
misfortune
its
to
the
and
gone.
under-
meanings
derived
general
deer
which
Radiation.
Meaning,
from
apparition
an
their
Specialization,
hand,
which
they
languages have
longer limited
no
other
Thier.
spirit,but
sense
is
in
typical changes
change
in
word
influences
what
many
means
now
the
usage
of
of
senses
special astrologicalterm
Picture
different
the
Generalization,
as
once
osier
and
science
the
under
of
Exaltation,
DtsoHefy
the
study
we
vocabularies
processes
is
etymology
to
WORDS
OF
those
or
associations,
which
semasiology.
or
in
may
originally
14
WORDS
attached
writes
A
small
"A
them.
to
Xittredge, "is
Professor
of
piece
of the
capitalexample
cloth
to
shiftingprocess,"
in
handkerchief,
the head
was
naturally
couvre-chief;
cheftrom Latin
cover
seen
(O. Fr.
enough called a coverchief
fashion decreed
that
caput) or kerchief(cf curfew). When
be carried in the hand,
similar piece should
somewhat
a
handkerchiefwas coined with no thought of the literalsense
of kerchief. The
next
pocket-handkerchiefwhich
step was
the head, to
is literally,
it will be observed, a thing to cover
be carried in the hand, to be put in the pocket."
The unwillingnessto call a spade a spade, which has led
to unpleasant realities
to give neutral or pleasant names
us
(Euphemism), or the less excusable dispositionto cast a
slur upon
into bad repute,
what is good by bringingits name
y
in the
resulted
has
deterioration
of many
words.
this
In
knave, which
manner
German
word,
examination
An
sense.
once
was
at
keeps
have
meant
originallymeant
boy (compare the
Knabe), developed its current
derogatory
of the word
tm?) wiU
show
that it was
the
other
the
hand,
terms
of
who
reproach
developed
foolish
On
hussy
into
of
words
all work.
from
has been said above
It will appear
what
that the
cation;
etymology of a word often fails to explain its current signifito
with
the
processes
meanings.
us
to
word
need
understand
not
one
which
an
dictionaries
in present use,
may
familiarize
words
have
mark
various
for
several
senses
in which
development,
new
old one;
give
ourselves
changed their
meanings, moreover,
helps
the
another
with
should
of word
present used.
do away
we
which
by
science
The
relate to
is at
this
so
of course,
tions
defini-
THE
example, to the
turn, for
us
dictionaries.
We
OF
MEANINGS
word
find
shall
facuUy in
listed
15
WORDS
any
there
of the
such
larger
particular
teristic
"characor
(a) "a specialmental endowment"
knack," as, He had the facultyof conversingin a toay
thai was
both instructive and entertaining;
(b) the psychological
will,etc.) recognizedby the
(such as reason,
powers
older psychologists;(c) a power,
prerogative,or authority,
conferred
(e) a
by law; (d) a department in a university;
enjoying certain professionalprivileges(e.g.y
body of men
meanings
as
"
"
specializationhaving
farther
To
might
than
been
sense
original
in
some
cases
much
in others.
carried
the current
of
we
its
16
WORDS
sense,
principal
or chief
the
of
of
resources
man
or
ization
organ-
an
men.
The
Synonyms.
from
writer
careful
the
and
science
of
he
word
meanings,
with regard to their suggestiveness. For
chooses his words
like places have
words
atmosphere, and like people they
have individuality.They have or they lack dignity;they
weak
are
or
strong, intellectual or emotional, playful or
can
serious.
etymology
aid
deriving what
One
should
of
undertones
or
impressivehe
easy
try
be sensitive to the
to
language. Otherwise,
will be
his
stilted;when
and
when
implications
he
manner
he
would
be
should
be
effect of
strong and
with
our
It is sometimes
that
for
and
one
fellow-men.
of its stronger emotional
account
on
word
example, suggests
is differentiated from
more
of trust and
the feelifig
adverse to has
more
to
another.
do with
assent
one's
than
does
judgment
and
notation
con-
Faiih^
assurance
and
beliif;
less with
MEANINGS
THE
pne's emotions
the
of
score
Sometimes
should
from
A
more
carries
word
from
similar distinction
between
and
avoid and
on
ahutiy
brag
atpiraiion^
weight than
more
exalted.
formal, dignified,
or
more
distinguishedfrom
be
command
be made
17
and
solicUude.
one
it is
WORDS
io.
averae
aversion^ ambition
and
concern
because
has
emphasis may
and
anHpaihy
taurdi
than
OF
live in,
order, acknowledgeor
commence
from
avow
another
So reside in
from
begin,
entertain
own,
from building,
from tranquil,
etc.
serene
edifice
difference in the emphasis of words
is further due to
less suggestion of action.
Malice, for instance,
or
amtufe,
means
is only
reserd'
aroused
may
cease
We
may
mean
an
the discontinuance
compare
the
of
distinction
state.
between
active
and
are
we
may
associate those
the material, on
which
connote
bereaved of friends,but
benft of hope.
on
For
the
one
example,
18
WORDS
recognizemore
or
less favorable
contrasted
is in this way
dieted^ and blunt with bluff.
and
does not
forsake may
ascribe with
desert
or
may
with
Careful,unlike
an
unwelcome
cauiious
adand
or
untoward
impute.
EXERCISE
I. Define
should
possibility;
implies action contrary to obligation,
this implication. Compare
not
carry
suggest
whereas
we
derogatory connotations.
or
Allure
wary,
already noted"
the
their prefixes:
"
following words
with
specialreference
to
19
so
WORDS
n.
Use
your
knowledge
distinctions in the
of
of the
case
prefixesto make
followingpairsof
the
proper
words:
"
apprehend, comprehend
imputation,deputation
intrusive, obtrusive
aggregate, segregate
allocution,circumlocution
confusion, transfusion
imprecate,deprecate
induction, seduction
absolve, dissolve
recede, secede
adjacent,circumjacent
conversion, retroversion
deponent, component
revision,prevision
aifiuent,confluent
seclude, include
abstract,distract
respiration,
inspiration
extravagance, divagation
vocation, avocation
dismiss, remiss
negation,abnegation
deflection,reflection
adhere, cohere
monologue, dialogue
apathy, sympathy
impress
postscript,
transcript
relate,correlate
express,
ni.
case
Show
of each
how
the
pair of
prefixesmake
words:
symxMtthy,antifMithy
in the
"
euphony, cacophony
disprove
proceed, recede
benevolent, malevolent
accord, discord
analysis,synthesis
homogeneous, heterogeneous
discredit,credit (accredit)
affected,disaffected
associate,dissociate
gusto, disgust
allow, disallow
merit, demerit
disparity,
parity
arrange,
persuade,dissuade
insist,desist
prove,
disarrange
MEANINGS
THE
OF
21
WORDS
confidence, diffidence
prospect, retrospect
ingress,egress
magnanimous, pusillanimous
disavow
avow,
adroit, maladroit
benediction, malediction
diveige
converge,
trust, distrust
emerge
merge,
objective,subjective
implicit,
explicit
eject,inject
emigrate,immigrate
simulation, dissimulation
establish,disestablish
uniform, multiform
dyspeptic,eupeptic
segregation,congregation
inflated,deflated
compose,
exculpate,inculpate
service,disservice
extensive,intensive
orthodox, heterodox
IV.
Supply
gettingwhat
1. He
the
from
8. I took
occasion
argument.
4. A
true
to
my
2.
Each
the
one
his
wish.
6.
of you
is requested
as
efficiency
student.
more
5. I did not
every
of athletics
him.
he
following sentences,
while he makes
mere
likelyto
to
has
he wished
is
decompose
the prefixes
explainedabove:
collegelife.
whatever
the
in
from
can
studyinga
of his
fortune
omissions
help you
considers
to
philanthropy,misanthropy
have
to
complaint whatever
ask for
Although
cause
anything, be-
absolute
an
monarch
his
be described as a
people well; his government
may
despotism. 7. The successful diplomat knows when to keep
this point we
reach
8. From
sflent,and he is always
can
home
with the period of the Norman
9.
route.
only by a
"
of poetry written
kings there appeared in England a large amount
in French.
Knabe
10. The English knave and the Grerman
are
11. The
terms.
several
12. Senator
"
by the
voters
criminal
admitted
Brown's
The
not
way
noise of the
a
person
to
about
confidence.
had
result
been
helped by
well received
not
to
was
which
matters
city streets
he
speech was
that
me
him
concern
beyond endurance.
1(6.It appears
to
me
can
large
wijite
deeply.
15. He
that b^
14.
is
gives
22
WORDS
to dress.
attention
he had
17. After
discourse.
it hard
pUice any
to
to
forgivebut
not
Did
18.
confidence
to
hear such
in such
an
who
person
into
an
ever
you
for the
smoothly
our
19. It is
I find
"gush"?
possible
In
20.
from him.
questions,I failed to
any information
the habit of
too much
given to self-analysis;
times
some-
spiteof all my
You
21.
are
paralyzes action.
athletics.
23.
Put
classes before
attend
it puts both
Oriental
26.
To
make
and
you
34.
speech.
it
that
to
than
avoid
course
25.
of the West.
you
The
88.
York.
the
30.
It
was
published
What
It is hard
32.
to
be
of the quarto
.
36.
I should
37. Malaria
to
we
use
35.
Ii^
published
editions of
rather die
is
recently an
spellcan
and
placesof burial.
are
for books
was
31.
common
39.
escape
by resorting
.
catacombs
There
may
justcensure
called
are
to disease.
to
paralysisin New
Of
28.
the consent
death
fees;
your
situation.
an
accordingly
was
they
was
Shakespeare'splays were
sudden
you
will not
foundation
Shakespeare's time
without
not
should
strictly
consonants;
This
their
note
paid
Ex
29.
of
in
more
irregularfor
registeredand
ways
but let us
are
and
It is
24.
instructor
your
in matters
puristis
it had
objects in
have
you
and
intercollegiate
our
us
less
difference.
civilization is in many
test
to
need
these two
points of similarityand
to
We
22.
in many
of infantile
the evil
to
is now
of which the body politic
possessed? 40. In their
spirits
the mystics seemed
41. She had
to experiencea union with God.
nourished
her sensibilitiesfor
and sentimental
the heart.
that the
of its own.
given a
so
42.
group
were
was
so
not
many
our
small
of
college
Preceding a
injectionof morphine.
43.
fraternities at
reading
44.
The
MEANINGS
THE
him
for
contend
to
talent.
following words
how
the
sense
derivative:
alius
46.
of the
you
45.
only
His love of
sympathies and
narrow
unions
led
had
find which
can
are
derived from
either directlyor
foreignword
indirectlyand show
is preserved in its English
"
(alter,
alienus)
(amicus, amare-amatum,
amor
French
amour,
ami)
(perennis,biennalis,etc.)
annus
(antiquus,French
animus
(anima)
ante
ancien)
artus:
limb,
(artifex-artificis,
shoulder, Greek armenos:
fitted)
ars-artis
arma:
arms,
Qreek
armos:
caput
French
28
WORDS
bull.
The
with
V.
Shakespeare had
strike should
teamsters'
the
that
littledramatic
very
OF
chef)
casus
cadere-casum, accidere,occidere,French
(occasio-occasionis,
chance)
corpus-corporis
(cavere-cautum)
cura
finis
grex-gregis(Greek agora:
gravis{French grief)
levis (levare-levatum)
lux-lucis
assembly)
pater-patris
modus
(meditari,metior)
sors-sortis
terra
(terrena,terrestris)
testis
unus
creare-creatum
French accrue)
(crescere-cretum,
S4
WORDS
tice)
(indicare,judicare,etc., dictare, Chreek dike: jus-
dicere-dictum
dux-ducis
(ducere-ductum)
(divus:a hill,Qreek kline:
inclmare-inclinatum
recline,klimax:
bed, klindn:
to
fundere-fusum
(futis:
a
docere-doctum
vessel,futilis,
refutare-refutatum)
water
decor, Qreek
(decet: it is fitting,
dogma, Oreek
didaskein)
dare-datum
putare-putatum
tendere
tensum
VI.
from
tentum
or
List
the
as
(tenere,tenuis,Greek teinein,tonos)
words
many
following Greek
polls:a city
a
onyma:
nemos:
cosmos:
chief
to
straight
anthropos: man
pasture
distribute)
self
chronos:
derived
"
orthos:
Greek nemein:
autos:
words:
are
hydros: water
name
(alsonomos:
find which
can
you
archos:
law
as
ode: song
ops:
eye
polus:many
time
the universe
morphe: form
theos:
god
ergon:
work
"
Vn.
Show
how
followingsynonyms.'
etymology helps
us
to
differentiate the
"
address, dexterity
conclude, finish
acquire,attain
acrimony, asperity
conscientious,scrupulous
addicted, devoted
discern,perceive
blemish, defect
place,dispose
cautious, provident
remark, observation
captious,caveling
affix,subjoin
social,convivial
THE
MEANINGS
allude, refer
25
WORDS
conjecture,supposition
proclaim
announce,
OF
execute, achieve
celebrate,commemorate
affable,courteous
circumstantial,particular
averse,
eradicate,extirpate
allure,inveigle
animosity,hostility
ambiguous, enigmatic
ecstacy, transport
distress,perplexity
imprecation,malediction
reluctant
gift,gratuity
turgid,bombastic
expeditious,prompt
diffuse,prolix
decry,dq"recate
unnatural, factitious
deny,
conduce, contribute
embarrassment, confusion
consider, reflect
facsimile
transcript,
deceit,duplicity
satisfaction
contentment,
controvert
contumacious, rebellious
cursory,
debate, deliberate
slow, dilatory
definite,positive
dispel,disperse
dejection,melancholy
dissolute,reprobate
derive, deduce
assign,apportion
reveal,divulge
desultory
design,purpose
disparity,inequality
docile,tractable
ecclesiastical,
theological
vapid, insipid
ebullition,effervescence
idiosyncrasy
eccentricity,
eulogy,panegyric
engage,
exigency,emergency
appreciate,value
explain,elucidate
extort
elicit,
extenuate,
palliate
factious,seditious
severe,
austere
promise
abundant
plentiful,
finally,
eventually
fluctuate,oscillate
comply, conform
VIII.
cases
more
ing
of the follow-
"
cosmogony,
kilogram,
cdith, electrolysis^
anthropophagy, Anglophobe, microphone,
mon*
pro-
26
WORDS
tozoa,
animalcule, aureole.,gosling,manikin,
punster,
poetaster,
EXERCISE
I. Look
the
up
explain the
and
"
or
one
above:
of the
to adorn
imprecations
formal, ceremonious
to
following synonyms
with
reference
"
to ornament,
curses,
more
the
dean,
to cleanse
visitor,visitant
enough, sufficient
to
let,to permit
choice, election
competition,emulation
arrival,advent
intrigue,
conspiracy
fight,conflict
trick,artifice
nonchalant, cool
expensive,costly
dainty,exquisite
to
to
to
dedicate, to devote
ask, to requiest
stand
(as in
pain"), to endure
deference, reverence
under, below
pious,devout
to
squabble,quarrel
building,edifice
elated,elate
busy, assiduous
elocution,eloquence
calm,
emblem, symbol
care,
celebrated,eminent
to
wages,
salary
visit,visitation
'
brag, to
vaunt
serene
anxiety
stop, to
blame,
cease
censure
dear, lucid
"to
stand
THE
dose,
MEANINGS
near
OF
'
27
WORDS
different,disparate
color,hue
dirty,squalid
business,profession
disaster,calamity
to
to guess,
conjecture
death, demise
to
dismay,
envy,
declare,to proclaim
to desire
to want,
to
to
efface,to obliterate
mistake, blunder
wayward,
notch, indentation
to
disperse
appall
covet
excursus
digression,
scatter,
to
perverse
attest, to vouch
visionary,diimerical
earthly,terrestrial
vexation, chagrin
praise(noun),eulogize
to
alleviate,to assuage
to
repd,
enemy,
foe
to
oppose
enterprise,
emprise
to agree,
attack, assail
to
ascend,
audacity,effrontery
to
attach, to append
to
expel,to banish
mean,
base
to
concur
to climb
dull,blunt
beautiful,comely
flourish,brandish
barbarian
bright,brilliant
beneficial,
advantageous
can^ jargon
whim, caprice
bent
to
charm,
to
cheat,
to
to
captivate
swindle
barbaric
(adjective),
bias
(inclination),
benediction
blessing,
bodily,corporeal
trait
characteristic,
paltry,despicable
circumstantial,minute
contention, strife
comparison, simile
continual, continuous
agreement,
corrupt, depraved
courage,
cowardly, dastardly
malediction, execration
crude, crass
desultory,cursory
cynical
pessimistic,
to
decay, to decompose
danger, peril
deface, disfigure
to
defer,to postpone
contract
intrepidity
illusion,haUudnation
destroy,to demolish
difficulty,
impediment
destiny,doom
doctrine,dogma
deterioration,degeneration
dry, arid
devoid
of, destitute of
to
isopy, facsimile
S8
WORDS
duty, obligation
education, breeding
connivance, collusion
exertion,effort
cordial,hearty
engage
mortal, deadly
to
whiten,
to bleach
to
protect,
concurrent
to defend
definite,definitive
weak, feeble
to warn,
concomitant,
to caution
to
deplore,to lament
watchful, vigilant
despondency, desperation
useless,ineffectual
to
usefulness
utility,
traitorous
disloyal,
to
try, to essay
vigorous,energetic
to
to dally
trifle,
to
disengage,to extricate
arrogate,
to usurp
fastidious,finical
adverse, averse
affectation,mannerism
to
timorous, fearful
presentiment,apprehension
dilettante,amateur
to assent, to consent
apology, excuse
liable,likely
repentance, penitence
spurious,artificial
wit, humor
loot,booty
attainment
acquisition,
bravado, bravery
adhesion, adherence
cautious, careful
admittance, admission
to
to
chatter, to chat
affirm,to
asseverate
disturb,to perturb
base
(noun),basis
faction,party
brittle,
fragile
adulation, compliment
cohesion, coherence
curt, concise
element
ingredient,
clique,coterie
temperament, disposition
exultant, elated
greed,avidity
stimulant, stimulus
prjdng,curious
tyrannical,despotic
ability,
capacity
theatrical,dramatic
accident, casualty
puerile,
juvenile
accomplish,effect,
antipathy,repugnance
haughty, insolent
advantage, benefit
bloody, sanguinary
frugality^
economy
cheerfulness,mirth
leave, quit
to
proselyte,to
convert
absolve, acquit
cogent, forcible
MEANINGS
THE
OF
29
WOBDS
qpinion,sentiment
encroach, infringe
pardpnable, venial
dally,dawdle
resign,relinquish
vexation, chagrin
supersede,supplant
loquacious,garrulous
visionary,quixotic
wayward,
perverse
hypothesis,theory
in.
Find
rV.
From
the
choose
differ in
words
By
Hand
their
have
so
many
synonyms
you
no
seems
in the
to be
for
can
each
of
tences
following sen-
suitable to the
most
preference,point
out
how
the
meanings-
]
far
that
have
as
bracketed
synonyms
the word
If you
context.
1.
as
[methods,
the members
of the Black
escaped detection.
I occAsioned
2. A
wreck
just ahead
of
our
train has
^^
^a
aed
delay.
sa
WORDS
3. In the conduct
1
be
should
Icircumspect
..11
particularly
'^
of such
"^
TT-
cautious
1-
4. His
5. Inherent
in
[theresult!
j^
ff 1 1
"
!_"
negrophobia
is
President's
our
natural
^
character
fprejudice1
iT-
'
^^
is the
'
patience.
y.
j^
questions
6. Children's
often confound
the wisest
queries
men.
forgive
7. Please
'
if I have
me
pardon
written
the children
prohibited
you
long a letter.
too
playing on
from
the street
after dark,
8. I have
the children
forbidden
the street
to
play on
as
President
after
dark.
9. Roosevelt
10. I
'
1,
followed
McKinley
growing somewhat
was
I have
'
accident
of
not
kept
myself.
"^
waiting.
you
\^^,^l
13. Pleasant
[suspiciousJ
hope
!"" The
'
11. I
of the U. S.
''
was
meadow
due
lands
to cardess
are
driving.
,.
to
fine old
the
[ adjacent J
house.
14. More
than
[
accomplishinggood.
benevolence
r we
need
now
the
power
^
of
openness
15. There
is
nothing
so
delightfulas
the
candor
of
child's
sincerity
mind.
16.
She bore
up*^
under
\
[courage J
OF
WORDS
hypothesis
and
MEANINGS
THE
81
examine
17.
first
will
the
explain
its
then
discuss
claims
to
generally
be
{d
ISA
vo^i^ed
j -Po-biUty
denied
bring
19.
truly
great
be
always
will
There
becomes
man
before
lu"i
had
time
in
many
president
until
Mexico
..
of
that
republic.
unhappy
facetious
20.
There
is
no
one
so
engagingly
funny
jocular
of
the
Breakfast
Table.
to
him.
against
charge
my
accepted.
as
the
Autocrat
CHAPTER
STANDING
THE
derivation
The
of
its
frequently
fortuitous
of fashion,
we
section
words
caste,
neutral
technical
and
many
in
and
reasons
the
many
phrase
always possible
frontier
of
loses
reproach,
or
all
their
from
come
be-
they
use,
win
For
men.
drift
to
in the
dignity
praise
of
well
as
ized,
particular-
of
current
failed
to
eminent
that
good
of
sanction
the
await
the
in
letters;and,
In
failed
English
the
to
the
insure
prose,
for
the
them
of
of
critics
place
would
indeed
and
in
such
if
they
the
most
established
often
have
approval
example,
S2
standing
whose
majority
they
or
the
on
are
adopted
be
opposition
contrary,
that
general agreement
of
fact
to
word
will always
impossible
seldom
approval
spite of
on
be
would
literary men.
There
respect
It is
given
expressions
should
words
whether
usage.
disagree.
there
New
themselves
sometimes
of
undesirable
matters.
decide
to
number
dictionaries
the
even
Modem
sanction
the
has
considerable
had
of
changes
learned
word
words
out
the
time
is
literary language.
It is not
be
in
property
are
of
ways
passing
Sometimes,
sources.
have
re-
usage
caprices
we
term
become
terms
as
generalized, a
becomes
in
human
of Words,
are
word
language
As
have
we
should
We
of
with
as
us,
meaning.
words,
Meanings
particular
help
matters
reckon
to
often
inconsistent.
General
The
on
in
and
have
needs.
human
as
will
present
that
however,
melnber,
WORDS
OF
word
understand
to
seen,
and
men
of
has
of the
latter
in
language.
the
have
suffered
if
STANDING
THE
certain
writers of the
idiom
colloquial
enrich
to
of the
Of
was
far from
our
not
the
pleasingto
vocabularies
every
word
used
the
purists
for most
course
from
of
approved
technical
terms
dictionaryis
in the
had
us
sources
re-
language.
not
course
also
centuiy
of the time.
to-day is
which
sixteenth
3"
WORDS
OF
in
equally
there
and
quialisms,
suitablylabeled, colloslang. There we shall find
foreign expressionsthat a
the
essays
of
Lamb,
obsolete
or
obsolescent
words
have
an
of clear and
natural
expression.
of much
appears
also in the
excellent prose.
We
may
might have been the fashion
say,
of
an
ever
however, that whatearlier
day, foreign
used sparingly. We
should draw
phrases are now
the native speech is
the foreignlanguages only when
upon
inadequate to our needs.
words
and
34
WORDS
such
by
in the
there
moimtaineers,
speech
racy
idiom
of the
its
with
as
is to
Tennessee
be
found
and
here
North
and
Carolina
interestingreminiscences
of
the
words
in the
which
pass
less formal
in the
current
sorts
of
spoken language
writing,but
which
are
not
those that we
them
Among
are
good literary usage.
objectionableslang
ordinarilyclassifyas slang. However
in common
that it has much
might be, it is well to remember
with reputable,idiomatic English. It is often expressively
compact and piquant. Many an English idiom is indeed no
than accredited slang. Nor is all slang equally objecmore
tionable.
what
holds in this respect for slang holds
And
with greater force for colloquialisms.Many
of these are
waiting with reasonably good credentials at the portals of
in
literaryEnglish,
threshold.
In
some
and
some
cases
of them
there
is
are
room
all but
across
for doubt
the
whether
the word
or
THE
One
STANDING
should choose
OF
his words, of
35
WORDS
with
course,
reference
to his
of
one
considerable
compositions a
is needed.
emphasis, not
of exclusive
of each
number
choice.
class of
ject,
dealing with an abstract subdiscussion
need the concrete
word
to bring your
you
down
If you
to earth.
are
handling many
specificdetails,
need the general term
to further the organizationand
you
unification of your material.
A composition which
izes
generalto the neglect of particularsis Uke
spacious house
a
words
without
If you
thought.
On
should
composed
be
be
synonyms
make
cannot
Walter
tiates the
several
arts:
art, therefore,
degree in which
to
mere
note
in
work
a
a
of
result of communicable
other; to define in
descriptivenor
of art fulfilsits
poem
nor
true
to
estimate
to its
responsibilities
charm, which
pictorial
sentiment
that true
cable
incommuni-
of the functions
One
on
the
one
meditative
diflferen-
picturethat
poeticalthought
Take
of abstract
peculiarand
own
specialmode
to
only
to its material.
specialresponsibilities
own
we
"
having its
own
words
distinctions.
by the discriminatinguse
following quotation in this manner
of aesthetic criticism is
from
these
of
study
expressionis vague
Our
it will be found
be vague.
From
our
abstract
that without
employ
random
tions;
controllinggeneraliza-
definition
The
"Each
at
Pater, and
fullness and
terms.
learned
recognizeand
almost
passage
to
aid of
kind
pattern of ideas.
fine distinctions.
if it fails to
a
the
is not
have
we
with
be set in
abstract
of
compartments
the other
should
they
To
are
hand,
or
merely,
but
comes
from
rial;
mate-
is neither
nor
design, on
poeticalquality,which
an
the
mere
the
is neither
inventive
86
WORDS
the element
"
to
which
in music
note
the
words,
musical
charm
"
of sentiment
matter
presents
no
from the
no
in the
Even
development
safe, however, to neglectthe
is the
of this sort
word
of
that
an
abstract
concrete
tenn.
or
thought,separable
to iis."
theme
it is not
In the main
it
best
writes
Puller; and
detailed passage
says,
instrument
procured by
every
in at
door; by violence
every
aspect of
star
and
and
and
the stink of
enters
influence,by the
cloud
and
the
THE
STANDING
It is to the concrete
of
speech
efifectiveness. "In
Temple,
"he
said Swift
remarked
in
machines
and
in
very
different
that
mood
it
stick!'*
Broom-
Emerson
and
"we
wine,"
good, must
is
man
amusing meditation;
an
in
life as
draw
not
37
their
owe
WORDS
OF
delicate
are
the
to get from
us
require nice treatment
sail" is a
maximum
of power
and pleasure." "A
hundred
more
suggestive and picturesque phrase than a hundred
"a lying tongue hateth those that are
ships;and Solomon's
afflicted by it" is more
expressivethan "a liar hateth those
who
afflicted by him."
are
of
ordinarilythinks of figurativelanguage
artificial. He forgetsto what
extent
an
figuresof speech
in everyday English. How
at home
readilyone speaks
horn"; not
"working in harness," of "blowing one's own
to
mention
The
as
are
"at
young
writer
less obvious
any
effective
most
as
the commercial
figure,"harmonious
however,
should
figuresare
often
Figurative passages,
The
such
cases,
not
those
figure
relations."
stilted.
be set and
which
are
trusively
unob-
novel
phrase or in some
association
is large opportunity for ori^of words.
Here
nalityand imagination. But one must ever be on his guard
cessful
against associatingthe incongruous or incompatible. Suc-
suggested in
employment
the constant
The
remind
exercise
the turn
of
that
figurativelanguage depends
judgment and taste.
of
quotation above
us
of
from
the
figuresof speech
are
Book
often
of
Proverbs
used
in
upon
will
proverbs
and
idiomatic locutions:
"
38
WORDS
within
of
ace
an
well one's
act
advise
with
pillow
to fish in troubled
to
to
part
one's
waters
to
to
bring to book
to
to
one
different
as
eye
open
chalk
as
dry
of Peter
to borrow
to
to
teeth
to pay
one
look
Paul
to take
poke
how
see
the
one's
cat
leaf
oars
out
of another's
to
put in
an
oar
march
to lace one's
pole
dance
gift horse
one
to
to steal
the skirts of
on
lead
to
on
to cool
eye
cut
as
wait
to have
breath
same
one's
true
pig in
hang
tucker
to have
to
in the wind
book
in the
sin
to rest
from
cheese
one's
jumps
in the face
danger
sleepwith
to
buy
side
is buttered
scores
to
to look
hug
at
which
on
three sheets
know
bread
to have
one's cap
to set
in
the
jacket
to
to
to be
to look black
mouth
COMMON
IN
ERRORS
on
THE
USE
OF
on
the block
coat
post
as
thunder
WORDS
or
state.
the
former
to influence
means
or
impress in
some
Wrong:
Your
Wrong:
His
story has
cure
has
effected
been
me
affected
greatly.
only by the
most
carieful
treatment.
to make
worse.
Aggravate, annoy, vex, irritate: Aggravate means
disease or an offense.
Such senOne may
a
speak of aggra/oaiing
tences
He aggravatedme illustrate an improper use of the word.
as
THE
Agreeable
Do
not
agreeablein the
use
S9
WORDS
OF
of willing.
sense
In
All-round:
STANDING
to all-round.
ahU
Alternative
between
not
is properlyused with
word
reference to
choice
things.
two
Attitude:
Do
This
Attitude
confuse
the word
view.
point of
consciouslyassumed
with
spiritov feeling.
good fellowshipattitude of the student
The
Wrong:
means
body is
largelyresponsiblefor Home-Coming.
Balance, remainder:
is
properly
Our
Wrong:
is left after
What
remainder.
Do
not
been
has
something
this
in
balance
use
ducted
de-
is
of the year
$1.50.
Bank
Prefer
on:
relyon,
or
toager
if necessary).
Best
this incorrect
(verb): For
Do
Giants
The
not
blank
use
Distinguish between
Can:
it is used
as
in the
in the second
preferbleed
not
best
of toorst
use
as
the Cubs
blanked
Do
Bleed:
the
of
use
phrase
the
employ
verb.
followingsentence:
inning.
from.
denoting ability,and
to extort money
can,
noting
de-
may,
permission.
JAke
Canine:
for
or
Do
not
The
verb
as
Do
You
Wrong:
Claim:
not
charter,meaning
One
claims
equivalent to contend
Combine
Combine
followingas
Commence
"Things
nouns:
Use
never
if you
go
may
of take chances
sense
what
sense
rent
for one's
him.
Chicago.
to
or
desire.
of toish
Do
specialuse,
us
choose
care
is due
to
train to take
choose in the
use
in the
verb
it.
colloquialism,
e. g,,l chartered
Choose
the
chance
use
Charter:
is a
equivalent
feeblyhumorous
dog.
Chance
on
is
not
use
the
to go.
verb
as
maintain.
or
is
"
verb
not
noun.
Avoid
also the
use
of
disappoint,invite,raise, electric.
formal context.
begin except in the more
they albegan with Mr. Borthrop Trumbull:
WORDS
40
ways
his handbills."
on
"
Middlemarch.
The
Christmas
cdebration
consist
cf
lasts two
qf
weeks;
officers
cf the Society
The
or.
The
of
of. The
secretary,instead
etc.
careful not
Be
weeks^ instead
two
president,vice^esident^ and
qf the Societyare,
officers
Credit:
consists
cdebration
latter
to confuse
is the
specialand
more
word, meaning
to
invest with
thority
au-
to
or
Deal:
formal
of
sense
of
sense
great
transaction should
be avoided.
Decided:
and
is decided.
makes
or
is determined
What
That
concludes
which
distinctively.
The
Demean:
word
of the word;
derivation
to
means
it has
Look
conduct, to behave.
nothing
do
to
with
mean
the
up
or
low.
Confer, demeanor.
Destined:
mind
the
This
is
solemn
word.
destiny. Wrong:
noun
When
you
day he
That
was
it, have
use
in
destined to lose
his dinner.
Do:
in the
Do
of
sense
or
suffice
serve
is
e.
colloquialism,
g..
As
it
to
means
apply remedies
loquially
colloquialismor slang. Col-
to.
It is
it
slang when
means
falsify.
Wrong:
been
Donate:
sense
of
evidence
The
had
clearly
doctored.
This
is
formal
word.
Do
not
it
use
looselyin the
give.
Eliminate, remove
as
to eliminate
equivalentto
To
eliminate
factor in
an
means
to
by some
remove
equation:it should
not
be
process,
used
as
take atoay.
Elegant: Use
this word
with
discrimination.
Its derivation
will
help
to
you
vaguely
THE
STANDING
understand
its
had
eleganthouse; We
Enthuse:
with
synonymous
This
41
WORDS
OF
elegantHme.
is a vulgarism for become
an
verb
used
be
as
lived in
an
enthiuiaeHe
or
enthusiasm.
arouse
Essential
is
it to trivial
uses.
Essential, necessary:
Do
essential but
not
are
turn
not
indispensableor
word
For
of
dignity and
phasis.
em-
necessary
camper's outfit.
from accept.
Except: Distinguish
Expect: Distinguishfrom suspect.
of aspect, division,or
sense
'Fewer
Fewer
less:
Wrong: There
were
Fix, mend,
the
in
some
punctured tire. I
Fixings: Do
not
to $600
etc.:
arrange,
way
word
or
phrase is
cheap
or
amount
prepare,
which
senses
be used
impliesnumber; less,quantity.
less people in town
than usual.
colloquialismfor calculate
collegeexpenses
in
constituent pari.
aids
my
year.
Fix
should
be
used
only in.
He fixed
must
use
etc.
Folks:
homogeneous conditions
of one's
members
memorable.
more
plural in
ing
s, mean-
word
carefullyfrom
historical. The
means
Idea:
life. The
family,is a colloquialism.
Distinguishthis
Historic:
latter
of communal
to describe
This
word
is often used
when
purpose
or
reason
would
be
explicit.
idea in
Example: My
at
once
Illusive:
Distinguishcarefullyfrom elusive.
matter
before you.
not
use
which
has been
is
expressed.
inferin the
sense
of guess.
simply
42
WORDS
state
be used
not
joyous feelingor
Distinguishinvolve from include.
to
describe
livelyinterest.
mere
Involve
should
The
former
impliesa
connection.
necessary
This
Join:
word
should
be used
equivalent to adjoin.
of exactlyor certainly
is a colloquialism.
Just: Just in the sense
Locate:
Locate, a transitive verb meaning to find the placeof,to
determine
in the
the location
ascertain
or
of to setUe,or
sense
not
as
of,should
make
be used
not
one*s residence
reflexively
Chicago.
Liable:
Do
Liable to
implies an
undesirable, untoward
contingency.
the word
interchangeablywith likely.
in the sense
Mad:
Mad
is a puerility.
of angry
Majority^ plurality:A candidate is given a majority of votes
when he pollsmore
than the total given to all the other candidates;
a
not
use
he
plurality,when
gets
than
more
the
candidate
just below
him.
Manufacture,
manufactory: The
qf making or the
process
product made, not the place of making, is correctlydesignated
mxinufacture.
Use
Materialize:
meaning. Avoid
this
g..
sentence
the
Mortal:
a
in the
Minus
Afterour
minus
Ifs
such
with
as.
regard
some
to
its
primary
evening.
Minus:
e.
this word
sense
of
lacking,deprivedof,is a vulgarism,
noticed
that
we
were
picnicbasket.
Do
not
use
mortal
indiscriminately
as
an
intensive,e.
g.,
mortal shame.
drivinghis
Nervy: Do
is slang when
Notice
car.
not
used
prefer nervy
in the
(verb): Note
sense
to
courageous,
of brazen
implies
more
The
spirited.
word
-assurance.
self
careful
observation
than
notice.
carefully,
using part
THE
when
"f
in mind
have
you
is
process
Party: Do
OF
division
write
not
beside
party when
'part
step.
or
mean
you
that
remembering
person,
g,, A
e,
stout
me.
in
Perfect
43
WORDS
of and
particularly a stage
more
STANDING
the
of vttery
sense
doumright is
literaiy
not
English.
Prefer
Post:
(he
inform
post in such
to
sentences
Post
as.
yourself on
Plumb:
Plumb
is
but
emphatic
an
quial
generally undesirably collo-
Prescribe, proscribe:
proscribe is to outlaw
remedy;
Preventative
Remember
Propose:
tempted
pose
to
to
is
There
it in the
use
answer
the
such
avoided
Provoke
in
even
rule
to
or
offer
of
or
preventive.
when
propose,
purpose;
as,
you
/ donH
are
pro-
question.
your
vex:
Use
of intend
for
word.
derivation
sense
give
to interdict.
or
no
is to
suggestion,business,
in the
of annoy
sense
colloquial English.
Keep
should
vex
or
in mind
etc.
be
derivation
the
of the word.
Railroad
Railroad:
great and
word
sewage,
that
A
to
which
with
have
body:
at
Do
clearly in mind
Transpire:
The
word
remark,
a
verb
plying
im-
the
dignity of the
the latter.
sewerage,
the
system
of
sewers,
statement
be confused
Student
is
overlook
not
Distinguish between
Statement:
not
Do
with
as
haste.
improper
compared
as
Sewerage:
and
often
used
colloquialism when
disclosures:
Revelations,
former
is
more
less
or
or
formal
utterance,
observation, assertion.
not
use
the
students
means
set
an
undesirable
as
to become
group
known,
rather
not
to
ism.
colloquialunless
than
as
happen.
you
dividual
in-
44
WORDS
EXERCISES
suggested that
1. When
said she
lived somewhere
banking
all
you
of the
abroad
now
seems
mA:^, but I
very
suitable memorial.
18.
During
my
chum.
20.
My
21.
Each
amount
to
When
$300
I reached
our
He
in
22.
year.
to take
23.
is not
about
this matter,
32.
address
so
It
soon
of
deal of trouble.
disastrous
likes him
that Wilson
our
to
or
house.
infer that
will
great ^.
next
game
not.
28.
you
27.
shot.
33.
fortunate
Un-
Saturday.
Although I don't
are
right.
surelybe elected.
what
25.
This sociable
they have
After you
30.
29.
one
a
have
It
These
done.
would
first^ate. 24.
found
after he had
deal with
folks in
all Hie
alwajrsgabbing about
was
I don't
to, but
collegeexpenses
my
Everybody
he wishes
know
grind.
University
real
figured that
happened ia
15. If all
pleasurein doctoringus
of the Bible class donated fiftycents
often
are
freshfellotos
may
13. Our
14. If cheek
to the
care
littleperson
if you
Going
12.
agent.
to donate
collegeI made
home, I found
half-back
11. Mr.
graduate.
to
sure
go
may
10. All
room.
picnic.
much
for the
sure
member
picnic fund.
same
be
grandmother seemed
the
26.
first year
my
dead
confer favors
am
launch
do go, you
19. Translate
children.
to
16. You
If you
17.
this year.
choose to go.
army
be
may
7. To
crop
in the
through college,he is
him
its members
a
bumper
fraternitybunked
Federal
6. One
large.
at
Everybody
4.
5. The
Gettysburg.
have
justreceived
has
capital.
9. We
day long.
Williams
at
George
3.
man.
the
botheration to
the members
the
in the world
as
his henchmen
a
all-round
an
around
hoUow
collegeas well
8. It's
is
go
plucky littlehalf-back.
the
on
upon
should
we
agreeable, 2. He
was
Washington
beat in
tences
followingsen-
"
was
in the
italicized words
I. Criticise the
31.
long
public
caught
THE
OF
STANDING
45
WORDS
the
burglar,the
84.
An
next
had last
36. To A^i^fts
a candidate
nightju^ the biggestio2^(/2cafum.
in American
to be a kind of diversion
politics. 37. You
seems
such
to lick him.
time
lump
After the
38.
Think
39.
Shakespeare.
40.
that
had
woman
she
had
been
taken
spare
to the
chiefs.
liftedseveral handker-
I reached
tired when
mortal
was
certainlycan't
you
of the Elizabethan
moment
he;
as
drama
home.
minua
It's
41.
it down
planked
making
Buying
49.
or
push?
51.
You
this afternoon
in front of
the convalescent.
the United
pileof
do with such
one
stillseems
to
to succeed
it comes
Committee
"You
are
Hundreds
my
65.
The
devotes
made
has
sational
sen-
of
Japanese have
to
emigrated into
portant
im56. Dances
are
an
during the past month.
the lifeof our littlecollege. 57. The unruly member
most
brother
were
took
59.
am
ingly
exceed-
Every conscientious
fixingher children.
all else is power.
61. The
62.
The
divided
Pacifists' Club.
between
and
time
my
63.
to mathematics.
brother
I received
the
and
self;
.my-
balance.
truly
was
throughout the game
when
inspiredto cheer lustily,
Everybody was
attitude of the
66.
not
60.
go.
to
desire above
men
father's books
sportsmanlike.
the
railroadinga
States
My
puU
mx"st
either
was
He
to
of Ten
thing which
without
was
mother
me
precious
pretty stiff
a
at the conparticularlya{fgravated
cert
by the conversation of two people sittingjust
55.
/actorin
58.
Well,
money.
can
expect
The
52.
53.
54.
me.
me
regularshark when
propositionthrough.
revelations,
What
do you
are
47.
automobile
an
proposition.50. How
to
seems
nevertheless.
lieadway.48.
much
dunce?
That
Only $3,000?
46.
rooters
out
on
is
46
WORDS
vital to
nothing more
During
68.
much
admire
to
father
stopped for
secured
be
three
weeks
feeding came
his
spite of
first
which
two
by
80.
His
hahii
implied that he
provoking.
is very
of
program
79.
two.
The
the
to
of the father,
poet's
75.
prisoner'sanswers
is its humor.
The
76.
77.
student
In
on
part of his
frettingchild
the
into
body came
will speak plainlyto all of you, men
78.
seemed
Club,
Mothers*
guilty.
was
First of all
question of infant
The
the
protestationsof innocence,
cross-examination
poem
the
on
York,
73.
74.
there
consisted
three witnesses
boy,
mere
New
to
71.
for which
papers,
perfectlyclear.
me
still a
was
first visit
my
to
seems
The
72.
On
one
tion.
concentra-
I found
University of Illinois,
While
69.
70.
at
acquire habits of
to
the
at
in the school,
firstyear
my
great demand.
no
than
located in Kansas.
my
we
student
auditorium
and otherwise,
81. This
capacityto get work done was simply wonderful.
of risingevery
morning at five, I find it very difficult to
maintain.
II. Comment
the
upon
vocabulary
of the
followingspecimens:
"
A.
She
be
must
brings a charge
three
the
have
can't
of
paddock, and
imbecile
prudent
to
"
of
kicks up
can
win
fault
was
he had
Finchley had
no
or
solid foundation
to
last!
woman
or
at
her, husbanded
In
disbelieve what
over
abroad
name
world.
all
the grass
to com
shyest filly
hotch-potch of a dish the
his,and
He
by taking
the
at
the
to hurt
husband.
comes
of his
the
nothing
digestsruefullythe
sure
it before
Lawrence
^I say
be
bind himself
"
independence, and
then
he should
against her
again. You
her home
brings him.
with
he
years' lease
not,
her
I back
woman;
poor
blinking mole-owl.
in the face
a
man
rest
"
monly
com-
should
for his
My
opinion is,
charge, except
STANDmG
THE
his
to
being
imbecile.
an
the bars
jump
OF
wasn't
She
"
of the
one
be
to
47
WORDS
pushed
adventurous
and
open,
women
he did it.
"
Meredith.
B. The
future is,as
the past.
always build
We
the past go
the best
as
This
second
rule,much
It is
semester.
ready
to
the second
C.
"What
"I
want
"
with
one
Idol
he
He
dust
the
Next
time
I will
ifhe
Room
D.
I get
simply
runs
and
away
Much
one
*
say
I had
in
had
to
On'
does it matter
now
portlybodies
upon
the dead
that
on
House
can
for two
time
there
and
will be
people made
lot of
adroit
or
powerful vice,
and
in very
miles and
caught a
Nights picking the
planked
A
Girl
in
came
him
seen
in
one
immediate
to
since.
doings.
And
"
then
George
advantages.
Ade.
What
! Here
be trodden
the
virtue
and
in the
nourished
lain in state
cream
instead of
beds and
they have
cakes
Car
Weight."
of their
I sent
legalizeour
to carry
Chances.
ago
would
I haven't
so
move,
it in
use
take
to
Green
two
Another
Chancery
You're
get
that
he will have
have
Prey already
your
Eighteen Years
sit up
to
I went
he
to
Court
the
Trousseau.
while
have
you
Parchment
happened
Angeles.
Waiting-Room
that this
know
"
missed
of my
out
that the
course,
Theme.
for the
out
she
ambition, and
It is getting too
Heart's
our
is coming,
what
we
Student's
"
ditions.
con-
the Official.
asked
quick Emergency,"
Yellow
prospect.
in the Stockade?
my
it is human
is
semester
freshmen
poor
requirements. But
other
so
impossible for
know
time
same
the
let
looking upon
hope, of
We
and
under
come.
may
do not
We
future may
would
be
is to come,
in
take
might
we
should
we
whatever
meet
one
prospect.
what
upon
we
is the
view
hopes
our
more
much
the
same
and
condition; and
48
WORDS
bishop
not
to
be
distinguishedfrom
spectacles. Such
strongest
lamplighter with
Villon's
was
the
even
cynical philosophy.
"
Stevenson.
that
To
meant
to
all ran
to
classes,under
they used
And
nineteenth
they
The
interest toward
us,
to the visible
or
the
essentially
in
short life,we
that
to
mind
such
as
E.
has
may
done
sandstone
vanian
that
class and
happen
even
and
as
or
yet
be
to
visible
in fineness,
compass,
of which
process,
of
these acts
livelything,reallyworth
or
do,
may
tainly
cer-
our
while
generalizationand
defensible
are
as
"
most
"
^Pater.
notable
and
limestone, whose
rock
at work
for thousands
consists
origindates
of natural
it may
and
which
masks
recognizesincerelywhat
been
to
those
in richness
by the
vital and
the
ever;
that.
The
flower-garden and
the other hand) what
our
whatever
for the
"
have
one
physic
sensuous,
as
abstraction
And
part.
or
interestingthan
more
concrete,
of reduction
generalization,
been
botanic
"
on
behind
persons
of
be confessed
flowers, or
touch.
or
instead
say,
"
the
much,
carry
as
with
of blossoms
hear, is
faces, the
the
so
express
and
see
century
Homer's;
to
yet (itmust
actually see,
we
into formal
speciesand differentia,
as
orchard.
and
gentts
flutteringon
garden,
seed; to
of years,
back
grandeur
to
the
PennsyU
Erosion
ledge. Starved
crevices
Rock
may
of
combination
continent.
our
probably smooth-faced
of
and
one
over
be
this
has
piece
once
considered
THE
STANDING
OF
the
be
can
facts of
express
appeal
to
under
reader.
or
from
meaning of
which
Student's
"
should
be
birds
H.
It
These
its
edge
knowl-
attempts
ideal,offer an
an
tions
considera-
to
nature
and
spent in becoming
the
the dawn
of each
wild
and
trees
quainted
ac-
day brings,
"
Theme.
dawn
was
beauty of
arrival
which
analysis
Such
conscientious
animals, with
and
the
possesses
used.
shake
go
activity,they should
the
the wonder
Student's
person
Theme.
Theme.
should
we
word
any
it was
shoulders, and
our
Vacations
contentment.
Student's
"
when
guardian, over*
experience*observation, or of
of existence
as
it.
thoughts,sympathies, and
the
of the hearer
G.
surrounds
accuratelydetermined
more
of the circumstances
to
It stands
F. In
49
WORDS
bom
new
the
and
day.
whole
The
world
to
the
was
sun
awakening
was
open
window
of
the hard
and
confronted
I. None
who
him.
him
met
friends
when
the
Student's
was
the
same
who
man
laughing round
would
had
have
often
table, from
boy
"
him
listeningand
struck four.
J. How
summoned
been
kept
the
time
Garden
^Macaulay.
much
in the poem
more
"
genuine
poem
an
whether
education
in
is that
conception or
of the poor
in ezecutiout
60
WORDS
of the most
one
touching in
"
gleaner" in
^who,
language
our
mother's
his widowed
field and
narrow
in the wide
not
with
home,
outfit
'
contrived
the
and
for himself
right over,
and
his
An
into
won't
last
the two
things he will do
into
climb
and
the mossy
fashion
to
waves,
^Newman.
"
As
me.
shop,
soon
as
I get
heavyweight champion
Fulton."
extra
various
with
world's
new
the tradesman's
smuggler'shut,
the
forty minutes
there will be
will be Fred
name
and
K.' "Willard
the
few supplied
the quay,
from
and
moor,
books
mentioned
name
of the
most
Orleans
ring
on
breezed
day describingthe
to the aforementioned
New
above
Jess Willard
March
4.
when
^American
"
Newspaper.
"'Ready, No.
out
your
Fritz
was
Why,
Bayonet
at
'em.
'Ead
1.
neck
to
up.
Now
Tickle
try to get
life. Clean
Comment
English of
casus
'em.
De
no
sticking
use
see
you
each
That's
and
see,
Quick down
when
fatal.
Keep
of the
you
point and
wakened
'is
bayonet out
againstthe opposite
gun
in mind
upon
the
pulled your
you
for
you're fightin'
"
^American
paper.
News-
the
belli,
comme
with
so
in.
It's
up.
your
down, bayonet
il favt,con
am/ore,
de
ad hominem,
au
faU,
STANDING
THE
dSshabilUf
cordiale,
in
entre
le
tdo,
(think
lift
of
as
that
dumpy
low
is
an
station),
aim
(in
(dress),
down
calaboose,
insect
of
pesky,
(very
kind),
any
dumps),
coon's
mean),
tuckered
you
bulldoze,
bob-sled,
funk,
slip
(to
vbit
age,
one
over.
have
drawers,
tram,
skedaddle,
depot
jell, faze,
cracker
talk
(noun),
with),
carry
applied
(as
complected,
jigger
gumption,
aroint,
out,
cinch,
tucker,
and
all, bib
place
some
(good-natured),
clever
carpet-bagger,
mugwump,
reckon
bonanza,
of
re,
pro
se,
per
adverb),
an
chest
finished),
in
extenso,
(overshoes),
chunk,
chump,
has
blatherskite,
the
as
booking-clerk,
(he
in
oblige,
gums
used
{smart
smart
through
(intend),
person),
right
vest,
erUente
passant,
en
noblesse
dicta,
pants,
goods-train,
(meaning
(escort),
noire,
adverb),
an
ilk, he
(railroad
rig
expect),
or
mirabUe
masse,
en
gemvUichkeit,
KvUur,
lihris,
ex
bUe
rosa,
terrible,
enfant
ensemble,
(elevator),
bug
to
rums,
tout
sub
Jomva,
(used
famille,
en
51
WORDS
OF
dinky,
rubbers,
get
to
go,
CHAPTER
IV
SPELLING
Words
1.
in
single
double
e.
that
the
other
in
As
8.
ing,
i^ent
retained
the
sound.
4.
both
with
6.
to
guttural
have
2^.
E.
g.,
On
die, dying
double
(compare
plural, whenever
when
the
it is
in
y
the
with
y
is
guttural
sufilxes
odd,
adding;
and
(k)
retain
begin
oddly.
changes
the
t^ before
the
dyeing).
change
the
preceded
by
preceded
ample,
ex-
coming
ordinarily
the
drops
If, for
outrageous.
the
add,
g.,
suggest
consonant
consonant,
usually
ending
nouns
word
in the
ever,
is, how-
g.
vowel;
might
and
sufilxes, whether
ie
The
have
to
appear
E,
with
its omission
as
with
beginning
moving.
in noticeable, the
case
frolic, frolicking;
beginning
consonants
c
ing
end-
forms
by
^
a
to
The
consonant
vowel.
Compare
ladies
mmikeys.
7.
ei
and
ie.
When
spelling is ordinarily
in
in
derivative
sufilxes
and
when
consonant
before
would
similar
ing, final
is retained
and
vowel
before
or
Singular
of the
after
ending
Before
6.
a
vowel
vowel,
traffic, trafficking.
movement
such
of
omitted
were
consonants
a
rule
begins beginning.
words:
sufilxes
vowel
the
in
following
before
lovable,
before
Words
the
omitted
We
after
is retained
mispronunciation
before
of
haUfvl and
compare
ing
end-
as
with
beginning
jdane, planed)
physic, physicking;
and
consonant
-ed
or
rule
(compare,
syllable and
single vowel
sufilxes
k is inserted
panic, panicky;
before
by
final
that
-2^,
the
upon
preceded
consonant
hand,
Note
2.
accent
consonant
plaritplanned
g.y
the
bearing
the
list of
words
the
ie
except
commonly
sound
after
is
c.
that
the
Exceptions
misspelled.
52
of
When
vowel
e,
will
be
the
sound
the
found
is
63
SPELLING
not
will be found
in
the
EXERCISES
I.
words:
"
II. Add
of the followingwords:"
III.
Huzza,
sway,
play,lay,stay.
IV.
"
elf,pity,colloquy,8, it.
money,
MISSPELLED
COMMONLY
abundance
aggravate
arc
abstinence
agreeable
ark
accept 1
altar 1
arctic
except 1
alter J
artistically
accessible
accommodate
aisle
isle
assent
assistance
all
adherence
ascent
achievement
acquaintance
acquiesce
together 1
altogether
all
ready
attendance
j
auger
augur
advice
already
advise
alley 1
balance
adviser
aUy
beach
affect
angel 1
beech
angle J
believe
effect J
autumn
"
WORDS
54
beneficent
cemetery
beneficial
censor
berth
birth J
counsel
censure
consul
chiffonier
countenance
boar
choir 1
bore
quire J
bom
circuit
borne
cite
counterfeit
currant
current
cylinder
dealt
bough 1
site
bow
council
decent
sight,
brake
clothes
break
cloths
descent
dissent
definite
breadth
coalesce
dependence
breath
breathe
bridal
bridle
1
1
coarse
descendant
course
despicable
collar
colonel
Britain
color
buoy
column
business
conunittee
busy
comparison
desert
dessert
deterred
calendar
compliment
calender
complement
dew
due
die
dye J
diphtheria
concede
diphthong
conceive
disappoint
condenm
disapprove
confectionery
discernible
conferred
dissipate
capitalI
capitoli
conscientious
divisible
contagious
dose
carat
convalescent
doze
cord
drought
candidate
canon
cannon
canvass
canvas
carrot
carburetor
chord
carriage
cordially
dud
ceiling
corps
eighth
celebrate
corpse
eligible
duall
55
SPELLING
eliminate
gnevance
lead
embarrass
guarantee
led
especiaUy
guilt1
leisure
exaggerate
gilt
exceed
lessen \
lesson
gypsy
exhilaratioa
harass
liar
existence
haul
lyre I
height
lightning
feint J
heinous
liquefy
fallacy
hindrance
loose 1
faint
falUble
farcical
fascinate
feasible
February
fiend
forcible
four
lose
hoard
horde
hole
whole
'
forehead
foretell
maintenance
maneuver
mantel
homily
homogeneous
hypocrisy
mantle
hymn
fore 1
idle
marriage
marshal
martial
meant
val)
{or mediae-
medieval
idol
idyl
metal
illegible
mettle
incidentally
millionaire
independent
mischief
indict 1
missal
indite 1
missile
indictment
monastery
movable
frantically
ingenious
ingenuous
intelligence
friend
irresistible
fulfillor fulfil
its 1
naphtha
gallery
it's/
naught
goddess
jealousy
nought
government
jeopardy
naval
granmiar
languor
niece
forfeit
formally \
formerly J
fort
forte
forty
fourteen
forth
fourth
muscle
{or
mustache
tache)
mous-
B6
WORDS
ninety
nymph
oar
ore
obstacle
occasionally
occurred
occurrence
omission
onmiscient
onerous
optimist
ordinance
ostensible
oxidize
oxygen
parallel
parliament
participial
passable
pastime
peace
piece
pealing 1
peeling J
perceive
perform
perhaps
permissible
persistence
persuade
phosphorus
physical
plain 1
plane
pneumatic
pneumonia
67
58
WORDS
Cincinnati
Disraeli
Eliot
(George)
Eurydice
Gettysburg
Hague
Hawaii
Hazlitt
Honolulu
Huguenots
Johnson
Jonson
Maoaulay
Manila
CHAPTER
PRONUNCIATION
Correct
careless
of
his
speech;
omits,
familiar
The
of this
effect
distinctions.
Three
On
sound.
should
bring
voice
the
careful
to
is
one
speaker
of
apparatus
The
Accent.
French,
tends
guide
to
This
rule
rather
while
protect
the
or
the
in other
is the
for such
us
accent
than
general
to
the
as
times
some-
do
not
help
to
The
word.
the
use
cal
physi-
skilful
workman
unlike
that
away
from
what
is known
is not,
so
from
widely
the
that
frequent
one
the
In
error.
certain
is sometimes
penult (the
last
Uke
More
in
maiisoleum
than
accentuation;
59
one
but
or
in many
words
syllable but
may
tion
atten-
tempted
the
the
miiseumy
reason
of
accent
only unremitting
be
cases
cessive
re-
suflS-
words,
the
as
the
of
of the
end
however,
Indeed
accentuation.
mischievous
on
reverse.
errors
accent
by
varies
climacteric
place
single
or
is
with
they
of
end
effort
an
characterized
correct
English words
will
the
draw
to
accent.
Uke
he
away
to
where
he
articulate.
do
to
^English pronunciation,
"
it is thus
cient
which
transition
the
at
deftly
as
with
leveled
are
easy
makes
speech
pronounce
it easier to
of sounds
an
who
to
of rest
state
those
sounds
the
make
his untrained
his hands.
employs
word;
four
hand,
these
habits
is in part
introduction
the
to
slovenly
to
effort
finds
he
laziness
or
other
the
leads
belong,
vocal
The
betrayed by
them
for
which
those
or
is
require special
that
pronunciation.
expressiveness
substitutes
he
or
correct
undisciplined mind
Sounds
more
sacrifices
speaker
voice.
includes
English
to
one),
end);
tion
tempta-
suggested
it will be
60
WORDS
found
that
wrong
one.
Furthermore,
pronunciation of
the
hand,
have
the
verb
e.
and
that have
noun
and
annex
g.
of
care
itself.
One
Substitution.
sounds
vowel
moment's
letter
or
with
and
for
The
9.
with
have
appear
is
ew
in but.
sound
e.
words
as
Omitted
in
to
to
vowels
Double
our
relativelylittle
that your
tion
pronunciathis
with
first o in
sound,
preposition,
lead
English spellingsometimes
For
example, bear, though
with
a-sound
our
e-sound; and
the
spelled
whereas
of stew
ew
to
and
of drew.
ew
m,
vowel
various
This, sometimes
the
that of
impediment.
our
level
marked
some
n,
there is
sounds
with
persons
tendency
to that which
the
inverted
the
inverted
student, yellow,figure,poem.
Sounds.
-ing,the ^sound
See
it for the
pronounced
with
that
word
in the
with
sound
conclude
not
speech
pronunciation
11.
not
change the
to
final sound
this
to
substitutions
conunon
before
I,r, and particularly
Before
have
of
is
pronounced
in careless
we
for i in
or
appear
is like the
10.
words
it does
where
will show
substituted
not
pronunciation.
like
ea
do
to-morrow
inconsistencies
of
errors
ordinarilytake
tendency is
in instrument,
new
comparison of
fellow and
that you
most
syllables to the
effort is needed
of
^The
"
syllables. The
of such
China.
if this is
several
accent
We
noun.
accent;
in
needs, however,
in unaccented
appear
the other
^., interest.
e.
Sound
8.
or
will
stress
verb
consideringthe primary
identical form
affix.Ally,on
whether
accent,
same
far been
so
right stress
the
"
Sounds
in final
frequently omitted
pt
or
st, and
are
the
g-
61
PRONUNCIATION
for
country the
pronounced
r-sound
like
Intrusive
18.
from
or
one
is
often
In
omitted.
certain
Farther
sections
of
the
should
not
be
father.
Sounds.
at the
him,
aUitude.
end
sound
I put my
particularlywhen
WORDS
of
"
word,
to
^The
liquid r
or
where
another.
We
umbrella-r-up;and
a
vowel
COMMONLY
stillmore
follows,e.
troduced
infrequently in-
is not
g,^ the
MISPRONOUNCED
hear
common
idea-r-of it
I
is
saw-r-
idea-r,
62
WORDS
SENTENCES
SECTION
ONE
GRAMMAR
Students
of
is much
grammar
tions.
no
It
should
conventions
will
commend
than
hard
that
able
to
ease
of
uses
precision.
is not
and
units
The
words,
in
of
phrases,
having,
whether
word
And
to
with
he
nominative
certain
these
may
lute,
abso-
kinds
of
constantly
contribute
they
remember
that
explicit logic;
often
hkely
though
wherever
should
we
knowledge
is
even
the
more
of
writer
practise
them
use
what
mar
gram-
its natural
logical relations
leave
inferred.
be
to
should
the
not
resourcefulness
infinitive, or
the
expressions
spontaneous
and
example,
people
composition
rule, will be
variety
all,we
at
Nevertheless,
of
it
were
everywhere
as
of civilized
respect.
concerned
always
Here
students
for
arbitrary regula-
language
unpractised
We
might readily
or
ways
that
attention,
our
constructions,
explain them;
we
the
of the
The
participial phrases.
that
rules.
young
less obvious
to
the
our
us
English.
particular
so
to
of
the
use
grammatical
gives
grammar
neglect the
be
fast
to
are
demand
itself to
and
idiomatic
we
regulate
but
require
reminded
be
to
system
sure,
according
which
deserve
only
If
this.
it
use
be
to
need
than
more
would,
than
more
often
English
we
group,
like
are
or
expression which
and
a
clauses.
sentence,
dealing
with
the
clause
subject
this
with
simpler
63
into
enter
differs
and
sentence
from
of
phrase
predicate.
comparatively
units
are
expression
But
complex
that
we
64
SENTENCES
have
in word
and
should
phrase,we
remember
that
of adverb; that
adjective and
clauses.
Of
it is
course
say
adverbial
adjectiveand
is to
impossibleto
there
are
adverbial
write without
ing
employ-
varied
We
amplify
coordinate
Coordinate
phrases,or clauses.
which
those
be
the
of the
structure
adjectiveclause
an
or
an
of
words,
are
of
as
element
sentence
be
may
by the coordinate
subordinate
in
presented
are
being united
A
elements, which
subordinate
and
sentences,
our
it may,
for instance,
by the relative pronouns
sentence;
introduced
adverbial
clause, introduced
such
by
If the sentence
tains
conconjunctionsas because, if,when, etc.
clause it is a simple sentence
but one
(e.g,, God is good
or
more
declare the
heavens
The
heavens
declare the
handiwork); and
clauses, it is
Thou
gloryof God);
and
if it contains
complex
art with
gloryof God
sentence
if it contains
sentence
two
(e,g.. The
or
more
or
his
subordinate
evil for
positions
com-
cess,
unpractised writers, coordination is used to exthat give
resultingin a stringof unqualifiedstatements
equal prominence to principaland subsidiarydetails. It is to
of
be remembered,
that
guage
lan-
with
however,
mere
65
GRAMMAR
make
to
try
employ
which
relation
(e.g.. Come
logicalcategory
you
the
verbs
which
sentence
of the
is not
only less
here
be
to
of this
me.
see
fit
some
will
inevitablybe
subordination.
should
And
recognizeat
English idiom
The
and
driven
to master
the varied
the
means
of
saying that we
time the flexibility
of
and the same
necessity of clear thought.
relativelyunfamiliar
act
of writing
to
seems
often
to
crease
in-
diflSculties of
former, expressinghimself
conscious
His
with
the embarrassment
that
tends
at-
course.
dis-
words
of them.
CHAPTER
VI
THE
The
be
may
noun
NOUN
defined
the
as
of
name
place,
person,
thing.
or
Common
and
used
name
individual,
g.^ John.
e.
classes
Other
of
abstract
Proper
object
condiLct
on
adoption
of
conceived
be
the
do
except
The
object
to
as
an
of
express
compouna
verb
and
with
of
name
form,
to
reference
concrete
an
pound
com-
to
ing,
mean-
(martyr),
nouns
infinitive
is the
object
best
see
preposition,
policy
be
For
e.
is to
the
87.
verbal
g..
an
labor
is to
moral
put
participialphrase,
possession,
p.
without
or
effectuallychecked
was
of
with
is to be lost. To
It may
System.
my
Phrase
hesitate
plane.
going home,
of
the
examinations
at
compounding
of the
reference
Noun
be
honesty
the Honor
of
The
g., To
e.
low
very
about, my
spoke
thai
say
Cheating
g.y
may
modifiers,
or
To
pray.
e.
phrase
noun
in
have
(electorate).
noims
(a)
The
capitaUzed.
are
with
are,
class
is the
nouns
is
noun
of
noun
(martyrdom)^
nouns
collective
proper
nouns
common
members
nouns
and
The
boy.
g.,
^The
"
what
designate
to
e,
common,
Nouns.
Proper
e.
in
noun
gr..
The
the
-ing
dean
phrase might
noun
There
by
is
nothing
can
regrets.
is of course
one
process
of
kinds.
being
many
terrify of noun
pronoun;
of great
antiquity, the
Lmfest, for example, is
and
verb,
etc.
Note
ments
elepounded
com-
the
between
the elements
of the
variety of relations
following compounds:
drawbridge, sleeping-car, fishing-rod, baseball, laughing-gas, bookworm,
bookmark,
drawing-room.
sea-anemone,
"
66
THE
(6)
A clause is often the
That
without
Darwin's
67
Noun
The
Clause
objectof
the
subjector
theory is
saying. I
NOUN
commonly
very
clauses
InterrogativeAdverb
subject is
introduced
him
What
tell you
not
can
mistaken.
was
I wonder
when
who
I wonder
if he is
he is.
he is coming.
clause is the
noun
This
objectivecase.
to
My
go.
ready for
its
infinitive,
construction
is often
I say
can
could
standing we
to go
ahead
and
make
us.
be the object of
clause may
noun
study of
our
by for.
I wished
the camp
of the
in the
goes
by subordinate conjunctions,
interrogativeadverbs.
and
coming.
InterrogativePronoun:
verb
"
introduced
are
the
of
am
interrogativepronouns,
When
verb:
misunderstood,
except that
see
am
sorry.
preposition.
From
system
where
of French
we
and
were
man
Ger-
trenches.
noun
complement
is
noun
that
of the verb.
Wilson
was
elected President.
EXERCISES
I. Analyze each
of the
followingcompound
nouns:
"
pickpocket, merry-go-rounds,
68
SENTENCES
II. Give
An
infinitive
object of
the
as
phrase
verb;
object of
the
as
preposition;a clause
of
clause
verb;
the
as
verb;
the
in each
that
1. If I work
we
could
If you
4.
we
in
which
pattern of
time.
"
nation
^Lyly.
the
turn
to
clause.
noun
sentence
have
we
right.
5.
When
6.
While
diflSculties. 7. Before
many
what
definitely
dose
hesitated.
love her.
your
going
are
you
he is such
right but
fellow;it's
young
surrounding country.
phrases and
noun
IS.
Please go
in the
clauses
noun
"
from
some
did
not
like
nothing else
and
3. Lords
it is whereof
praying whenever
are
would
you
and
of the
princelymind,
their progresses
or
lost because
know
one
We
2.
sure
war
disheartened
are
provide for
to
as
no
out
to
is not
fine view
Point
They
reward
am
taken
going
following sentences:
1.
often
should
you
Freedom
10.
get
is
have
8. After I had
pity.
here
We
3.
ill. 9. He
"
write,
to
object of
of the revised
effectiveness
will encounter
begin
so
phrase
noun
doing this,you
you
followingsentences
a
the
as
infinitive
possessivepronoun.
cross-roads,
are
very
infinitive clause
the
you
to say.
preposition;an
ject
the ob-
as
original:
reached
have
you
of
clause
object of
the
as
the object of
working.
are
verb;
of them
of the
subject of
the rhetorical
Compare
with
as
object of a preposition;
verb; a participial
the
as
subject of
the
"
infinitive phrase
an
participial
phrase
subjectof a verb; an
phrase preceded by
noun
use
the
as
verb;
verb;
infinitive phrase
an
as
clause
III. Rewrite
the
subject of
the
as
participial
phrase
phrase
followingconstructions:
of the
examples
are.
ye
Supreme authority of
"
but
to
the
^Milton.
nation
of
4.
^Fuller.
2. O
noble
sticks to drive
cut
Commons
"
away
England, consider
There
is no
in
the
what
doubt
but the
and
right to
that
governs.
Defoe.
"
Swift.
letters.
"
the laws
execute
to
power,
I can*t
5.
upon
any
tell whether
impossiblefor
It is
6.
69
NOUN
THE
to want
me
Steele.
"
was
journal
to entertain
means
own
of
an
at what
great rage
valet, who
My
7.
like these
you
it
his sword.
"
^Addison.
His
"
of diction, when
graces
in search of
us
to
interest to
rarelythey
thoughts. Johnson.
by the war
expense
new
persuade us that
have
we
The
10.
"
enormous
an
how
consider
we
were
employed
in America
and
our
it is their
money.
"
Boswell.
Write
V.
will appear
in which
sentences
followingnoun
objects:
subjects,(b) as
(a) as
phrases
"
worked
to have
To
the
one*s way
through college,
studying at night.
Write
VI.
be used
in which
sentences
the
following clauses
will
I had
made
failed,I
was
Special Rules
14.
Do
omit
not
the
apostrophe where
it is needed
as
take
the
the
Singular nouns
ending
only where
possessive
Dickens's; conscience'
Empedodes's;
B.
other
Plural
Essex*
nouns
or
in
euphony
not
the s-sound
or
does not
forbid.
of
Dickens*
conscience's;Empedodes*
not
Essex^s.
ending
in
take
the
nouns
apostrophe only;
uninflected
in the
70
SENTENCES
g,y
C.
The
nominative
e,
in which
two
or
more
BrowrCs
Shoe
there
When
D.
Store not
are
nouns
the end
Smith's
two
the
possessiveplural,
of business
names
proper
in
appear,
firms, etc.,
take
of the phrase.
and
Brown's
Shoe
only
Smith
one
and
Store.
in the
possessivecase, one
signof the possessive.
nouns
house.
E.
Do
not
use
hers not
pronouns;
F. The
the
sign
of the
her's;theirs
not
possessivewith
personal
so-called
"
16.
Many
foreign words
that have
become
lish
part of the Eng-
There
ever,
is,howlanguage retain their foreign plural forms.
words
in the usual way;
a strong tendency to inflect these
in
some
data;
16.
certain
bacilli;
formulae
formula,
memorandums;
or
alumnae;
bacillus,
axes;
alumnus,
alumni;
inflection
is
missible.
per-
analysis, analyses;
cherubim
cherubs;
or
memorandum,
formulas;
or
datum,
memoranda
trousseaux.
without
clause
be
cases
English
or
cherub,
trousseau,
quoted
an
foreign
alumna,
Examples:
axis,
either
cases
71
NOUN
THE
regularly
the
used
introductory
subject,
as
that
object,
in
may
predicate
or
substantive.
'He
spoke
steals
Who
favorite
of
King
trash,"
steals
purse
said,
is
there
sentence
Arthur.
was
the
in
sentence
I have
of
thai
following
the
perfectly
been
without
of informality.
tone
privilege
no
omission
justifiable
The
of
my
said
was
of
one
father's
my
quotations.
I have
your
slander,"
no
candid
responsibility.
in
other
with
the
Compare
examples:
gives
cases
two
to
forms
"
you,
is the
with
you
you;
that
best
can
say
for
myself.
I have
That
for
or
for
candid
perfectly
been
is the
best
can
say
is the
best
can
say
myself.
I have
perfectly
been
candid
with
myself.
My
idea
is
we
should
My
idea
is that
we
go
should
at
once.
go
at
once.
CHAPTER
THE
"pencils.
two
Adjectives
predicate,
a
of
The
Believing
finished the
the task
will ^eem
that
Note
vary
to
the
the
the
Do
or
participial.
the church.
Having
Once
neglect
not
It
example.
transition
finished,
the
struction
con-
for
makes
from
the
tence
sen-
been
written,
church.
the
clause.
Since
"
What
I believe
we
participialadjective phrase
of
structure
and
animated
our
but
sentences,
than
the
first
The
as
modifier
example
I do, I
classify conventionally
not
is
only helps
an
(6)
or
adjective
relative
The
clause
Adjective
is introduced
explicitlylogical
more
adverb.
72
Clause
by
us
expression
construction.
The
for
opportunity
participialadjective
adverbial
an
have
the
rapid
more
easy
cases
honestly join
as
an
for
in many
that
might
cannot
last
factory.
unsatis-
precedes.
equivalent
above
the
as
serves
of mighty
man
class-room.
to you.
or
Phrase
honestly join
in
often
and
appositive,
ansv"er
this construction);
nothing
as
this
find
(note
occurrence
illustrated
conciseness
g,, I
assigned, he leftthe
task
blue housey
sometimes
prepositional, A
I do, I cannot
as
g.,
red hai;
adjective
Adjective
are
rare
e.
emphasis oflfered by
added
to
An
object,
Adjective phrases
e.
noun;
attributive,
are
is red.
(a)
circumstance
limits
or
and
complementary
is
ADJECTIVE
adjective describes
An
Vn
relative
pronoun
whom
The
person
The
spot where
you
have
house
my
73
ADJECTIVE
THE
mentioned
is an
is situated commands
surrounding country.
The
The
relative clause
non-restrictive
above
examples
which
the
of
each
sentence.
not
contain
to
necessary
The
an
Both
commas.
to
understanding of the
sentence:
is situated north
of the
restriction
understanding of
presents an example
the
of the oldest
is one
of the
an
campus,
non-restrictive.
non-restrictive
is either restrictive or
clause
is
adds
"
the
buildingson
library.
"
EXERCISES
I. Point out
in the followingpassage
also
predicate adjectives,and
adjectiveclauses.
the
adjective phrases
and
"
These
boys congregated
fisher-village,
where
The
of youog
many
certain
easterly
ence.
they tasted in a high degree the glory of existfor the diversion
created seemingly on purpose
place was
gentlemen.
of them
about
autumn
every
street
tiled;a number
or
two
of houses,
mostly red
the
and
manse
and
the
kirkyard, and
shop with
penny
Journal^ dear
to
me
for its
startlingpictures,and
such, as well
suggestivenames:
Stevenson.
the ingredientsof the town.
as
memory
few
novels,
serves
me"
"
II. For
substitute
74
SENTENCES
phrases, and
of the
sentence:
1. The
is
until to-morrow,
themselves.
soon
power.
7. The
student
who
had
likelyto fail.
is situated
on
who
runner,
reached
the
who
man
loves
his
hotel which
much
faint and
is
will
ease
disturbed
about
breathless,fell as
who
man
Hke
we
4. Youth
Avenue.
very
6. He
goal.
3. The
Wabash
was
time, is likelyto
on
is in the habit of
people generallyare
5, The
he had
as
is
other
any
period when
altered effect
the
upon
student, who
2. The
better than
case
"
student, who
succeed.
work
in each
comment
never
succeed.
what
he has
8. The
been
told
III. Substitute
adjectivesin
followingphrases, (a) adjectivephrases, (b) adjective
the
clauses:
book,
simple or
modified
"
influential
An
for the
an
man,
uninterested
worthy undertaking, a
spectator,
Special Rules
an
honorable
for the
very
interesting
peace.
Adjective
The
when
when
the reference
17.
Brown's
Mr.
Mr.
explanations,
Do
is to
Brown's
than
more
seems
to
seem"s
to
me
me
Wrong: Of the
the best. Right: Of
two.
tvjo
planations,
ex-
the two
the better.
in the
eper
not
use
seen.
19.
Do
not
omit
other when
words
any
the
Avoid
jectives:
particularlythe use of the following words as adThem, plenty,near-by. Note, however, that certain
be used
as
ordinarilyused as adverbs
adjectives:
may
THE
above
{The
Above
the
Other
cry),
afar
assodaiion),
the
preferred
be
idiom
permits
the
(an
extempore
of
use
state
looked
She
this
pretty
very
than
rather
condition
or
to
adjective
predicate
the
the
reference
Right:
degree.
or
manner
Cook
evening.
extempore
adjective.
an
as
pare
com-
otherwise
to
East;
(the near
near
riot), outside
near
should
English
21.
president of
speech).
(the
colloquial,
(the then
train), hither
(the dawn
down
quotation)
hither
75
ADJECTIVE
beef
He
rare.
stands
which
noun
the
himself
It
1.
was
St. For
Bible
3.
4.
In
brief
fight and
the
church
this
The
student
of
omission
should
the
iarize
famil-
"
fierce.
Johnson
than
greater
the
translation
of
the
its social.
less than
was
permits
following examples:
the
moment
cases
modifies.
adjective
with
a
the
in many
idiom
English
22.
donned
social
the
the
has
suppliant's
into
come
robe.
conflict
with
the
ligious
re-
life.
Modem
and
man
a
English frequently
true
is not
true
adjectives that
dead,
pure,
left,etc.
was
list of
a
and
phrases:
"
is the
noun?
as
a
on
teacher
of the
noun
and
logical relation
the
sick
after
Eliot).
good
the
man
good
and
possessive
the
Remember
past
participle with
of the
parting kiss,
as
noun;
independently:
of the
uses
sick leave,
English
and
coupling
idiomatic
asylum,
What
the
pairs
place of the
life (George
low, thick
the
the
omission
frequently used
high and
Note
in Modern
troublous
Compare
lunatic
van.
the
are
in such
23.
easy
Compare
one.
Maggie's
case:
as
in
one
uses
adjectives in the
retired list,a
a
room,
in each
case
the
stantive
sub-
employed.
following
retiring aJlowanee,
return
between
ticket, a moving
the
adjective
CHAPTER
Vm
THE
is
adverb
An
adverb.
another
or
of manner,
of
the
Note
sentences:
degree,
of
uses
We
adverbial
adverbs
adverbs
as
in
the
following
the
following
The
Adverbial
sentences:
use.
the
near
remained
at
adverbial
assigned task.
time
and
place,
in
phrases
the
"
I have
He
is unselfish
the
to take
To
care
of
judge from
thousand
people
infinitive
of
on
condition
the
my
athletic
often
to my
am
I should
field.
too
us
to
I have
fneans.
able
say
^Note
"
helps
am
mother.
the noise
afauU.
to
home
adjectives,
result, condition.
purpose,
italicized
the
verbs,
degree,
manner,
denote
may
of
uses
any
qften
am
Phrase
phrases modify
ha^ seriously. I
that
meant
Besides
phrases
Note
several
classified
place.
italicized
adverbial
adverbs.
other
I live
of
adjective,
an
nearly home.
are
adverbs,
Like
the
of time,
the
(a)
tired
be
may
verb,
"
weary.
modifies
Adverbs
speaking seriously. I
am
and
which
word
ADVERB
make
to
perform
there
that
a
the
were
verbial
ad-
sentence
compact.
more
(b)
Adverbial
and
other
The
Adverbial
Clause
modify
verbs, adjectives,
THE
Note
the
of the
uses
followingsentences:
arrived
He
as
italicized adverbial
clauses
in the
"
soon
I did.
as
There, where
study
77
ADVERB
When
you
teachers,you
may
heart's content.
to your
Adverbial
clauses
relative
conjunctions,by
introduced
be
may
by
subordinate
interrogativepronouns,
or
by
or
relative adverbs.
Examples: I
who
uncertain
We
make
may
clauses:
I should
course
There, where
are.
you
to pass
which
uncertain
am
his father
us
was
go,
take.
am
cided
bom, he deif you
following classification of
the
say
so.
adverbial
"
ResultBut
that: I
So that:
Manner
As:
As
As
Speak
and
Do
so:
"
even
As
me
thus:
^Iwant
"
As:
and
As
how
I have
for life,even
cry
that
so
so
Concession
littlemore.
you.
do it.
you
done;
As the
so
thus in the
ascended
do.
you
we
may
"
depth of
my
tion
peti-
rings the
^Tagore.
the mountain,
our
breathing became
more
"
were,
do
difficult.
more
As:
understand
can
we
can
"
as
"
never
Degree
please.
you
Show
How:
am
we
were
tired,we
While:
continued
But
while
continued
and
degree): Tired
is
universal, it has
ing.
study-
as
we
studying.
the
habit
of
slang
been
SENTENCES
78
with
practised nowhere
greater
assiduity and
in
than
success
England.
Albeit:
the
should
You
try to do your
However
might scheme
you
If: Let
him, if n^erelyto
of the
to
contradict
us
stand
side
by side, like
same
sparingly.)
ever
concession): How-
and
manner
reach
never
couple of good
ward
has to take the wind-
side.
Even
degree, you
if
will have
Purpose
"
That:
at the outstart
that you
stand
under-
may
Lest
should
Cause
heed
lest you
fall.
ordinarilypreferred.)
be
"
As:
As
it
twelve
was
o'clock,I decided
Because:
We
For:
closed
to.bed.
to go
we
were
too
tired to go
need
of further
on.
We
the
was
no
argument.
Since:
continue
Since
you
are
registeredin the
I advise
course,
you
to
in it.
as:
more,
we
inasmuch
are
as
all here, I
I may
not
liegelady'sbeauty. ^Bulwer.
A number
of prepositional
phrases containing the
participial
or
words the fad that,e. g., because cf the fad that,consideringthe fad
yieldto
any
dame
that,etc., introduce
the
palm of
causal
my
clauses.
"
In many
cases
these may
be
that {instead
cf considering
to advantage, e. g., considering
simplified
the fad that),because of my failure(insteadof, because of the fad
In some
sentences
that I failed),
that,followingsuch words as
etc.
THE
sorry
conjunction: I
am
"
should
America
the crime
But
it did not
fall within
Condition
If: It
other
any
cams.
causal
surprisedthai
am
you
thing.
gladly do him
than
That:
thai you
sorry
speak of such
In that: I
to go
79
ADVERB
for
more
livingman.
of Strafford
was
the less
none
of the Statute
the scope
crime
of Treason.
that
Green.
"
"
was
to
tired
too
were
on.
Provided
(that):You
follow
may
So the Work
Unless:
is done, I
need
You
shall have
In
(that),in the
case
the event
On
that
war
leave the
event
cityat
their
had
tendency that
that
I should
would
less
Un-
to.
Unless
all
this country
condition
fine, on
the
in the
answer
signs
do in
that you
(negation):
been
way.
But
negativewas
sufficient to have
Mr.
thoughts from
have
wish
once.
diverted
But
do it.
declared?
were
Supposing [that]
: An
any
please in
night.
that: What
condition
you
unless you
course
before
snowstorm
you
answer.
littlehow
very
this
method
improbable conditions:
frequentlyintroduces
fail,we
get the
care
take
not
what
ever
^Dickens.
"
that I had
the dance.
Provided
of
been made.
that.
As
absolute
originallyan
So
if and
also clauses of
as
though introduce
has
more
the
speak
followingidioms
introductory word,
no
or
less in solution.
listed below
clauses
that
are
manner.
As if (asthough) : You
Note
conditional
are
by
no
means
as
though
in which
the
were
offended.
the conditional
clause
logicalrelationshipbeing
Paratactic
to
you
sentences
be avoided.
of the
kind
80
SENTENCES
Were
you
wind, and
the
Sow
the whirlwind.
will reap
you
with you.
go
lessons from
day to day,
in passing the
difficulty
no
course.
Mind
I say,
what
conscience
Let your
will be
Did
she
bound
to
Was
to
sure
the
forget your
grief.
will not
you
preacher try
see
to
come
direct you,
will
you
or
to reform
far wrong.
go
his
wordly flock,then
congregationdwindling.
existence,
very
were
failed
never
to
cheer
me
how
sentence
honor
protect her?
discouraged,she
Note
in
not
you
up.
of the
following
"
"
Our
classical writers
had
already extended
through
longer
did not
period than those of Greece or of Rome, and Newman
classical period were
think we ought to be disappointed if our
own
its termination.
close upon
Time-
for many
seen
As:
had
As
not
I had
After
After:
friend whom
I had
not
years.
walking down
was
for many
seen
Before:
friend
whom
years.
forgotto
the
out
turn
became
Be
to
sure
If
at any
out
the
introduces
(When sometimes
to.
turn
timey e.
lightwhen
Whenever
comes.
go
you
to bed.
g.y When
brother
your
student
j^acedon
I go to the
library,I
see
Professor
at
Smith
busilyworking there.
While:
the
While
hallway.
was
talking,there occurred
great disturbance
in
number
of adverbs
easilydischarge the
that the worst
Now
81
ADVERB
THE
with
without
or
function
of
conjunctions:
"
happened, I hope
has
following thai
you
have
learned
your
lesson.
now
would
constraint
disappear.
Once you have gained confidence
learninghow to swim.
difficulty
similar
Compare
Note
the
been
of
uses
function
of
adverb:
an
yourself,you
immediately and
in which
followingidioms
the
in
the
little
will have
directly.
conjunction has
"
While
Where:
Whither:
him
justwhere
Whither
thou
EXERCISE
I. Point
clauses
out
in the
of each:
and
followingpassage
describe
function
the
"
to
be
freedom
because
stop and go
and
because
a
you
on,
you
is of the
and
must
champion walker,
must
color from
be open
what you
because
essence;
to
nor
all
see.
your
or
own
mince
pace,
and
in time with
should
should
be able to
be
neither trot
a
let your
impressions and
You
you
as
you;
side
along-
pipe for
any
wind
to
82
SENTENCES
play
"I cannot
upon.
talking at the
see
time.
same
is the
should
be
the matter.
said upon
elbow
long as
reasoning,he
is
man
intoxication that
in
II.
each
with
in the open
that fine
to
peace
nothing
is
no
in
originof
2. He
their insolent
The
3.
himself
so
Stevenson.
"
1. There
from
And
morning.
comprehension.
that passes
surrender
motion
be
can
no
silence of the
cannot
of much
comes
for
meditative
the
jar upon
to
There
been
tellingyou
goes
species.
turned
with
away
disdain
triumph.
of such
consciences
men
are
awakened,
their minds
are
changed.
not
and
4.
He
5.
She
I went
endured
found
in, we
that dinner
some
nearly ready.
was
die in their
who
must
prime.
The
6.
great
7. Minds
8. We
are
have
Paul, let
came,
four hundred
descended
Thucydides
and
suggest
introductorywords:
1. As
friend whom
no
one
as
I had
seems
not
to
stimuli.
years
5.
many
clauses
am
going
because
Aristotle to St.
in the
substitutes
one
hundred
as
tences
followingsencan
you
for the
"
seen
Fifth Avenue
for twenty
this
morning, I
4. While
he
is
coming.
6.
few
I eat
met
I tell you.
I think we had
2. Do
years.
from
quite even
better
you
hope.
to Pindar.
walking down
was
her full of
not
Classifythe adverbial
in.
3. As
it found
they requirecoarse
coarse,
ascend,
us
from
years,
summons
as
I agree
of your
that I
with
remarks.
might live.
THE
7. Whenever
further.
adopt
you
8. So
long
the argument
like this?
me
Be
10.
directions,I don't
mistaken,
you
13. Proud
as
IV.
in
as
do
been
forms
lest we
absent
from
to
came
possible. Which
as
be very
must
Find
as
wise,
"
will be
you
to
sure
substitutes
many
phrases in
or
the
this advice
is
enough
occurred,
we
need
I do not
you
pass
not
the
waste
beg
am
pardon.
my
Do
cannot
not
use
idiomatic.
avoided;
S. The
as
degrees.
many
in
be
regard
about
not
course.
our
6. As
time
"
as
whole.
grades.
lose
4.
3. iSo you
of the
one
give you
greatest
is,he
he
as
no
Although I
to
such
case
discussingit.
not
7.
has
has
not
ever
If only he
exercise your
following adjectives
the
2.
merry.
your
might
Talk
can
you
us
6.
audience.
an
what
the
2. The
meaning.
one
his argument
home.
happens. 8. If you do
properly exercise your mind.
care
Rules
should
of the sentence
return
life. 5. Conscientious
your
to
so
get
let
won,
opportunitiesof
24.
follow my
following sentences
followingsentences:
opponent's contention
my
have
^you
convinced by
by no means
I do not worry
work faithfully,
body,
to
am
comes,
to
form
decided
to
having set, we
interpretedcarefullycan have but
1. Now
sense
humbly
of the
speak
Unless
12.
tinue
con-
class ten
very
me
work.
your
should
11. So you
forget.
do
you
that you
sun
when
I done
have
us,
5. You
admit
What
disposed to
not
am
prefer?
passage
words
9.
he is,he
many
1. The
V.
you
Put
you
more,
grant this, I
as
care
have
my
with
8S
ADVERB
sense
Some
in the
of ahovt, as
as
sense
some
adverbs:
siderable,
con-
of somewhat,
twenty feetit is
84
SENTENCES
Do
26.
not
fonns
the inflected
use
cowardn
friendlUy,kindlily,
lUy, iUy. Friendly and kindly are both adverbs and adjectives.
For coujardiily
adverbial
use
an
phrase. Note that in such time
words
and
An
26.
have
daily,nightly,weekly we
as
the
form
same
for adjective
adverb.
adverb
should
and
the
very
closelyconnected
placed between
be
not
infinitive
the
the verb.
EXERCISE
I. Correct
I. Which
than
Adam
novels
of
than
Bade.
George Eliot.
Bede
I have
5.
2. This
otherwise.
I reached
home.
8.
tell you.
he addressed
II. In
in
words
10.
My
6.
smelb
rose
can
go
to
seems
of her
novels
better
than
me
is greater
of the
any
with
busy all summer
Near-by golf-linkswill give
7. I
was
sweetly.
9. I
fingerhurts considerable.
12. I
you.
each
This
case
been
an
can
two?
I like Adam
4.
"
3. None
the other.
literaryand
matters
you
followingsentences:
incurable
more
the
was
tired,
some
kindlily
How
11.
you.
which
followingsentences
parenthesisdo you prefer? Explain
of the
of the
two
ence:
prefer-
your
"
2. Speak (soft,
please.
(quiet,quietly)for a wh3e.
softly),
S. Go
(quick,quickly). 4. She looked (pleasant,pleasantly). 5.
(loud,
(smooth, smoothly). 6. The bell sounded
My car runs
1. Sit
loudly) in
my
ears.
III. Comment
To
his
at
with
name.
the
upon
with
followingsplitinfinitives:
"
the
sun
fullyappreciatewhat
remove
arise.
To
actuallymention
he has done.
their
headgear.
To
kindly and
CHAPTER
IX
PRONOUNS
is
pronoun
which
word
classified
be
may
for
stands
personal
ours,
us;
or
ye;
you
thou, thy
thine, thee,
or
she, her
monstrat
de-
compound),
interrogative.
I, my
are:
pronouns
Pronouns
noun.
and
personal (simple
as
mine,
or
ye,
or
you
me,
our
we,
or
your
yours,
or
theirs, them.
or
The
personal
compound
thyself
pronouns
myself, ourselves,
are:
selves.
yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself,them-
or
demonstrative
The
The
indefinite
much,
what
{As who
what
interrogative
The
whom,
which,
know).
you
who,
are:
pronouns
whose,
whom,
which.
what,
An
antecedent
pronoun)
to
of
which
its antecedent
in
After
with
the
verb
is
the
subject
it refers.
copula verb
It is
and
for the
accordingly
when
the
verb
me
substantive
should
pronoun
gender, number,
used; objective
It is I
is the
pronoun
Special Rules
27.
sundry, who,
some,
whose,
who,
are:
pronouns
few, little,
what.).
say.
{Tell me
what
as,
(neither), every,
other, several,
one,
should
relative
The
that,
none,
either
(naught),
aught
all, any,
are:
pronouns
are:
pronouns
(noun
agree
or
with
person.
Pronoun
predicate pronoun
nominatiye
is in the
when
agrees
the
infimtiye.
finite
86
SENTENCES
He
believed it to be
He
believed
that
me
it
was
verb).
whenever
clearness
mands
deRepeat the possessive pronoun
repetition. Distinguish between, / have spent the whole
day with my son and pupU, and I have spent the whole day with my
28.
and my
son
pupil.
careful
Be
29.
An
to
is
error
(subject)and
who
use
whom
particularlylikely
to
curately.
(object) ac-
when
occur
an
intervening verb is mistakenly considered as governing the relaI thoughtteas an old friend
whom
tiveie. g., I approached the man
is here felt to be the object of thought
qf mine. The pronoun
rather
80.
there
than
the
Besides
is often noted
would
the
She
say,
called him
form
and
for the
conforms.
verb
no
g.. She
The
81.
such
and
one
in
form,
in
or
object is
common
error,
J;
contrast
thinks
parts.
likely to
has
noun,
that
distinctive
readily
the
relativelyeasy;
in which
She
"
the
called John
and
you
first
object of
is the
Between
She
and
I.
tion;
preposi-
I.
accounted
of
ber
mem-
for
under
80,
object clause as
Go
preposition. Example:
first word
of the
an
"
the
object of
82.
It is easy
speech
due
one
say,
pronoun
is
mistake
object
No
immediately follows
cases
a
to
not
second
the
the pronoun
error.
in
is not
that
pronoun
distinctive
compound
first pronoun
to which
objective case,
in the
when
occurs
the
governing verb,
speaker
here
the
whole)
the
to
consider
to
the
careless
I, since
compound
An
(as
toto
is similar when
case
as
called you
of the
regard
tendency
in
Where
has
in
called /, where
Even
verb.
vxis.
this mistake
being governed
as
e.
subject of
or
to the
writing.
lose
In
consciousness
You
are
of
better than
verb
me,
omitted
our
from
mistake
is
likelywhen
objective case.
ter ihan me,
to
is
He
a
likes John
comparatively infrequent
error.
likes John
be^
87
PRONOUNS
Note.
what
To
adverb,
adverbs
"
prepositionor
be added
word
same
regarded
animals,
euphony often
of
Rules
that.
objects,of
either
determine
to the
similar
above
the
as
expression"Aan
cases
is used
of persons
of persons
group
animals; that, of
of
objects. Within
inanimate
or
that,who
relatiyes
In
sentence.
be used
may
of the
that
the
Of
or
above
persons,
rules
siderations
con-
who, which,
our
choice
of
apply
to the
use
of whose
of which.
and
Any
84.
one,
neither, nobody,
"singular. Do
say.
their
me
his
one,
of us
In
name.
Pronouns
second
her, inasmuch
or
some
one,
are
there;nor. Everybody in
were
the
in
-selfmay
as
used
be
intensifyingthe subject of
in
it is not
example
his may
be
pronoun
cf the party
himselfwas
elected him
substantive
is
in
pronoun
-selfshould
second) it is,however,
The
Mr,
than
emphatic
more
not
used
be
in the firstand
substantive.
sentence,
or
the pronoun
Roosevelt
the most
Ordinarilythe
clause
g., Mr,
that had
reflexivelyor intensively.
be
often
-^elfmay
substantive,e,
is
'"self
somebody,
person,
Neither
everybody,
one,
every
gender.
common
When
one,
to write
necessary
85.
no
not
independent
of
use
the
the
(lessfrequently
used
sometimes
without
intensive
without
pronoim
the
in
in poetry.
common
of the pronoun
be used before
possessive case
may
in -ing (the gerund). Ordinarily this construcverbal noun
tion
86.
The
is
preferred
in the
older
and
for
it should
in which
the
above,
conjunctions are
used
as
whomt than is
88.
noted
e.
cases,
many
of
been
prepositionsand
the
or
has
to the
alternative
objective case.
construction,
in certain
cases
is not
is
But
without
construction
the
with
latter,besides
standing
in
clearlypreferable; as,
the
noun
pro-
being the
current
usage,
88
SENTENCES
cf the scheme
Do
87.
(See Onions'
confuse
not
the memhers
''
Advanced
aU
each
with
a) coming
anything"
or
Wrong: AU
Right: Each
one.
every
at the board.
of the class will take his turn at the board. Wrong: Every one
cf the books is bound alike. Right: AU of the books are bound alike,
not use
the ones
unless there is an implied
the one
38. Do
or
member
often
the other
with
contrast
used
where
or
personal
demonstrative
or
be
89.
by
or
The
should
the other
qf them
or
Do
one
of your
person.
connected
pronouns
omitted.
other
requirementsin History 1
in the University.
course
course
are
Right: // is
demonstrative
necessary
the
or
grammar
noun
pro-
The
Wrong:
any
the
to
one
in what he said.
mistaken
was
necessary
A
they said.
what
in
qf them
sentences.
exactingthan
rwore
mistaken
teas
omit
is often
only
singular. Wrong:
the other
or
not
meaning
be
seeking,is
I had been
whom
are
would
pronouns
pronoun
nor
or
pronominal phrases
more
EXERCISES
I. Choose
in
that you
have
know
acted, and I
we
I should
have
selected
(I,me).
a
rent
an
8. The
ago
suggest
an
was
to
than
answer
for the
(I,me)?
(he,him)
6.
play.
when
me
(I, me)
to
your
3.
2. He
form
5. If I
Between
7. He
you
I needed
(who, whom)
question.
you
No
not
and
most.
be
play
(he,him),
(I,me),
better
always believed
him
10.
in the
were
likes you
I had
does
I believe it to
of the characters
one
(who, whom)
man
failed
been
be
costume.
unsuitable
very
friend of mine
possibly have
supposed
was
to
try
better
one
Oliver Cromwell
4.
of the
one
"
did
(be,him).
chosen:
like any
you
who
followingsentences
give the reason
parenthesis,and
pronouns
1. Do
of the
in each
we
than
was
9. It may
heard
one
but
moment
(I, me)
89
PRONOUNS
should
take
for
(I, me)
walk
with
blame
the
this.
questions
whom
Correct
When
1.
for
Mrs.
it.
In
to
the
is greater
object
than
me
is
the
ever)
whom-
lecture.
next
said
you
4.
Here
to
meet.
they
of
were
the
nor
all the
noun
probers
mem-
Mr.
come
The
5.
manufactured.
Neither
7.
verb
roll, I wish
other
any
(he, him)
poet,
the
names.
that?
saying
to
the
I wish
ones
for
went
(whoever,
everybody
neither
their
to
answer
he
but
one
"
I call
As
no
of in my
speak
sentences:
3.
are
I will
sentence
noun.
They
automobile
this
that
dramatic
great
constitution,
the
2.
class
Johnson.
this
ago,
following
the
with
the
difl you
and
speed
Why
6.
statements
your
correcL
are
III.
the
What
is
There
philosophy.
that
say
the
of
end,
than
in
who
of poetry
he
Emerson.
This
world
heaven
idea
am
who.
is
produced
I?
What
4.
was
has
that
Honor
of
my
the
am
more
to
is dreamed
Germans
3.
singularly
exquisite
will
to
done
in
make
is
who
those
due.
that
the
is what
what
quality.
me
best
if not
means,
honor
in your
the
are
interested
whom
of
are
There
important
most
of
"
than
absurd.
me
the
pronoun:
earth
yours
to
seems
5,
the
and
of
education.
is
of
effectiveness
rhetorical
or
uses
entertainment
chief
What
in
more
2.
in
people
meaning
idiomatic
following
1.
7.
the
amending
of
moment
blame
promptly
Answer
13.
Another
I mentioned
agree
of
should
remember
not
14.
you.
You
11.
you
(I, me)?
I mentioned
n.
this.
Do
12.
and
you
for
6.
"
What
^Hales.
I am?
"
CHAPTER
THE
is
verb
its
transitive
action.
An
meaning.
To
its
This
and
person.
The
subject
of
of the
active
voice
the
represents
is conceived.
verb
the
imperative
the
(the word
derived
time) of the
They
verb
to
enable
relating
action
to
pluperfect, relating
at
simple;
the
latter
three,
limited
singular
and
speaking;
person
by
plural;
the
spoken
mood,
the
The
The
and
the
The
and
number,
90
future
of
parts
person
speaking;
be
tenses
are
are
two
the
persons:
of
spoken
the
are
in
completed
There
person
time;
point
first three
three
action.
preterite,
or
some
to
compound.
second,
of.
at
ceives
con-
iempusj
of the
to
the
tenses
Latin
time
action
to
of
doubtful;
as
time
completed
time.
third, the
are
action
to
at
mood
instance,
time; past
completed
future
person
the
present
in
numbers,
the
to
point
some
for
from
express
perfect, relating
time; future
called
to
French
passive.
The
commanded.
or
number,
action
subjunctive mood,
the
us
the
mood,
is
acting; that
as
perfect, relating
past
in which
urged
as
through
present,
are
relating
mood,
verb
and
produced.
or
indicative
tense,
active
are
upon
real; the
as
join).
represented
manner
The
action
is
particularly
more
to
object.
an
mood,
verb
acted
as
is called
voice,
voices
is to
an
or
complete
to
take
not
verb
state
object
an
jugare,
to
The
assert
does
verb
reference
passive voice,
verb
verb
{con, together;
with
to
requires
for the
process
conjugated
of
verb
intransitive
conjugation
of the
is ^sed
to bend)
(inflectere,
inflect
forms.
which
word
VERB
verb
called
first,
to;
the
which
finite
91
VERB
THE
non-finite parts.
participles,
the
however,
modified
are
with
The
reference
non-finite
voice
to
forms,
and
tense.
The
radical vowel
of the
present
verbs
called strong
are
(run,ran).^
Special Rules
ing;
transitiye verb
41.
mtransitiye
an
requires an
verb
does
not
cases
many
"
Come
I will
as
Lord
42.
The
verb
will
of the
Compare:
transitive
verb
the force
has
We
know
how
to drive.
provide,
object of
subject
then
part.
give you
The
the
kiss and
let us
are
used
of
verb
may
sometimes
intransitively.The
be
used
intransitive
passive.
Our
hou^e
is
building
(beingbuilt).
with If an opportunity
If circumstances should offeran opportunity,
should offer(be offered).
We are developingour plans,with Our plans are developing(being
developed).
Comparable
to
the above
An
The
appreciationof
in part upon
^
are
such
examples
as
the
following:
"
Appendix A.
92
SENTENCES
lions
that
underlie
the
1. He
the death.
Did
4.
in the face.
me
that
extent
an
of the
case
rule
no
and
politics,
The
in
most
common
be
to
error
of
the
adjectivemodifier
an
these
Of
phonetics, metaphysics,
the
errors
due
are
There
between
make
to
the
to
subject and
in the third
place,
singularsubject plural.
following sentences
of the
is attracted
verb
predicatenoun;
confusion
to
three forms
are
the
intervenes
is allowed
quarters,
head-
^alms,amends,
"
which
those
the verb.
to that of
verb; sometimes,
to such
varies
usage
and
in ics.
are
that
noun
die
looked
He
5.
subject in number
number
the
its
given:
nouns
errors
subject of
the
regard to
be
To
S.
good stead.
mathematics,
abstract
other
part?
following nouns
can
measles, odds,
the river?
the
in
you
with
agree
swim
you
looked
he
will stand
should
In the
person.
think
you
6. This
verb
The
43.
Can
2.
serve
may
examples:
as
The
in
mother,
44.
the
are
Where
pluralityas
the
and
weU
we
have
series of
phases of
The
46.
with, or
meaning.
nouns
to
when
as
not
much
so
take
with
connected
crew
was
takes
singular or
collection
in
another
a
noun
by
singtdar verb.
lost.
accomplices was
two
If the
end.
one
have
singular verb; if we
Note
the plural verb.
group, use
the
expressing
nouns
connectives
the
together with
Collective
to their
and
similar
captain as well
Jackson
brother
singular noun
as,
vrith his
company
coming to-night,
singular,e. g..
vxis
only preparatory
strife
45.
as
library. John^ in
arrested
yesterday.
pluralverb
accordixig
unit, use
is considered
mind
the
the
as
individuals
of the
followingexamples.
"
The
facultyare
47.
Some
examplei
with
nouns
means
news,
of time
first hundred
The
Singular
either
Neitlier entreaty
Compare
Not
the
Man,
nor
the
by
verb
singular.
in the
threat
attorney
greatest
Is
ease.
the
disjunctives neither
"
him.
moves
also the
but
judge
affected
was
the
by
prisoner.
the lower
less than
no
with
run
"
of the
appearance
"
followingexamples:
the
only
was
introduced
nouns
take
or,
"
yards
take
thirtyminutes
48.
space:
vacation.
summer
plural fonn
to an
(as means
and
its
desires to express
services.
for the
leaving town
divisions
nor,
9S
VERB
THE
forms
of life,is
product of the
evolutionaryprocess.
In
49.
denotes
if it
going to rain.
subjunctive
were
The
formal
prepared,
subjunctive
The
61.
been
had
we
60.
preterite subjunctive
If you
If
conditions
in other
is
not
conditional
If this be so,
lost the
have
clauses:
portunity
op-
It looks
as
I will consent.
frequently
after verbs
statements
should
we
implying
used
or
in
more
expressing
or
a
wish
less
or
request.
It is
It
observed.
strictly
voted that the students* petitionsbe made
a specialorder
requested that
was
rules be
the above
verb
In informal
to toish,
1 wish
63.
he
Note
examples:
God
64.
meeting.
expressions the subjunctive often follows the
were
in the country
further
the
of the
use
us.
subjunctive in
the
iollowing
"
have
mercy
on
us.
Be
auxiliaries
with
of the
that
may,
as
it may.
might
subjunctive mood.
are
frequently
used
as
94
SENTENCES
shall
It is my
If this
true, it would
were
come.
to
seem
the worst
me
thing
had
that
happened.
ever
If I should
fail? But
Although I
I will not
(or might)
may
fail.
seem
very
understood
May
I
hope that
Besides
66.
present
Our
is used
2. It is used
is its
future
action
in
"
might be employed;
tense
e.
^."
e.
g.^
to-morrow.
noon
state
to
denote
to
where
ship sails at
Virtue
the
has
again.
come
being used
tense
1. It
might
you
reward.
own
without
truth
None
reference
but
the
time;
to
deserve
brave
the
fair.
3. It is used
I sit up
e.g.,
denote
to
habitual
an
night until
every
(Habitual Present);
action
o'clock.
eleven
at home
am
every
Thursday afternoon.
It is used instead of
4.
past
tense
to
give vividness
to narrative
Present).
style(Historical
5.
you
It is used
g,. We
perfect tense; e.
have distinguishedyourselfin every
way.
66.
Besides
occurred
the
of
instead
or
its
common
use
has
existed
state
1. It describes
to
in
denote
that
told that
are
has
action
an
has
tense
"
as
continuing; e.
as
habitual;
g.. The
battle
boy, I
The
future.
to school
went
future
on
It is formed
an
loill in
sentences
shall is used
the
that
second
in the
and
as
shall
was
occurring in the
or
toill with
shall is used
third.
first and
dependent clauses
independent clauses
In
of
action
by combining
g., Whed
describes
tense
e,
In
the
in the first
interrogative
second
the usage
persons
and
sometimes
THE
shall is often
where
VERB
used
beforenoon.
distinguishthe
should
future tense
from
the
upon
in
context
idea
that
use
of shall and
of the words
use
promises
loill in the
in certain verb
phrases,
of
determination.
In
inevitability
or
verbs retain something of their earlier
form
tense
of the verb.
So, / vdll
go
some
expresses
95
in the
stress
writing.
shall go and
is inevitable or
You
action
the
and
spoken language
the
upon
he shall go convey
the
compulsory. Shall in
You
play next?
Will you
vnll go.
implying
not?
volition.
The
Perfect
action
to
which
help
Tense
has
some
ordinarilydenotes
implies that
youy
the
attempt
state
past
has
or
/ have tried
extended
into
time.
present
The
prepared
makes
e.
second.
littledistinction
g., I
beforeI
The
had
been
between
Perfect
were
57.
The
passive
continuing,
examples:
voice
sometimes
no
other
the
ten
English
pluperfect;
minutes
or
people there.
action
of the
verb
represents
completed.
Compare
the
the
action
Almost
was
sold at almost
everything was
every
as
g,,
as
following
"
Lemonade
more
sometimes
as
the
conceives
idiomatic
cases
In certain
booth.
96
SENTENCES
5d.
Be
illiterate
of for have
in I should
as
set for
matter;
for did;
Can
69.
Right:
are:
Do
for
not
imply permission:
I go
may
lie,lay,lain; and
"
run
came;
May.
Mother,
"
use
the nominative
It is he.
in It don't
out
in the
as
^Mother,
"
lay,laid,laid);
ran,
can,
tence,
following sen-
I go
can
swim?
to
out
swim?
to
predicate substantive
The
60.
for
come
and
to
as
of
sit; lay for lie,laid for lay,laid for lain (the principal
of told you;
of
the
after
verb
\b put in
he
to
case.
speaking of?
are
EXEBCISES
Supply a
I.
sentences:
be
It
was
vacation
assured
have
wish
book
under
go.
bread, please.
some
Every
6.
his
arm.
9. Promise
go.
like you
4.
you.
that you
finished his
15.
the course?
that he
me
12.
go.
with
It is my
that you
13.
now.
he pass
there, I
with
gladly go
garden
10.
go.
you
wish
my
8. He
go.
we
3.
5.
you.
into the
go
that
ing
of the follow-
2. If I
refuse to go.
part.
your
go with
he
7. I think
me
taken
glad to
morning
I should
you,
have
in each
of the verb
"
I. If I
should
form
proper
11.
take
to
14. He
settle down
to work.
either be used?)
may
all the
or
had moved;
house.
18. I
reached
the house.
19.
train
tomorrow
20.
My
{finishedor
II. Comment
in each
of the
1. Shall I take
had
These
upon
or
either be
may
finished)my
books
at
task
at
now
noon.
the form
and
use
of the verb
or
verbs
followingexamples:
"
hand
in this
game?
2. Women
were
treated
THE
marked
with
of the town.
4. Pictures
I to
Were
to
rely upon
all the
me
mind
the
meetings of
7. Time
May we
literarysociety?
our
of such
conduct.
have
you
9.
the
across
I should
just said.
the
peace:
11.
not
brightly and
shone
sun
13. House
sky.
let.
to
of
do
may
right in
were
you
of great
beauty
moved
lazily
clouds
14. His
course
people think
other
one
the
you
for
that
was
Should
this class-room
would
scene
praised.
simply come
8.
You
10.
price.
be
would
you
use
suppose
The
12.
God
6.
tion
occupa-
nominal
is money.
you
and
more.
mother?
your
offered at
writingthis theme,
in
help you
during the
soldiers
pictureswere
sold every
not
what
The
S.
were
6.
as
97
VERB
plans
forming
were
III. Give
following passages:
1.
My
trouble
raised the
day
any
of my
my
Charles
"
2. And
must
know
one
be
yet
that it had
the 5th
on
to
course
to
be found
vanity. Suppose I
the junior
by me, B
side,directlytaxed me with
,
hearten
and
women;
man
or
two
gallery,and
odious, and
am
brandish
So taxed,
that I
was
He
my
amongst
man
nor
us
immense
an
With
say.
experience,
friends for
Ah
me.
tache,
mous-
stick,I keep
perhaps knock
dragon.
fierce
up
fearfullyat cabmen
swear
bludgeon, and
my
own
my
for courage.
afraid of neither
from
poltroon,let
character
pass
and
me,
out, I know
of
Lamb.
painfuland
nevertheless
the
words' of
some
rested.
not
of them.
frankly inquired the cause
confession of my
infirmity,and added
afraid I should
in the
upon
looks, and
honestly made
spoke
to
rallyme
employers, when
be remembered
to
ever
sometimes
but I did
countenance;
my
suspicionof
last month,
verb
"
legiblein
etc., of each
the
at the
down
shooting-
whiskery fire-eater,
brisk
Suppose some
98
SENTENCES
pulled
I
by
yet
knew
that
some
gone.
frighten
And
out.
afraid
I
day.
of
was
"
me,
in
and
the
lily-liver,
^Thackeray.
of
days
taken
were
and
man
no
jump
who
whipper-snappers,
found
am
were
out
is
reputation
My
on
expected
the
chair
by
my
that
to
swagger,
should
is
nose
reach
it.
people
when
triumphs,
my
in
My
more.
always
be
found
CHAPTER
THE
A
is
PREPOSITION
preposition (jprebefore;
order
subordinate
to
The
sentence.
and
object
Note
does
the
here
was
which
is put
in the
its
that
What
examination
Do
lowmg
in the
write
62.
employ
not
up,
The
Wrong:
and
many
Wrong
They
Right: They
other
of?
may
I could
below
of
speak
Except
should
say
govern
see
dark
thai
your
that
your
creditable.
Use
of
of,
lose
about,
at
divide
out,
of the
cases
Prepositions
prepositions,
start
up,
whom
mountain.
remember
"
is called
preposition
definition
From
unnecessaxy
show
with,
over
above
the
highly
the
thinking
the
in the
word
governs
which
person
you
in
case.
in
are
"
of
is
paper
expressions:
off of,
preposition
alioays adeqvxite,I
Errors
61.
nouns:
summit
not
are
to
other
some
^The
which
word
noun-equivalent
objective
"
for
stand
the
answers
the
object:
yesterday.
object on
to
following examples
Prepositions according
words
or
latter
the
word
precede
not
noun
place) is
to
ponere
before
ordinarily placed
its
XI
as
out,
(end
up
up),
unnecessary
in
up,
up
ioU
the
win
out"
rest
up"
till.
Preposition.
all seemed
all seemed
to
to
differ amcmg
differ
the
from
one
another.
one
other
(or) among
themselves.
Wrong:
There
Right: There
Wrong:
There
will be
will be
will
trouble
no
no
be
trouble
no
among
between
trouble
two
such
people.
two
such
people.
between
the
people in that
neighborhood.
Right: There
will be
no
trouble
99
among
the
100
SENTENCES
Note.
Observe,
into
comes
the
pairs;
was
Right:
Besides
I
Wrong:
Right:
Note.
rather
to
sidered
con-
the
among)
England,
rest
France,
in
collars
or
thirty
people
present.
me
there
were
twenty
or
thirty
people
present.
Sullivan's
for
Island
of
name
in
stepped
in
for
days.
two
small
days.
two
locality
unimportant
or
use
into
is
There
This
Wrong:
boat.
after
verbs
I
as,
of
the
ptU
motion.
in
money
that
Note,
pocket,
my
is
in
placed
drawer.
There
is
This
boat.
the
expressions
your
Right:
the
into
stepped
such
Wrong:
Island
Sullivan's
prefer
Wrong:
Right:
twenty
the
Ordinarily
correct
were
in.
I
I
there
at
was
than
Right:
no
no
use
use
is different
is
different
have
no
of
in
making
your
than
from
confidence
such
making
your
(or
such
to)
that.
will
remark.
remark.
that.
but
offer
opposition
no
to
proposals.
Right:
no
are
me
in
was
Before
Wrong:
your
objects
relation
in
group,
(not
between
agreement
an
Beside
Wrong:
the
the
object
one
Russia.
and
at
of
member
if
used
is
than
more
collectively.
group
There
each
or
where
between
consideration,
in
of
that
however,
opposition
have
to
no
them.
confidence
in
your
proposals
but
will
offer
CHAPTER
THE
phrases,
words,
connect
Conjunctions
conjunctions
with
ent;
independ-
are
with
dependent
connect
Coordination
nation
Coordi-
Simple Coordination.
"
Emphasis.
Coordination:
"
^According
conjunction
the
asyndeton,
I
that
clauses.
Copulative Coordination:
I saw,
elements
conjunctions
(a)
Simple
words
are
Coordinate
subordinate.
or
sentence
connect
join)
to
clauses.
or
coordinate
are
subordinate
principal
CONJUNCTION
Conjunctions
that
Xn
conquered.
is here
And
be
may
the
to
the
figure known
omitted,
usual
e.
g., I
as
came,
conjunction.
Now
Now
in
as
conjunctive adverb
coordinate
has
formal
use
syllogisms.
All
are
men
mortal.
Now
Socrates
is
Therefore,
man.
Socrates
is mortal.
Now
is also
useful
in
introducing
Neither
Observe
these
words
I did
not
Man
wants
Nor
wants
English idiom
that
"
an
incidental
^Nor
permits
singly.
pass
History
but
that
1.
little here
little
Neither
did
I.
below.
long.
(Goldsmith.)
101
explanation.
the
use
of
either
of
102
SENTENCES
No
more
or
I did not
I
keep it a
with
Emphasis.
attention
more
we
This
place of
the
than
am
obligedto
use:
alike
"
"
to
and;
"
member
each
ai
once
of the
and;
"
both
dination
coor"
and;
and.
"
should
appeal alike
to
teacher
and
student.
unreliable person.
Jack,
at
To
the most
once
and
interesting
the most
your
Your
direct
To
nation" the
specialattention to
followingwords are
liketmse, moreover
more,
only
"
too^
as
The
conjunction is
ahOy furiher^
further--
:
"
well
of the co5rdi-
as
(and
what
more,
cw
"
weU)^
is worse,
Coordination
omitted:
send your
brother.
book; they
disfigureBoswelFs
coordination
the
are
following conjunctions
biUy yet (biU yet),only
used:
conjunctive adverbs
are
(but only), rather (biU rather),but then, conversely,on
"
The
etc.
"
or
contrary,
not
adversative
In
used
sometimes
If you cannot,
these anecdotes
member
one
indeed^ what is
(6) Adversative
the
nor,
(Fielding.)
secret.
direct
eqvxMy
often take
did I.
History 1. No more
obligedto tell everybody, any more
Coordination
To
than may
more
pass
not
am
any
on
ike
adversative
relationshiptakes
followingexamples:
various
forms.
Note
"
The
deed
We
should
is done
all serve
(Simple antithesis.)
us
should
be allowed
CONJUNCTION
103
he is best fitted.
THE
to do
the
upon
more
preceding clause.)
Contrast
with
the
should
serve
preceding
the
sentence
amples:
following ex-
"
Each
from
one
all we
He
have
rightto expect.
tried hard
his country
he did not
but
is often
But
there
in
used
(Here the
but
way,
service
is climactic.)
progress
we
in the
passing from
in which
other ways
are
own
succeed.
arrestive bid
the
to
in his
last
example is that
topic to another:
one
"
be
constructed.
This
is not
But
and
been
have
with
There
has
been
expected to
pass
And
we
might
there
the
course
use
substitute.)
which
those
should
student
religionbut
The
following idioms:
the
never
besides
specialuses
illustrated above.
himself
have
familiarize
"
has
someone
an
pronounced
it
attributive clause.)
attributive clause.)
I cannot
will be
(Here
the end
at
we
Are
completely Cover
so
there
in this
course
but there
questions? It
no
ground
of the year
have
might
the
cannot
be
but
I have
overlooked
Not
but
that I should
able to anticipateyour
I
am
to take
not
sure
have
satisfied your
had
curiosity,
questions.
not doubt) but that the time has
I been
(or I do
recommend.
come
104
SENTENCES
Perdition
if
catch
soul but
my
I do
love
thee.
(We might
say:
home.
(The
^not.)
"
You
will be
adverbial
Mind
read:
and
and
do
to do
of the sentence
We
(The
with
smoking. Clearly a
in silence.
in which
in silence,or
be
may
changed
to
fortune is more
your
fortune or
other form
any
smoked
others
sentence
I tell you.)
as
in which
and
sat
smoking
I tell you.
as
idiomatic
that
so
return
you
modifier.)
Remember
Go
when
strong
might be changed
sentence
an
good and
this form
(Compare
is used,
subordination
of the
e.
tence
sen-
We
g,.
sat
Correct
1. The
of
instilling
it seemed
would
the
from
both
the former
gave
me
definite
war
has
season
opera
5. When
in the
We
ideal state
an
meanwhile
3.
come.
never
to
the
for
and
begun.
How
many
attracts
movement
greatlyincreased.
at his word.
4. I
of them
do you
much
attention
so
serious consideration.
4.
able
to attend?
expect
My
as
Christian
first wireless
have
alibi.
My
coming home
be
made
the way
story,
for
8.
The
man
brother
whom
with
two
"
which
^how
put into
by the fairies,was
cat.
9.
the
remember
you
been taken
into
is not
6. That
or
the
to
should
thought
speak
princess who,
high tower
was
three of his
vacation.
a
you
and
to
to
me.
later turned
collegefriends
or
at
having
present proved
10. An
change of hair
He
that the
see
not
7. Oh
now
3.
apparatus
the election.
train
consider
may
of
how
is
advancing them
far to
Waiting there
2.
"
extra
dress
an
are
charge will
are
made.
THE
11.
Neither
the
coming
the
CONJUNCTION
,
105
the other
nor
are
of
we
comprise four
children whom
and
you
year
I there
fellows.
President
can
I like much
be
no
better than
quarrel.
19.
courses.
made
26. He
thee
they.
seemed
25. Between
to be very
this.
answer
28. As
fond
our
essary
recentlythat it would be impossibleto have the necequipment to establish the training at the present. 29.
Conscriptionbrings the youth of America on an equal basis. SO.
Modem
invasion upon
inventions have made
an
us
possible. 31.
Switzerland
through the Universal Military Service has kept off
of wars
attacks through the multitude
that have overrun
many
the
said
continent
themselves
due
and
Italian bankers
to
the enemy
knew
in New
York and
it.
were
men
32.
The
able to defend
murder
of several
"^r^
."^
SECTION
THE
form
RHETORIC
and
more
tact
is not
sentence
the
sake
were
to
of
of
together
with
but
the
due
meet
of the
Let
their
regard
and
interest
of
shortening
writer's
to
of
their
their
determined
by
and
the
or
emphasis
length
limits
to
to
impairs the
meaning.
106
point.
by giving
true
portion
pro-
as
now
they
point
greater
With
should
the
assuming
studied
of
into
woven
relaxing
now
more
with
units
larger design.
some
express
declare
by
thought
detached
as
ease,
a
the
in the
of movement
of
reader
writer
rather
sentences,
sake
Just
says.
energy
other
is, a
sentences
them
from
dignity
he
what
formal
your
not
appears
detail
weld
to
conversation
is beside
that
place
re-
emphasized.
interrupt
what
unity
of
here
sentences
of
imity
we
should
we
distract
you
consider
us
for
so
minor
variety
forms
extending
to
sentence;
think
form
part
rigorous
to
not
expression.
context,
person
of
emphasis
should
We
be
sentences
your
form
and
^with
"
for
serving
"
the
relaxing
in the
because
mood
may
remark,
prominence
undue
for
violation
the
often
in
elements
point, however,
into
Lamb
of
unity
rely
discourse,
set
its
rules; for
unit, often
of
rules
from
must
we
upon
spoil them,
diverse
irrelevant
an
than
of Charles
essays
disconcerting
sentences
flexible
the
should
we
introducing
Very
but
characteristic
One
it is
rigid
arises
sentence
good
discretion
the
many
of
write
ease
SENTENCE
THE
and
greater
rewrite
their
as
Macaulay,
sort.
To
content.
upon
OF
effectiveness
rhetorical
The
TWO
more
in
the
expression,
"
succinctly,
amplitude
or
the
THE
Much
order
is
the
frequent
or
exercise
with
more
informal,
which
off
is
before
the
is loose
word
of
their
is
sentences
of
symptom
remember
for
balancing
us
into
to
our
on
or
word
other
nice
adjustment
and
Ease.^
For
carefully
avoided.
setting
order
thought.
the
habitual
On
examples
we
that
the
on
of
three
periodic
we
demands
and
balanced
should
of
habit
let
not
the
is
should
we
sUch
loose
very
of
susceptible
odic
peri-
fondness
and
phrases
rather
than
betray
faithful
artificialityand
hand
one
of
and
hand,
should
tence
sen-
conclude
to
length
of
us
group
effect
the
other
is factitious
artlessness,
the
permits
The
The
words
of
is the
word
use
not
in contrast
Avoiding
hand
the
are
Furthermore,
structure.
it
possible
their
The
sentences
many
of
upon
thinking.
loose
that
Much
depends
be
to
it is
because
looseness.
loose
the
logically complete.
informal!
however,
sentences,
degree
and
grammatically
^loose,
"
artificiality rather
period
the
guide
another
or
periodic type
to
come
too
should
one
with
the
avoid
types,
mentioned
unlike
we
of
use
word
importance
may
sentence
write
to
prime
we
flexible
normal
judgment
the
sentences
because
just written
it with
is
the
that
various
force
of
the
is of
Our
the
forms
Of
from
What
inversions.
To
art.
attainment
judgment,
employing
than
mark
then
of
forced
rhetorical
these
and
sentence.
balanced.
periodic,
the
107
SENTENCE
THE
toward
now
English
in
too,
to
done
departing
of the
here
us,
be
may
style by
OF
RHETORIC
try
bring
to
Clearness,
sentences,
see
into
Emphasis,
p.
114"F.
CHAPTER
Xm
CLEABNESS
In
through
phrase
or
result
The
are
intended.
then
and
grammar,^
said
loose
reader
but
of
no
between
of
or
ineffectiveness
or
superfluityof
of reference
from
rule
grammatical
where
careless
the
of
^
not
omit
yoiir sentences
Ab haa
been
with
its
have
we
Not
only
redundance
may
In short, to write
clearly
and
intelligent
are
due
to
and
(1)
sentence,
that
sentence
(3) the
the
according
of
use
one
of
to
fier
modi-
Impropriety
another.
logicalincompleteness
(1) the
other
faults
as
or
obscurity
might
arise
arrangement.
(a) Omissions
Do
one
is sound,
squares
and
requires
sentence,
the
grammar
mean.
seen,
of the
arises from
relation, and
or
have
agree,
than
being
meaning.
our
we
of
capable
attentive
an
parts of the
rule should
grammatical
we
omissions
granmiatical incompleteness
agreement
what
that
as
our
of another.
rules of grammar
obscurity.
doubt
of grammar,
Errors
elements,
sentence
sentence
the
only
words
our
have
can
and
that
the
to
Similarly,
logical function
see
of
according
causes
as
order
to
so
first
word
one
another.
though
that
out
permit
interpretation other
an
of words
ordering
of
the
logic
mean
we
be set down
is
the
^that
"
what
to
should
that
of
sentences,
our
open
We
function
usurp
pointed
was
sometimes
we
arrangement
may
is that
analyzed,
syntax
to
careless
it
grammar
grammatical
the
usurp
word
on
inattention
through
to
section
the
shown
words
nor
to
necessary
permit
elsewhere
Redundance
and
the
this is not
108
the
lo^cal completeness
sentence
a
rule to be
to
be
fragment-
rigidlyinsisted
upon.
CLEARNESS
rather
ary
t^an
sentence.
but
63.
There
and
unified
with
of
elements
and
On
thought.
your
the
main
the
thought
idea of your
only unity
emphasis.
demonstrative
necessaiy
is no
words
unneeessaiy
violation
clearness
expressionof
easilybe
not
can
full
109
difference between
is often
omitted.
{Corrected)
There
is no
Do
64.
difference between
I consoled
words
omit
not
meaning.
to your
necessaiy
for Christmas.
go home
{Corrected)
I consoled
myself with
the thought
that
I should
go
home
for
Christmas.
Use
66.
of
Our
we
one
all words
that
part of
sentence
are
to make
to another
part.
communicative
seldom
neighbor was
necessaiy
and
disagreeablewhen
{Corrected)
Our
when
neighbor was
navy,
communicative;
and he
was
disagreeable
we
The
seldom
people of
and
United
the
its markmanship
States
is better
think
than
they have
that of any
wonderful
other nation.
{Corrected)
The
navy;
navy.
66.
tense
In
Be
does
careful
not
to
give
modify
the
verb
dear
sufficiently
appropriatelywhen
indication
that there
was
we
its
of time.
should
never
get
for-
110
SENTENCES
{Corrected)
In
never
year
1815.
In
67.
to show
The
the
complex
sentence
of the
coordination
all words
use
necessary
principalclauses.
prodigal was
welcomed
who
to
compound
met
him
at
the
(Corrected)
The
prodigal was
welcomed
who
he waved
familiar
expression of
at
the
and
affectionately;
him
Remember
68.
met
greeting.
that
your
to
redundance
impairs
sometimes
exact
an
thought
(b) Antecedents
When
make
no
Modffiers
pronoun
and
of antecedent
intervening word
can
usurper,
modifiers.
usurp
69.
Do
not
introduce
before
case
arises when
so
its function.
too, in the
Confusion
be
of
placed that
We
the
modifier
modifies
logically
its place.
ntunber
should
adjectiveand
it
pronoun
can
by
is
one
of grammatically
possible antecedents.
My
friend remarked
tired to continue
to his chance
the ascent.
acquaintance that he
was
too
111
CLEARNESS
(Corrected)
friend remarked
My
tired to continue
Avoid
70.
This
Victorian
his chance
acquaintance, "You
are
too
the ascent."
the
is the
to
inconspicuous antecedent.
best
of
Thackeray's novels,
who
is the
greatest of
is the
greatest of
novelists.
(Corrected)
This
is the
Victorian
The
best
novel
by Thackeray,
who
novelists.
main
point brought
in James's
out
CoUege Bred
to
know
Value
Social
a
good
of the
when
man
you
him.
see
(Corrected)
The
main
point
is that
CoUege Bred
good
man
you
not
place
Do
71.
that
when
their
The
made
a
see
him.
relations
grammatical
judge condemned
adverbial
adjectives and
your
the
will not
be
modifiers
so
clear.
prisonerwith flashingeyes.
(Corrected)
With
The
flashingeyes
judge condemned
the
especiallyif
of deafness
cases
of the parents
one
the
prisoner.
were
due to
heredity,
was
due to
heredity,
deaf.
were
(Corrected)
In the
remaining third
to
particularly
Just when
of the
the deafness
the
pod
is
of
cases,
one
ready
to
deafness
of the parents.
burst open
if it is
singed we
shall
we
shall
we
destroy the
seeds.
it is
ready
to burst
open,
112
SENTENCES
the
Note
active
advantage of using
the passive voice.
for
merely stood
I have
the
above
sentence
propositionmeets
with my
(Corrected)
say that the propositionmeets
with my
that the
to say
up
in the
approval.
stood up
1 have
merely
to
approval.
Good
bread
only be made
can
with
great
care.
(Corrected)
Good
In
bread
be made
can
care.
(Corrected)
In
72.
technical school
Do
not
undertake
Having tramped
student
to
learns
modify
word
which
implied.
reached.
goal was
the
is
"
(Corrected)
Having tramped for three hours
reached
we
the
that the
See
parts of your
Avoid
grammatical agreement
as
The
oven
best test
is when
to
it is
sentence
determine
Elements
are
mixed
in
logicalas
well
figures of speech.
the bread
whether
goal.
is
ready
for the
light.
(Corrected)
We
should
be
sure
is
lightbefore
we
put it in the
oven.
The
use
of the word
is poor
responsible
diction.
(Corrected)
Responsible,as
here
used, b
race
not
good word.
has climbed
113
CLEARNESS
{Correded)
I
think
present
"
that
stage
human
the
of
climbed
by
these
steps
to
its
civilization.
consists
Homecoming"
has
race
of
days.
three
{Correded)
"
74.
be
Do
dearly
and
introduce
not
related
Lincoln
War
lasts
Homecoming"
told
many
days.
into
one
sentence
thottg^ts
which
cannot
another.
President
was
he
to
three
of
good
the
United
anecdotes.
States
during
the
CivO
XIV
CHAPTER
EMPHASIS
Emphasis
and
unity
will
ordinarily be
The
rhetorical
the
of strong
words
concerned
their
this
point
position
the
at
the
emphasis
the
In
rhetorical
than
from
unified
is not.
ness
Weak-
disregarding
for
pay
special
Obviously,
But
us.
a
we
elements
means
selection
are
here
but
with
case
This
The
days
These
periodic
sentences
judgment,
structure,
sentence
which
to
natural
are
(a)
balanced
gone
the
The
often
one
that
involves
114
more
Note
the
days.
the
well-tried
antithetical,
the
design
is in
regarded
means
and
designing
and
Though
as
artifice.
of
Balanced
is
from
or
Ordinarily
are
balanced,
it is not
be
and
Gone
and
well-known
are
carry
expected point.
results
rhetorical
mere
as
they
are
beginning
wiU
place
the
structures.
not
are
the
at
ordinarily true
certain
to
readily perceived,
or
is
place, emphasis
patterns.
affectation
at
appears
special emphasis;
in its normal
between.
second
Words
will receive
that
one
climactic, and
of
that
of sentence
phrase.
not
according
sentence
and
emphasis depends
sentence
Such
is clear
however,
are,
choice
or
element
difference
each
we
sentence.
of view,
of word
of
end
sentence
the
with
apart
one
and
not
There
the
to
that
whoUy
organization.
From
the
price
principles.
giving emphasis
of
that
sentence
emphatic than
more
general
something
not
course
clearness.
is in
of
is
expressions
When
used
of
with
securing emphasis.
Sentence
shows
a
close
repetition of
parallelism
words.
115
EMPHASIS
The
which
mstruction
instruction
preciselythe
cases
This
of
difference
give
we
to
which
give
we
to
arise from
proficiencymay
many
collegestudents.
the difference of
intellectual powers.
I
at
am
loss how
to
describe
the
of the work
success
without
the balanced
to
of words
sharp contrast
of the sentence
structure
phrases,we
or
is added
sentence.
Every
finds himself
man
fortresses of
Love
is
differentlyaffected by
and palaces of pleasure. Johnson.
war
only
sight of
the
"
to be
excited
to freedom
that
by
levityand
cheerfulness
which
to confidence.
"
Johnson.
of
"
(6) The
In the climactic
to the more
sentence
important
we
Sentence
from
pass
members
of
the less
series of
important
words, phrases,
clauses.
or
It mattered
except
on
not
that
the Thames,
Climactic
know
he
that
had
never
he could
keep his
feet in
latitude and
voyage
breeze,
longitude.
^Macaulay.
politiccaution, a guarded circumspection,a moral rather than
the ruling principlesof our
complexional timidity were
among
A
decided
(c) The
A
periodic sentence
until
to
we
reach
conduct.
Periodic
is
end
it should
periodicity,
^Burke.
Sentence
in which
one
the
"
the
pended
thought is susof the sentence.
mations
Approxibe noted, serve
to emphasize
116
SENTENCES
But
which
to
the
Grange, with
the ruined
in the
Note
sentence.
suspended:
"
round
moat
is
thought
tences
followingsen-
water
"
Protestant, without
or
episcopalconfirmation, I
to
grope
admitted, without
was
question,how
be
subscription,without
far
sacrament.
or
table, where
by what
any
catechism
lightof my
to the
way
my
academical
any
means,
was
I might
Gibbon.
"
and
to look into the documents
they come
literature of Christianityin times past, they find its doctrines so
variously represented, and so inconsistentlymaintained
by Its
They
that, when
aver
that however
professors,
to seek in history the
vouchsafed
Her
own
"
it be
of that Revelation
matter
mankind;
to
if they would.
natural
that
they
which
has
been
be historical Christiana
cannot
^Newman.
affection, pitiless
over
her
piety
patheticdeath and findingin it only a judgment upon the imwith which, having shamed
herself with some
mortal lover, she
had
thrown
over
her.
"
the blame
of her sin.upon
Zeus, have,
so
far,triumphed
^Pater.
as
the scheme
of
republicconstructed
for
any
a
a
fault is that
common
much
to
of the
of weak
repetition.It should be
repetition,
artistically
employed,
emphasis of
followingmodes
the
sentence.
of
Note
repetition:
the effectiveness
117
EMPHASIS
He
only
not
himself
morning like
next
rose
like
"
who
to the
consists of
defines him, is an
classic as Sainte-Beuve
"author
"
"
reason
why
you
you
are
simply that
works.
Nobody
works.
To
taste
has
If you
If you
be
at all is quite in
modem
choose
among
modem
positionto
works
have
differ with
classic it is you
differ with
modem
work,
who
are
you
may
judge is authoritative
no
is unformed.
an
to pass
which
with classics,
generations. Whereas
the
that takes
process
is the
reverse
and
wrong
not
point.
the book.
and
be wrong
enough
Your
case.
is the
to pass
beginning
among
Modem
at the
positionto choose
right,but
works
modem
the chaff is
from
in
not
exceedinglylong time.
have
avoid
must
of the
passage
you
Your
decide.
to
may
You
do
probably will
"
not
be
formed, and
^Arnold Bennett.
words
It is
trifleand
repetitionof
means
of
of the
noun
for
care
for it at first,
your
care
would
It needs
taste
so
far
Here
serves
repetition
paragraph,
"
with
successful
very
an
modem
added
at
first. If you
as
hypothesisis that
our
not
particularclassic
taste
your
to
keep
is not
before
formed.
us
the important
taste.
works, classics,
trifle.
"
adjectiveis
^Macaulay. The
useful and
easy
securingemphasis.
{e) Inversion
The
Attributive
Minister
militant,
Adjective Modifier
God
Plenipotentiary,
retort
courteous,
sum
after the
Noun:
"
118
SENTENCES
aforethought,a falsehood
malice
and
AdjectivePhrase
The
Slight indeed
of
at the
in themselves,
suggestive of much,
evidence
the Sentence:
fragmentary indications
in the
viewed
lightof
such
"
come
be-
general
comparative mythology.
Adverbial
Beginning of
these
when
the human
about
The
pure
^Pater.
"
Modifier
at
the
Beginning
of
the
tence:
Sen-
"
Three
had
left
No
debts.
some
do
sooner
the house
than
boys
Macaulay.
"
settle down
to
work
all the
come
trooping in.
shall I
Never
Seldom
The
have
I known
Adverbial
76.
Avoid
to words
or
kindness.
forgetyour
any
straightforwardfellow.
more
Modifier
with him
at
of the Sentence:
"
of your
sentences
which
will
give
more
is dear
the End
always.
arrangement
phrases
I, if the weather
and
if my
mother
come.
(Corrected)
I will
Soon
come
if the weather
after the
to second
is clear and
if my
Spanish-American War
mother
will consent.
Congress raised
our
navy
Soon
after the
Congress advanced
Spanish-American War
our
navy
to second
the
place.
appropriations of
119
EMPHASIS
(f) The
They
are
Double
It is surprising
the amount
is not
interrupted.
fit myself to be
To
Subject
of work
one
can
do in
an
evening if he
been
chief
my
ambition.
(g) Subordinaiion
It is not
true,
we
as
of
have
Sentence
sometimes
Elements
been
attorney.
"I
him
saw
he
when
threw
the
revolver
of
out
the window,"
ciunstances.
here
which
more
concerns
of the
upon
the
two
context
the combination
clauses
than
we
upon
of cir-
subordinate
pends
de-
considerations
of
tvas
walking dovm
What
is clearlyof subsightI shall long remember.
sidiaiyinterest should, of course, be placed in the subordinate
saw
not
subordinate
clause
120
SENTENCES
that
is less
that
of the
in the
thought
expresses
emphatic
than
principalclause.
Make
76.
of your
structure
sentences.
"
They stir the top layers of the soil,thus exposing the roots of
the weeds to the direct rays of the sun, which quickly kills them.
{Correded)
They kill the weeds
the
roots
of
sun.
coherence
secure
of considerable
theme
In every
to
by exposing their
and
is called
unity,which
thing essential
plan.
{Corroded)
In
and
coherence
If
theme
every
war
length
plan is essential
to
unity.
declared
were
troops would
take
of considerable
scattered
be
thirtydays
to-morrow
from
to mobilize
Maine
to
States, our
California,and
it would
them.
{Correded)
If
war
were
would
take
Maine
to
declared
thirtydays
to
mobilize
our
army,
States, it
scattered
now
from
California.
down
strolling
was
to-morrow
the main
thoroughfarewhen
saw
the
royal
the
royal
processionapproaching.
{Correded)
As
was
down
strolling
the main
thoroughfare,I
saw
processionapproaching.
77.
Do
tribution
not
of
use
the
compound
emphasis would
complex form or by reducing
be
one
sentence
obtained
when
better
dis*
employing the
of the clauses to a modifying
by
phrase.
City people enjoy the glare of the city lightsand
the country a chance to prove alluring.
seldom
give
121
EMPHASIS
{Correded)
City
the
country
78.
in
people,
The
white
participial
phrase
of
for
three
Do
at
simple
not
the
kite
sticks,
light
the
city
place
an
lights,
seldom
give
alluring.
prove
Tag.
materials
consisting
to
Participle
The
loose
chance
of
glare
the
enjoying
of
end
are
of
the
sentence.
readily
course
paste,
paper,
thought
important
and
ball
obtainable,
of
common
twine.
{Correded)
The
are
white
for
materials
twine.
three
simple
light
sticks,
kite,
paper,
which
are
paste,
of
and
readily
course
ball
of
common
tainable,
ob-
CHAPTER
XV
EASE
Ease
and
in
composition
should
We
euphony.
depends
avoid
repetitions, unexpected
clumsy
circumlocutions;
sentence
that
so
we
occasionally placing
order;
should
we
harsh
sound
Let
another.
to
end
of
By
overworking
that
will
one
of
passages
to
try
us
with
connectives
we
clumsy
English.
English
frequently
too
use
from
avoid
and
types,
we
normal
their
sentence
one
that
the
our
sentences
so
the
beginning
of another.
easily
may
Let
coherence.
of
out
passing
arrange
easily
connect
in
gain
we
in
demonstratives
and
and
of its flexibilityby
sentence
should
nor
the
master
phrases
familiar
the
ward
awk-
view,
of
point
ourselves
and
combinations;
connectives
should
avail
words
vary
in
variety,
transitions,
abrupt
changes
we
can
smoothness,
upon
lose
all
ease
two
typical
been
practised
examine
us
in
"
"
(a) The
old
for
many
the
governing
body,
form,
for
hundred
Note
the
could
of aldermen
tliere
there
from
have
one
less power
than
under
commissioners
repetition in
this awkward
about
to
period of
the
two
of
size
the
Under
hundred.
five
only
are
for
wards
according
varies
constituted
who
aldermen
the
usually about
are
has
system
the
system
elected
individuals
the
system
this
are
number
city; however,
aldermanic
the
or
Under
years.
The
years.
system
the
to
this
commission
about
one
aldermen.
the
needless
distribution
easily
have
over
been
several
embodied
122
sentences
in
one.
of
The
passage,
matter
and
which
first sentence
128
EASE
is not
what
emphasizes
mentioning. Furthermore,
worth
Under
the
aldermanic
the
mayor
elect
the
municipal govermnent,
the wards for a period of two years, constitute
the governing body. Inasmuch
a
as
city
aldermen
hundred
the Commission
under
of
system
under
of Government
Form
would
have
holder
by five commissioners,' it is clear that the individual officein the latter
(5) Another
the
need
to be
many
The
have
which
matter
There
has been
several
are
and
very
of the country
placeswhere
better
the streets
streets
as
bad
are
as
roads.
sentence
sibility.
respon-
sadly neglectedis
The
drainage introduced.
they are
untidy, and in a rainy season
paved and
and
would
important
of the streets.
care
muddy
case
might stand.
thing
Some-
we
can
Obviously, too,
Revised
use
the sentence
the passage
Moreover, the
streets
in
Usually muddy
many
and
of the country
read
Champaign
are
neither
untidy, they
roads.
are
as
be varied.
should
structure
might
that follow.
in the sentences
pronouns
follows:
have
"
been
sadly neglected.
124
SENTENCES
79.
wordy style is
of words
The
is
often due
as
time
proper
to
know
infrequently fluent,but
not
superfluity
clumsy circumlocutions.
to
begin
to
for examinations
prepare
the examination
is to be
is
long
given.
{Corrected)
We
should
80.
Do
why
make
not
is
.
was
such
use
because; the
an
expressions
of is
purpose
in order
...
the
as,
reason
when.
.
The
why I
reason
during the
is because
cramming
am
I have
studied
not
semester.
{Corrected)
I
cramming
am
because
I have
studied
not
during the
semester,
or
The
why
reason
am
cramming
is that I have
not
studied
during
the semester.
81.
Bo
not
I listened
of
but
attentively,
not
sound
view
heard
was
within
save
the
the
tence.
sen-
barking
dog.
{Corrected)
I listened
a
attentivelybut heard
no
sound
dog.
I
While
shown
was
at Mr.
Smith's
was
me.
{Correded)
While
was
at Mr.
Smith's
house, I
was
consideration.
82.
Separation of words
sentence
awkward.
that
makes
125
EASE
in
spiteof all my
Verb
road.
{Correcied)
In
spiteof all my
not
cleanly and
very
to
road.
Substantive
people
many
offensive
an
habit
{Corrected)
Smoking is a
is not
very
people.
to many
83.
which
habit
The
Principal Clause
If it does not
between
shall take
rain,we
Two
Clauses.
Subordinate
ride if you
are
willing.
{Corrected)
We
shall take
84.
Progressive Coordination
I like him
be fond
of
but
ride if you
I do not
are
willingand if it does
or
not
rain.
Subordination.
care
seems
to
me.
{Corrected)
I like him
seems
He
but
to be fond
is the
man
I do not
of
care
The
latter,however,
me.
who
the hundred
won
is the most
races.
{Corrected)
He
is the
contested
86.
The
man
who
of all the
Shifted
anatomy.
is burnt
the hundred
most
hotly
races.
Construction.
In order to brand
the maris
won
a
on
calf it must
some
be thrown
and
held down
while
126
SENTENCES
(Corrected)
To
branded
be
mark
is burnt
is a
He
calf must
man
and
thrown
conspicuous part
some
on
be
has
held down
wjiile the
of its hide.
good physique.
(Corrected)
is a
He
man
of
good physique.
"
On
with
the
And
waves
And
dead
simply upon
of its rhythm
its
is calm
in rest; and
that
heaves
should
but
sleep
the
heaving deep.
quotation does
depend
not
rhyme
the
"
only with
in the
with
second
the
be noted, is used
emphasize
silver
themselves in rest.
that sway
calm in that noble breast
heaves
may
and
seas
eflFect of the
the
there
the
on
Which
sea
day
followingpassage:
Calm
Since
the blank
one
case
heaving
in both
waters.
of the
euphony,
"
it
^Alliteration,
examples, servingto
in the other
harshness.
127
EASE
Other
forms
vowel
sound
But
in heaves
prose
and
it cannot
broadly
illustrated in the
repetitionare
of
"
be separated from
the sentence.
The
balanced
periodic structures,
of the sentence
account
from
as
and
studied
more
The
them.
an
swell
ocean
eflFective
are
be
as
may
as
himself
the
Compare
(a) There
the
is one
and
moon,
be
in
anyone
It is
of
manner
another
Geneva
Bible.
sown
easy
sea.
is
can
of
of
"
glory of the
glory of
and
sun
riseth in honor; it is
power.
on
izing
rhythms by familiarrhythmical prose.
Paul's First Epistle
another
star
one
natural
sown
in weakness
body and
riseth
glory of
differeth from
and
as
choppy
rhythms
in
another
sown
selected passages
following versions
Corinthians:
the
to
with
obvious
more
the
partly
The
accustom
as
of
be dissociated
cannot
restless
more
form
forms, such
sentence
it may
or
at
the rhetorical
rhythms which
rise and
cation
the collo-
and
body is
in dishonor
riseth in
spiritualbody.
"
and
(b) There is one glory of the sun, another glory of the moon,
another gloryof the stars: for one
star differeth from another star in
in corrupglory. So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown
tion,
in dishonor, it is raised
it is raised in incorruption. It is sown
in weakness, it is raised in power.
It is sown
in glory. It is sown
a natural body, it is raised a spiritual
body. ^Authorized Version.
"
The
but
rhythmical
it will be observed
that
is
distinct
comparatively simple,
gain has been made in
second
version
here
movement
of the passage
against it
is
earlier version.
128
In
SENTENCES
the
Greek
subject of
the
as
appears
in the Authorized
it has
dead
at
and
the stars
also
the tition
repeVersion.
with So also
dead.
innumerable
the
stars
the
seasons,
the burning
of those
ripening of
apparent
wondered
regardingthem
and
manner
of the
should
of the Authorized
rainless skies,
words
in the open
sun,
of
So is the resurrection
of the
body
word
Its omission
sentence.
Repetition of
gloryin
is the resurrection
little to
third
the
rhythm.
Finallycompare
Out
the
version
be noted.
of
the
Geneva
has
Version
dubious, but
regularityof
the
and
text
if the
it is
shipped
wor-
through idob,
himself,but stilldivine.
"
A* C. Benson.
words, and
thus
to
would
otherwise
in the
There
had
been
have
give them
had.
set oflFthe
last
more
Note
sentence.
permanent
to
serves
protest established
in the world,
theory of itselfand
heved
for him
it with
to which
soft
he
its conditions.
on
Pater.
thought which
about
his way
with
the warmth
generationsto
come
re-
him, touching
was
lightfrom
was
That
places
of definite affections;
by which
in the world
he seemed
he
was
to
link
leaving.
"
129
EASE
The
quietbeauty
of this passage
in the
appears
rhythm
as
in the
as
he
was
his way.
on
EXERCISES
I. Criticise and
1. Of
great
and
there
course
of
mass
improve
are
it will be
few
great relief
following:
"
that
the
humanity
to
rich but
reallybecome
sufferingfrom
is
people
the
war
general when
it is
over.
2. Illinois has
the food
3. The
and
men
that
men
we
accomplishing make
along
some
cerning
con-
question.
younger
khaki-clad
the value of
shown
been
others
will
being greatlyinspiredby
are
everywhere and
see
the
line which
boys
things they
are
their very
best
their country in time of
greatly serve
do
to
eager
more
the
the
need.
4.
of
Everywhere
at
uncertainty. There
of the
of
high cost
6. There
is
been
unusual
an
be
to
seems
of
number
feeling
marriages
year.
raised
are
have
there
considerablyand
are
one
of the chief
living.
reasons
compared
to other
years.
7. When
he
to
comes
collegehe
has
such
a
a
the
of
advantage
larger
class of
class
have.
necessarily
8.
state
Perhaps
the
of Illinois is
entered
the minds
from
this
of the
people.
war
seems
by the
to
have
130
SENTENCES
9. This
10.
cows
fed and
are
to
to the
done, the
the skimmed
milk
is
ceeds
pro-
given
the narrow
river,in whose cool
attempting to cross
I was
determined
not pleasing,but nevertheless
depths I splashed was
in
the waters
to go,
11.
this
so
I did, but
go
should
There
be
oh, what
place for
time I had.
descriptionin
more
of
theme
description.
12.
Of
13.
In many
course
distrust and
are
you
course.
has
ended; they
never
despisea Yankee.
not
only making airplanesfor ourselves
are
present we
14. At
almast
15. After
having
16.
the
tendency
embargo
greatly needed
would
for
glidesalong as smoothly
no
If this
were
on
smooth
vertigo.
to
dropped,
were
as
use,
for
so
that
buildingof
her
Japan would
vessels,our
do the
carrying trade
us.
17. In
September of that
tripto Niagara
18.
The
year
submarine
warfare
I had
the
lifewith father.
in my
in the Mediterranean
has been
to do so,
pressed
sup-
they would
The
these gases
black
20.
The
a
are
filla
which
gases
very
mine
are
very
numerous
but
two
damp.
This gas
miners
is very
can
student
realizes
or
may
he
them
know
may
and
the gas.
more
about
study hard
facts of the
the
subject than
in the review
and
the professor
this way
course.
of
also
131
EASE
As
23.
they
private banks
tempted
are
In
24.
entire
make
as
whole
financial deals.
the
When
he is in
papers
thereby obtaining
II.
instructor
retained
the
Explain
1. An
address
much
2.
His
memory
by afternoon
of
graceful manipulation of
tea,
my
putting
never
other
at
except
cool, and
observation
teas
to
my
afternoon
then
authorities
should
with
oracular.
once
help them
Wilson.
We
8.
included.
very
"
^Woodrow
the other
The
would
its inward
is admired; but
13.
"
Dante
^Emerson.
was
at
Arnold,
the
ever
in the
are
bring him
we
very
bad
rather
war
rather
war
not
the
see
careful,
at
than
than
facts with
all
company
to
many
and
was
veil
no
peace
people
war;
survive;
perish. ^Lincoln.
"
proud of themselves
hand, he is
never
12. At
a
It
6.
parties deprecated
^Agnes Repplier.
hand
me
^Woodrow
"
to
ently
persist-
distance
and
equal
"
to
field and
vision.
ticulation,
ar-
poetic art.
effective there.
9. Both
once
American
anything Europe
to
accept
are
11.
make
an
whatever
use
to
Wilson.
would
French
proud.
that
them,
setting
up-
of
way
and
of them
one
about
no
They
7.
to be
way
glad, now
are
of false pretense
of the world
in every
in the
^Arnold.
"
things, never
tea
my
opinions on
once
many
of afternoon
4. Granted
come.
5. Matthew
teas.
"
isfactory
unsat-
an
prove
and
sandwich
scholarly,held decided
hard
followingsentences:
10.
print is likelyto
in the
secure
in cold
down
best.
at
that I become
and
reviews
by the student.
past is stimulated
teas
but
student
effectiveness of the
set
husk
finished
has
has been
we
the
subject.
25.
goes
of their actions,
littleaccount
unsound
make
to
to
past work
the
have
he
cripple. ^Emerson.
"
invited
to dinner.
APPENDIX
THE
CONJUGATION
OF
THE
VERB
133
134
APPENDIX
Plvral
1.
2. You
8.
1. We
Wehdp
2. You
help
They h^
3.
Past
helped
are
helped
are
They
helped
are
Tenbe
Singidar
1. I
1. I
2.
2. You
helped
You helped
8. He
helped
helped
was
8. He
helped
were
helped
was
Plural
1. We
2. You
8.
helped
helped
They helped
1. We
2. You
8.
helped
were
were
They
helped
helped
were
FUTUBB
Singtdar
1. I shall
2. You
8. He
help
will
will
help
help
1. I shall be
2. You
3. He
helped
helped.
will be
will be
helped
Plural
1. We
2. You
3.
shall
help
1. We
will
help
2. You
3.
shall be
helped
will be
helped
They will
be
helped
Pebfect
Singidar
1^ I have helped
2. You
8. He
have
has
helped
helped
1. I have
2. You
8. He
helped
have been helped
been
has been
helped
CONJUGATION
THE
OF
1S5
VERB
THB
Plural
1. We
2. You
8.
1. We
helped
have
have
have
2. You
helped
3.
FUTUBB
been
have
helped
been
hdped
They have been hdped
PeBFECT
Singtdar
1. I shall have
2. You
8. He
helped
will have
will have
helped
helped
1. I shall have
will have
2. You
8.
He
been
will have
helped
been
been
helped
helped
Plural
1. We
shall have
helped
1. We
shall have
been
helped
will have
helped
2. You
will have
been
helped
2. You
8.
3.
Plupebfect
Sinffular
1. I had
had
2. You
8.
He
helped
had
helped
helped
1. I had
been
had
2. You
helped
helped
been
He
had
helped
1. We
had
been
3.
Plural
1. We
had
2. You
8.
They
helped
had
had
helped
helped
2. You
3.
They
had
helped
been
had
helped
been
helped
Svhjundive
Pbebent
Singular
1.
nihelp
2. If you
8.
If he
help
help
1. If I be
2.
If you
helped
be
8. If he be
helped
helped
1S6
APPENDIX
Plural
1. If
2. If
3.
If
1. If
help
we
be
2. If you
you*help
they help
S.
helped
be
we
helped
If they be helped
Past
Singidar
1. If I
1. If I
helped
2. If you
3. If he
helped
2. If you
helped
S.
helped
were
If he
helped
were
were
helped
were
helped
Plural
1. If-we
2. If you
S.
If
1. If
helped
helped
they helped
we
2.
If you
3.
If
helped
were
they
helped
were
Pebfect
Singular
.
1. If I have
2. If you
3.
If he
helped
have
helped
have helped
1. If I have
helped
have been helped
2. If you
3.
been
If he have
helped
been
Plural
1. If
we
2. If you
3. If
have
helped
have helped
1. If
we
2. If you
3.
If
helped
been
have
have
been
helped
PUJVERVECT
Singular
1. If I had
2. If you
3.
helped
had
If he had
helped
helped
1. If I had
2. If you
3.
been
had
If he had
helped
been
been
helped
helped
OP
CONJUGATION
THE
THE
137
VERB
Plural
1.
If
2.
If
S.
If
we
you
they
had
had
had
helped
helped
helped
1.
If
2.
If
3.
If
we
you
they
Imperatipe
Help
Be
helped
had
had
had
\)een
been
been
helped
helped
helped
APPENDIX
PUNCTUATION
0
The
fundamental
off
word
which
groups
units.
grammatical
in momentary
all
not
the
of
uses
understanding;
be
or
It should
of
to
us
these
can
even
total
or
results
standing
misunder-
be
admitted,
be
defended
however,
aids
as
to
conventional.
merely
are
set
logical
as
faulty punctuation
punctuation
some
it facilitates
helps
recognized
thought
sentence.
It
sentence.
Sometimes
of
is that
punctuation
should
confusion
of the
that
of
understanding
an
for
reason
(a) Period
The
86.
that
period should
interrogatory
is not
Observe.
trained,
and
man
to
spin and
or
easily
able
are
and
them,
be
to
placed
at
the
emphatically
cultivate
weave
sentence
exclamatory.
much
as
cloth
much
as
of every
their
with
woman,
end
properly
children,
ground
will
as
will clothe
as
feed
them.
"
Emerson.
87.
The
P.
Mr.;
S.; D.
period after
the
after
chemical
after
MB
Do
used,
PMLA
not
the close of
89.
Do
in per
cent,
not
e,
and
^.,
best
the
typographical
but
cent.;
'*
format"
of
(Old High
OHG
period after
of
the
your
books
(HO,
IE
for
title of
(Indociation).
Asso-
example,
letter.
place
Svo),
abbreviations
Language
signature;
g.,
it is omitted
German),
Modern
e.
places
usage
that
observe
(Pubhcations
place
a
the
that
(manuscript), and
European),
88.
Note
symbols
popularly
not
at
D.
abbreviations,
composition.
189
PUNCTUATION
(6) Cdon
the
Within
90.
introduce
of
series
to
or
less
two
The
taken
general
Nay,
restates
of
groups
semicolon.
widely used
is most
frequently employed
of which
second
separate
colon
It is much
clauses,the
the
sentence
to
of these
or
two
question arises
on
here, wherein
us
dialect
he
as
had,
be
to
In the
scene
Some
Do
say
precedes,Caithness
that
that
partioularity
the
longer be
in those primeval
he
pronounced it,
all
(to transcend
with
us
he's mad.
god?
"
satisfying
fury. ^Kittredge.
"
"
"
"
the
as
have
to
in succession:
consider
1. Its
positionand
2. Its value
S. Its worth
And
German
the
call it valiant
in
any
can
inspirationof
infcNrms
tain
con-
period.
the
the whole
transcendental
first;
been
now
over
two
of which
has
man
reading public will eagerly join: Whether
interested by the spoken word
he often was
so
as
by its inscrutable power,
days, when, rapt away
in such
of the
both
uses
ment
state-
separate
the substance
clauses,one
former
formal
to
as
as
scope
as
branch
of mental
means
knowledge.
discipline.
of
poeticalinformation.
lastly,
what
4. At
period it may
best be made
of education.
branch
"
Huxley.
If
will make
bread
have
contagion,yeast, emptyings,
into the dough: as the torpid
what not, to induce fermentation
or
artist seeks inspiration
at any
cost, by virtue or by vice, by friend
^Emerson.
or
by fiend,by prayer or by wine.
we
we
must
"
this ennobled
strange and
bubble
soling:
con-
of the
140
APPENDIX
rare
ideal,however
misconceived.
should
sorrows,
self
yet deny him-
an
Stevenson.
"
(c) Semicolon
The
91.
its
as
suggests, is
name
of
mark
more
word
in
groups
if the
or
semicolon,
The
of
members
the
is also
between
or
thought, are
is used
less
series
themselves
it is
larger
is formal
contain
commas.
conjunctive
verbs,
ad-
clauses
connected
not
emphatic
hand,
other
if the enumeration
series,particularly
semicolon
the
On
adverb.
She
was
she
blissful;
ecstatically
deeply ashamed.
was
^Bennett.
"
particularmodes
and
as
manners,
Webster.
Cranmer
raised
was
partizan,to
the
to
poem
of
see
that of St.
to that of
The
Primate; Shaxton,
became
favourer of the
Salisbury;Barlow,
yet
changes,
new
extreme
more
rich
David's; Hilsey to that of Rochester; Good-
Ely; Fox
has
that of Hereford.
to
vigour and
"
freshness;it is
Green.
not
without
pathos.
"
Arnold.
It did not
a
bum
sort of habit.
"
him
so
much
now;
The
comma
marks
Comma
pause
less
emphatic
It is used to separate
by the semicolon.
might otherwise be improperly associated.
marked
fingersfrom
^Lamb.
(d)
92.
than
words
that
which
141
PUNCTUATION
I urge
a
to go
you
for
away,
vacation
at this
of the year
season
is
good investment.
placed between
It is
Is, is a word
with
sinular
interesting
history.
an
placed between
It is
identical words.
or
words
short word
or
groups
in
series.
man,
every
he
as
maker
There
longitudesof
definer and
condition.
our
map-
Emerson.
"
empty
are
science, is
has any
at
night.
"
Stevenson.
the criticism of life will be
And
of power
in
than
Give
know,
to
me
It is
ordinate
to utter, and
all liberties.
above
But
rather than
inferior,sound
untrue
or
rather
half-true.
"
Arnold.
Matthew
93.
or
the
proportion as
clauses
it was
or
argue
of
singularwant
judgment,
and
and
defective
imitate
this terse
language, and
the
something
time
to
and
of life when
"
an
ignorance of the
very
severe
pronounce
beauty in
the
their
own
opposite kind
of
purity. ^Newman.
"
will become
man
be considered
to
even
Now,
co*
phrases.
induced
to
science,
con-
the
freelyaccording to
Milton.
"
placed before
to
grandfather is
you
had
better
^Eliot.
It is
If this
If
pleaseGod, let it be
they were
poets, they were
as
it is.
"
Jeremy Taylor.
deeply read
of
philosophersand
"
^Macaulay.
142
APPENDIX
No
it is
that
so
youth
generous
It is
95.
can
this charm
escape
of
non-restrictive
^Emerson.
"
adjective clauses
and
phrases.
But
there cannot
ill-natured old
Use
96.
and
doing them
to
commas
that
unhappy
more
is
than
creature
an
capable of receivingpleasures,
Sir William Temple.
others.
to
"
off the
set
word
phrase of address,
parenthetical. When
or
appositional or
long, dashes or parenthesis
passages
the passage
is neither
who
man,
sensible of
nor
live
indeed
are
marks
preferable
are
to' commas.
And
against Amanda
over
Umber,
of those
one
her
at
know
who
men
dinner
party
their
that
judgments
are
quoted. ^Wells.
"
And
Brothers
now,
somewhat
Your
he
97.
connectives
Such
followed
by
legs and
"
^Newman.
loins,and
of
is because
he likes to take
the
made
as
rate, in any
when
commas
they
sentence; within
or
followed
preceded and
where
by
is so
the
between
close
as
stand
"
to
furthermore,in fact,
at the beginning of
sentence
or
they are
case,
clause
commas.
the connection
the
scorns
the clause
are
discussion.
necessary
the end
to
come
^BlissPerry.
"
to he 8ure,
are
runner
in his
confidence
fences.
Oratory, I have
but
uninteresting,
cross-country
has
of the
this rule
^Exceptions to
the word
make
and
pause
phrase and
seem
forced.
as
assumes
his breath
an
is
to be false.
"
Here
then
the State
was
was
nounces
pro-
Johnson.
the extreme
intenselyfree.
"
143
PUNCTUATION
98.
Participiidphrases
On
leaving Wilton
are
House,
set
off
we
took
by
commas.
for
the coach
Salisbury.
"
Emerson.
But
held
as
99.
is used
commia
easilysupplied from
Pindar
calls him
^Emerson.
"
the omission
to mark
of
word
or
words
the context
of
the dream
of smoke.
the shadow
of greatness to be
Sir Thomas
"
shadow:
of
Browne.
(e) Dash
The
100.
dash
is used
to
set
off word
groups
that
interrupt
structural
have
to introduce
omitted;
been
after
long
list of
particularsa
summarizing
a
period
to mark
of
an
Many
how
"
castles.
cannot
many
said
be
"
protection in their
found
Froiide.
"
of an
picture the actual circumstances
event, the actual topography of a landscape should be nothing
without the form, the spiritof the handling. ^Pater.
The
mere
of
matter
"
"
"
tell any
Don't
She's
"
one
not
"
she's dear to
me.
(/)
101.
In
general the
yet.
Parenthesis
comma
or
the
Marks
dash
is to be
preferred
to
144
APPENDIX
The
of this tnith is
knowledge (gnMs, superrational
instruction)
wisdom
and morality.
(g) Brackels
102.
Brackets
are
chiefly used
now
enclose
to
whatever"
^has been
word, phrase, clause, or sentence
into a quoted or edited text, as an interpolationor
letter,number,
introduced
"
rectification.
That
his
was
limit.
[life's]
The
follows
question mark
parenthesis marks
after
word
or
an
interrogationor is placed in
number
about
is it you
want?
which
doubt
is
entertained.
Well, what
Chaucer
in the
bom
was
name
of Plutus
in 1340
(?)and died in
(t) Exclamation
104.
The
exclamation
point is
used
1400.
Point
clamations.
ex"
Mill
of Death!
"
Carlyle.
(j)QuotationMaries
105.
A
Quotation marks
quotation within
marks.
marks
enclose
all matter
reproduced verbatim.
quotation within
the
endose
quotation. Quotation marks
further: the titles of pictures, of serial publications,of subdivisions
of books, etc.; words
such as
not in ordinary usage,
slang or technical terms; words speciallycited in definitions uid
translations.^
often italicized
instead of bong endosed in quotationmarks.
wnich carry spedal
words and phrases and expressions
Italicize,
too" foreign
emphasb. Words to be italidsed are underlined in manuscript.
^
Titles
are
145
PUNCTUATION
106.
Note
that the
are
the
exclamation
and
comma
the
quotation.
counsel
The
of the committee
said in
publicaddress
in December,
1911,"
'If it is
the word
use
"trust,"
applied to unlawful
as
industrial
binations,
com-
The
"
little from
Marshall
the
her
going into
when
Although he does
by Americans
"win
town.
out
BetigioMedici
did
man
more
ne
with this
guise"
laugh, her "dis-
the
hope universallycherished
national
grave
not
to
correct
almost
unadorned
than
did,
entirely,yet this
so
was
of the
preceding
far, indeed,
not
his
as
to
principal
it.
riuaait mieux
as
insanity,
defects,
faults.
our
was
excellence,and he knew
Rien
share
shall, in spite of
we
in theatrical declamation
age
called,with
seldom,
Canfield.
"
to
seem
that
pointed
statements,
No
husband
them
wore
out"
The
but
run
que le succis.
our
And
bankruptciesand
we
Americans
our
reckless
are
tainted
politics
may
show.
EXERCISES
I. Punctuate
the
example Mr
following:
"
Ahead
Warnings
to import her fuel
ever
England
China
from America
the day of her manufacturing prosperity
or
the matter
in questionwill
to say nothing of her supremacy
now
1. For
of Cassandra
have
said If
set forever.
is reduced
or
146
Tbou
2.
the
hast
pride
these
Angelotti
Voters
Manual
Jurist
first
the
huge
cleared
the
attics
the
Cheer
up
my
Ernest
of
the
near
Marion
by
Polk
The
Shuler
America
Woman
with
after
troduction
in-
an
the
War
by
anonymous.
books
for
but
homes
many
there
there
came
contributions
librarian
the
in
Gibson
ammunition
goes
at
France
people
camp
book
what
and
remain
to
storerooms
the
of
Marjorie
American
the
of
with
over
he
plicated
com-
duty
the
at
asked.
that
thought
which
sentry
on
which
you
in
alone
not
are
world.
the
8.
At
House
7.
the
His
the
poet
was
Proud'hon
one
modem
8.
nor;
In
Comeille
short
they
lovely.
with
the
are
his
of
were
purity
and
built
his
of
manner
the
Wibon
the
White
familiar.
Catholic
the
obstinacy
the
love
on
Catholic
likely
was
in
more
society
nor
Comeille
of
and
heroes
Proud'hon
transform
magic
think
nearer
Proud'hon
neither
in
to
was
their
idealism
the
and
man
sketches
ably
but
unreal
was
Lincoln
because
woman
sacrifice
river
Jansenists
the
was
it
moment
across
even
of
halt
Catt
miscellaneous
and
it all
publication
Preston
and
prefers
to
problem
door
library
5.
of
supply
Firefly
by
Chapman
call
all
greatness
covered
for
Forman
who
and
man
The
Boche
Carrie
American
At
by
by
4.
the
stretched
star
announces
volumes
Battering
the
jacet.
Hie
G^mpany
following
the
of
ambition
words
Century
all
together
and
narrow
The
future
drawn
cruelty
two
8.
an
APPENDIX
to
Saints
or
his
Socialist
but
the
love
of
doctrine
appeal
to
the
idealism.
hand
01
done
is
almost
and
absent
supremely
from
these
inapproach-
APPENDIX
CAPITALIZATION
Capitalize
"
Proper
107.
Holland,
Dutch,
In
108.
and
nouns
generic
Relief
well
as
in the
places
East, War
Near
events,
specific words.
the
as
them:
German.
periods, and
historical
Island, Fifth
Edward's
Prince
of
designations
from
adjectivea derived
Latin, Germany,
Rome,
etc.), organizations,
the
the
Avenue,
of the
Committee
American
for
Elizabeth.
but
preferably
the
North,
the
southern
the
not
South,
the
Designations
Christian
Trinity
The
110.
of
never
wish
of
God
designed
For
northern
example:
industries,
what
of each
not
of
members
which
pronouns
the
sentence,
complete
or
the
deariy
of each
line
quotation
of poetiy,
not
directly
precedes.
"honesty
emphasize
is the
is the
best
best
147
policy."
policy."
to
...
other
forget that
to
them.
but
capitalized
are
Being.
summarization
upon
the
and
capitalized, but
are
Never
country
from
the
first word
each
dependent
the
adjectives derived
Supreme
Ahnighty,
The
and
the
to
of
sections
farms.
109.
refer
of
Designations
B.
N.
In
Monroe
You
should
conclusion,
Doctrine
I
is
148
APPENDIX
Titles
111.
of
persons:
Dr.
Chamwood;
Lord
Smiles,
Samuel
Johnson;
The
112.
A.
Ph.
M.,
words
principal
the
Smith;
in
Reverend
Right
titles
of
B.
Elizabeth.
Queen
D.;
Arthur
books,
articles,
poems,
etc.:
The
MUl
on
the
Floss,
The
of the
Lay
Last
The
Minstrel^
Glory
cf
theJmpeffect,
The
article
book,
the
the
g.f
118.
the
poem,
should
one
e.
should
Springfield
The
exclamation
be
or
article.
the
preferably
In
exclude
the
Republican,
(Oh)
it
when
capitalized
and
citing
the
Nation,
the
belongs
to
and
newspapers
article
the
pronoun
the
from
Unpopular
the
title
of
azines
mag-
title,
Review.
INDEX
Dash,
50
Accent,
adverbs,
as
83;
74
Derivations
75
uses,
74ff.; used
Adverb,
143
adjectives,
as
of words,
Deterioration
3ff.
of words,
74f.
subject and
and
llSff.;
logicalagreement,
Agreement,
antecedent,
singular
111;
biguous,
am-
connected
Etymology,
Off.
Euphemism,
14
88
Euphony,
Apostrophe, 60ff.
Exclamation
by
Qfr
nar^
or
BrackeU,
in
common,
words,
126ff.
point,
144
144
Foreign element
Building, 17
Can
of
use
d8ff.
inconspicuous, 110;
Antecedent,
Errors,
pronoun
87, %8
114ff.
Emphasis,
and
in
English vocabu-
huy, 4ff.
Foreign words,
96
may,
33
Capitalization,147ff.
Clauses, principal between
two
ordinate
sub-
ihai^ 71;
restrictive
Gerund,
and
Good
adverbial,
result, 77;
manner,
77f.; of cause,
78f.; of
18
87
32ff
use,
63ff.
Grammar,
cession,
con-
Indo-Germanic,
dition,
con-
Inflection,
Intrusive
7, 90
sounds,
61
lOSff.
Meanings
Colloquialisms,84
Colon,
words,
of
79
Clearness,
of
Generalization
of words,
13ff.
lS9f.
Comma,
Noun,
140f.
Conjugation,
133f.
Conjunction,
lOlff.
Contrary
to
Coordination,
fact
conditions,
lOlff.;
93
progressive,
86
Obsolete
125
149
words,
33
150
INDEX
lOfiff.; of
OmissioiiSy
omitted
88;
monstrative,
deSeparation
necessary
sounds,
Shifted
14Sf.
Parentliesis,
Participle Tag,
Period,
at
of
b^^inning
prepositional,
Point
of view
Predicate
verb,
Split infinitive,
Stem,
dianged,
copula
after
llf.
7ff.; Greek,
Latin,
16ff.
Than,
after,
Unity,
109
59ff.; list
Pronunciation,
mispronounced,
Provincialisms,
of
61ff.
Verb,
90ff.; past
91;
weak
144
marks,
144ff.
Root,
110,
90;
and
93;
verbs,
91^
verbs,
number,
91;
tense*
90; voice,
95;
90
Verbosity,
124
verbs,
subjunctive,
strong
voice, 90;
intransitive
non-finite
and
person,
Redundance,
94;
tense,
and
mood,
finite
Quotation
88
lis
transitive
84
mark,
^nes,
the
words
198ff.
Punctuation,
86
demonstrative
85ff.;
commonly
case
one,
Question
119f.
Synonyms,
The
90ff
Preposition,
omitted^
84
96
85,
Pronouns,
13
Suffix,
124
60
of words,
Subordination,
72
substantive
Prefixes,
118;
sentence*
125f.
52ff.
Spelling.
adverbial,
tive,
substan-
95
substitution,
Specialization
138
Phrases,
wfll,
construction,
Sound
121
and
125
and
Shall
00
artide
of
124
Words,
etymology,
Semantics,
13, note
changes
Semicolon.
140
good
Sentences*
climactic,
115;
balanced,
Separation
of
subject
and
verb,
125
use,
abstract
common
in
4ff.;prefixes,7ff.;
word
meaning,
concrete
errors,
words,
mispronounced,
61ff.
13ff.;
33;
34ff.;
monly
com-