Semarang Spatial

Planning Evaluation
Submitted To Complete The Final Group Assignment Of
Urban And Regional Planning

Giri Wilisandy
21040112410053
Karina Mesalianda
21040114410016
M. Luthfi Eko Nugroho
21040114410049
Rosnaeni

Master of Regional and Urban

Development
Engineering Faculty Diponegoro
University
Semarang
2014

Table of Contents

0 | Page

Table of Contents .................................................................... 1

Part 1 Introduction ................................................................. 2
A. Background
B. Problem Statement
C. Purposes
Part 2 Theoretical Background ................................................. 4
A. Urban Planning Theories
B. Spatial Planning Policy
Part 3 General Overview......................................................... 15
A. General Overview of Semarang City
B. General Overview of Semarang Spatial Planning
Part 4 Analysis ...................................................................... 42
A. Spatial Planning Policy vs Dynamic Condition
B. Spatial Planning and Suatainable Development
Part 5 Conclusions and Recommendations............................... 61
A. Conclusions
B. Recommendations
References .............................................................................63

1 | Page

Part 1

Introduction
Background
In general, the more complex urban spatial layout of the countryside, so it needs to be
considered and planned well. Region / zone in the urban area is divided into several zones
as follows: housing and settlement, trade and services, industry, education, offices and
services, terminal, tourism and recreation parks, farms and plantations, a public funeral,
and landfills. The phenomenon of urban spatial development of increasingly complicated
makes getting minimal land use. Therefore, the land needs to be directed to be used in
activities that are most appropriate to their physical properties and managed in order to
accommodate the growing community activities. In streamline the allocation of land use,
the necessary plan for the needs of all sectors of the community activities, both the
needs of current and future activities.
Development planning process carried out by involving all stakeholders at national and
regional. Development planning is a process that is systematic, coordinated and
sustainable, strongly associated with the activities of resource allocation, business
objectives and actions in the future.
Semarang as areas experiencing growth and development requires a mechanism for
regional planning. Semarang spatial planning policies set out in Regulation No. 14 Year
2011 on Spatial Planning (RTRW) Semarang Year 2011 to 2031. Spatial plan is a form of
planning that has to consider the interests of various sectors of the community activities
in allocating land / space and its resources contained in it (comprehensively) In
accordance of the meaning of the spatial plan is the basis for the utilization of space /
land. Spatial plan is a plan that contains the product development plans and the spatial
structure plan space utilization patterns to be achieved by the end of the planning. Space
structure formed by the central system activity and network systems infrastructure that
includes a network system of transportation (land, sea, air), network systems and
electrical energy, telecommunication network systems and network systems of water
resources. While the pattern of utilization of space is an overview of space allocation for
the various types of land uses planned. Quality of spatial planning is a prerequisite in the
implementation of spatial planning.
As a city that has a vision to become a center of trade and services, the City Semarang in
need of attention and spatial planning can accommodate all activities that support tradebased economy and services. At the Regional Regulation of Semarang has been divided
into several areas will be used as the central offices for trading activities and services.

2 | Page

Semarang Spatial Planning need for some critics to make sure that its plan considering
proper theories so city will planned in ideal condition towards sustainable city. The
theories that will be used in Semarang Spatial Planning Evaluation are transportation,
green open space, tourism, coastal management, and compact city.

Problem Statement
A planning process should be considering some theories toward sustainable condition in
the city. But sometime because of the existing condition that make a city planner has
difficulties to implementing the ideal concept of planning to the city. From the Semarang
Spatial Planning document we can see alot of gap between the ideal theories and the
plan it self. We have to know which part of planning that purely considering the ideal
theories, and which part that can not just considering the theories because of existing
condition pressures.

Purposes
Purpose study of this paper is to identify that Semarang Spatial Planning document is
based on hte ideal theories and finding what is the obstacle to do that kind of planning.
The objectives of this paper are :
1. Identify Semarang condition, whether in generally and in sectors related to
transportation, green open space, tourism, coastal management, and compact city
theories;
2. Identify the ideal condition related to urban planning theories;
3. Identify problems related to Semarang spatial planning;
4. Identify the the planning policy related to the problems;
5. Evaluate the programs related to urban planning theories.

3 | Page

Part 2

Theoretical Background
Urban Planning Theories
Green Open Space
Basically, green open space is one of urban space element that has an important role
with the other elements of the city and has a very positive effect for the environment.
Hakim (1993) define the green open space as spaces that contained inside in the city, in
the form of a corridor, path,
area, regional movement,
linkage,

and

destination

area, where the elements

of the natural green and
open space charcter more
dominant.
definition

Another
of

green

open

space can be understood as

a space or area, hasnt
been built or not built in the
urban

area,

that

has

value for park and recreation,

Figure 1 : Typology of Urban Green Open Space

Source : Permen PU No.5 Tahun 2008

conservation area, historical and aesthetics (Green, 1959 cited in Prasetijaningsih and
Riyan, 2011).
According to Prasetijaningsih and Riyan (2011), there are three basic functions of green
open space i.e.:
1. Social function
Green open space is public facilities that has function for recreation, education, and
sport. In this context, urban green open space can be a place to establish the
communication for urban community.
2. Physical function
Green open space has ecological functions such as the lungs of the city, water
system protect, silencer, visual fulfillment, and buffering area. Plants such as trees or
other vegetation that grows in the green open space can produce fresh air, become
dust filter and regulate air circulation. It aims to create sense of comfortable and
protect from air pollution for urban community.
3. Aesthetic function

4 | Page

Urban green open space serves as the bond between building elements, give the
characteristic of the city (as the identity), and as one of the elements in the
arrangement of urban architecture.
The typology of urban green open space in terms of ownership, can be divided into two
types i.e. public green open space and private green open space (Permen PU No.5/
2008). According to The Act No.26/2007 about spatial planning, green open space is
one of the components of urban area that have minimum size 30% of the total urban
area, divided into 20% for public green open space and 10% for private green open
space. The typology of urban green open space in terms of ownership shown in Figure
1.
Transportation
Accessibility is a concept that combines system settings geographically land use with
transportation network connecting system. Accessibility can be regarded as a measure of
comfort or convenience of the location of land-use way to interact with each other, and
the ease or difficulty of a location is achieved through the transport network system. Land
use is a part / piece of land the venue for a wide range of urban transport activities, such
as work, school, sports, shopping etc. To fulfill the human needs to travel between the
land use, by using the transport network system (using buses, trains), which in turn give
rise to the movement of the flow of people, vehicles and goods, or the so-called moblitas.
Accessibility and mobility is a measure of potential or opportunity to traveled. The
interaction of land use and transportation based on its characteristics can be grouped
into 4 (four) groups of the above model.
1. Conventional model (model 4 stages) consist of sub-models of seizures trip (Trip
Generation) which is a function of land use factors and socioeconomic factors, Travel
Distribution (Trip Distribution), Separation Mode (Mode Split) and Selection Route
(Trip assignment).
2. Behavioural Model is based that the traveling public will continue to make choices
(individual or person based) or not based zones. Traveling public will make choices
based on the utility that is a function of the accessibility and appeal of travel
destinations. Behavioral models are Multinomial Logit known Models based on
random utility theory.
3. Model Linked transport system analysis and an analysis of the allocation of
population and land use activity center but an exogenous variable. Linked models
known is SELNEC models. In SELNEC models from the model output becomes the
input for land use transport models, and accessibility to land use models derived
from the transport model. So in this model is used for the analysis of accessibility in
travel distribution and transport model to model land use. Weakness Linked models
are analytical Trip Generation is still in the elastic towards travel expenses
(generalized cost). Linked In these models there is time lag between the models of

5 | Page

land use and transport models to models of land use is considered as exogenous
variables.
4. Integration Model is a model to analyze land use (allocation of population and activity
center) and an integrated transport system. In the integration model of land use
analysis performed in addition to considering the accessibility factor is the output
from the transport models also consider the attractiveness of land and policy factors.
Tourism
Tourism has several definitions of various experts and thinkers. However, in general,
tourism is an activity of a person or group of people. Tourism is an activity to travel in
order to get pleasure, find satisfaction, knowing something, improve health, enjoy sports
or rest, perform tasks, and others (Spillane, 1987). From the Spillane definition implied
that consists of elements of tourism activities and the trip has a purpose. Understanding
the tourism according to Spillane more towards the wisatawannya or people who travel.
Different with the Spillane, Lundberg states that tourism is a concept that can be seen
from different view points. Tourism is an activity in which people are involved in traveling
far from their homes primarily for business or pleasure (Lundberg, 1995). Tourism is a
business that provides goods and services to tourists and involve any expenditure
incurred by or for visitors to journey. Here, tourism is limited to elements of the trip and
more specific objectives, namely business and pleasure.
Wiyasa defines about tourism with the another different perspective. He interpreted that
tourism is a commodity that is needed by every individual as activity traveled for an
individual can increase the creative power, eliminate the boredom of work, relaxation,
shopping, business, knowing the historic heritage, health, and tourism spiritulisme, along
with the increasing leisure time as a result of more the short weekday and supported by
rising incomes, it will increase tourism activity. Wiyasa argues that the emphasis is on the
understanding of tourism commodities. This is a result of human activity itself and the
ability to perform activities of tour cost is very supportive (Wiyasa, 1997).
Spilane explained that the tourism can be divided based on the types. Types of tourism
according to Spillane are as follows:
1. Tourism to enjoy the trip (Pleasure Tourism)
This type of tourism is done by people who leave their homes for a vacation, a new
look for fresh air, to reduce nervous tension, to enjoy the beauty of nature, to enjoy
the saga of the people of a region, to enjoy entertainment, and so on.
2. Tourism for recreation (Recreation Tourism)
This type of tourism is done by requiring the person you defeated the umbilical off to
rest, to recover physically and mentally freshness that will refresh fatigue and
exhaustion.
3. Tourism for culture (Cultural Tourism)

6 | Page

This type of tourism is characterized by the presence of a series of motivations such

as the desire to study in the centers of teaching and research. To learn customs, way
of life of other countries, and so on.
4. Tourism for large trading business affairs (Business Tourism)
In this type of tourism, which emphasized element is the opportunity that is used by
the perpetrators of this journey that uses a time-free time to enjoy themselves as
tourists who visit the various attractions and other pariwiata types.
5. Tourism for sports (Sports Tourism)
The aim of this type of tourism for the purpose of sport, good only for interesting
spectator sport and olahragawannya itself and is intended for those who inigin

practice it ourselves. Tourism can be subdivided into two categories:

Big sports events, ie events such as the Olympic Games oahraga large, skiing
world championships, world boxing championship, and others of interest to the

audience or fans.
Sporting tourism of the Practitioners, namely sports tourism for those who want to
practice and practice themselves as mountain climbing, horse riding sports,

hunting, fishing and others.

6. Tourism to the convention (Convention Tourism)
Many countries are interested and considers this type of tourism with many hotels
and buildings are specially equipped to support the tourism convention.
Coastal Management
Coastal areas is a very important area of development in Indonesia. Many large cities are
growing in coastal areas. Coastal areas provide a variety of services to surounding areas
such as transportation services, providing a source of food and environmental services.
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is one of the common concep in coastal
development. Other comon approach and now become a trend among indonesian coastal
city is waterfront city concep and reclamation.

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

The main aims of ICZM is to reduce or eliminate such problems, resulting in ethical and
economic benefits. Ethical benefits include sustainable development, the promotion of
social equity (through consideration of the viewpoints of all stakeholders) and
protection of traditional uses of coastal resources. (Cummins et al.2004)
There is no shortage of definitions for Integrated Coastal Management. According to
Knecht and Archer (1993) in Cummins et al. (2004) ICZM defined as A dynamic and
continuous process of administering the use, development and protection of the
coastal zone and its resources towards common objectives of national and local
authorities and the aspiration of different resource user groups. Meanwhile, Sorenson,
(1993) in Cummins et al. (2004) gives a definition of ICZM as Integrated management
provides policy direction and a process for defining objectives and priorities and
planning development beyond sectoral activities. It adopts a systems perspective and

7 | Page

multi sectoral approach which takes into account all sectoral interests and stakeholder
interests, and deals with economic and social issues as well as environmental and
economic issues.

Waterfront city concept

According to the Directorate General of Coastal and Small Islands, Ministry of Marine
Affairs and Fisheries (KP3K-KKP) in the Code of Coastal City (Pedoman Kota Pesisir,
2006) suggested that the waterfront city is an area that is bordered by water and
overlooking

the

sea,

rivers,

lakes

and

the

like.(Nurizati.

2013).

Waterfront

Development can be applied to the entire waterfront area both rivers, lakes and
coastal areas.
Based on the type of project, waterfront city can be divided into three types (Nurizati.
2013), namely:
1. Conservation is the preservation of ancient or old waterfront city
2. Rebuilding (redevelopment) is restoration the function of pre-existing waterfront
city
3. Development is development of a new waterfront city to meet the needs of the
city
Meanwhile, based on the function, waterfront city can be divided into four types
(Breen, 1996 in Nurizati. 2013), namely:
1.
2.
3.
4.

The mixed-used waterfront city

Recreational waterfront city
Residential waterfront city
Working waterfront city

Here is the mindset of the formulation of design principles of

Normative Study of the Waterfront Area

(waterfront city)

waterfront area

Factor in the Arrangement of the Waterfront Area

Policy / Regulation of Waterfront Area

Aspects to be Considered

Condition of the Waterfront Area

Component and Arrangement Variable

Structuring Principle of
the Waterfront Area

Recommendation Design of Waterfront Area

8 | Page

Figure 2. Flow Chart of Waterfront Area Formulation Design Guidelines

Source: Nurizati. 2013

Criteria in the development of a waterfront area include (Nurizati. 2013) :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Located on the edge of a large waters area (sea, lakes, rivers, and so on).
Usually the port area, trading, settlement, or tourism.
Has the main functions as a place of recreation, residential, industrial, or port.
Dominant with views and orientation towards the water.
The construction is done in the direction of the vertical and horizontal

There are two important aspects of the underlying design of the waterfront area. The two
aspects are geographical factors as well as the urban context (Wren, 1983 andToree,
1989 cited Nurizati. 2013). Geographic factors, consisting of land conditions and climate.
Urban context, consisting of user, historical and cultural treasures, achievement and
circulation, visual character.
Compact City
Compact city policies for cities can be discussed in relation to the various elements of the
definition provided : attempts to increase built area and residential population densities;
to intensify urban economic, social and cultural activities and to manipulate urban size,
form and structure and settlement systems in pursuit of the environmental, social and
global sustainability benefits derived from the concentration of urban functions. There are
some impacts of compact city concept if it implemented in the city, i.e. :
1. Densitification
Compact city try to maximize urban density by intensify the existing functions in the
city. Usually city has a problem with land availability that can be used for extension of
the city. The city more spread, more land would be occupied, and causes green open
space in surrounding the city (pheri-urban) are decrease, and urbanized area become
larger. But in the other hand, densitification might become a new problem. High
demographic growth, low levels of economic development, high income inequalities,
small urban budgets and shortages of environmental infrastructure, shelter and basic
services have a critical effect on densification policies and the effectiveness of policy
instruments.
2. Infrastructure and land capacity
Higher densities will lead to cheaper infrastructure costs and the absorption of spare
inner city capacity is particularly contentious in developing countries. Although some

9 | Page

inner city areas in Latin America may be dedensifying, the opposite is generally true
for most cities in developing countries and there is no spare capacity to be filled. This
spare capacity, if it exists anywhere, is most likely to be found in high income areas
and the social implications of taking the least-cost option cannot be justified on social
or sustainability grounds which often does not prevent it from happening. The
possibility of densifying empty speculative plots through the use of punitive taxes is
politically constrained under current neo-liberal strategies. However, some interesting
incentive schemes involving land sharing arrangements, the transfer of development
rights and public/ private partnerships offer some promise.
3. Transportation
Similar arguments with the relationship between densification and the ability to
generate mass thresholds for public transport, it is effective demand and higher
incomes and not just numbers in need that create these thresholds. The most
immediate sustainability gains that can be realised are related to improvements in the
fuel efficiency of public transport equipment, improved regulations and enforcement
and the construction of environmentally friendly mass transit systems. More
concentrated the city, more easier to build a mass transportation that can reach all of
the districts within the city.
4. Land use
The argument that densification will allow derelict land to be brought into productive
use has limited applicability for most cities in developing countries. The existence of
inner city brownfield sites in developed countries is a result of the combination of the
twin

processes

of

de-industrialisation

and

metropolitan

decentralisation.

The

relationship between urbanisation and industrialisation in developing countries is

weak (outside the semi-periphery) and metropolitan decentralisation processes where
present are only at an incipient stage in most countries. The relationship between
densification policies and the rate of loss of agricultural and rural land on the urban
periphery, the incidence of urban agriculture and the availability of green and open
space within the city is similarly complex (Mathey, 2000). The benefits of slowing
down the rate of urban encroachment through promoting higher density settlement
are particularly great in those world regions where rates of urban growth are high,
arable land per capita rates are low and agricultural productivity growth rates are low.
But if densification occurs using instruments that lower the availability of domestic
space (e.g. reduced plot sizes, higher minimum plot/built area ratios), the effect on
urban agriculture could be very serious for the poor, for whom it is a basic element in
their survival strategy.
The same considerations govern the relationship between densification and open and
green space provision. Per capita open and green space rates are often very low in
cities in developing countries and where these spaces exist they are often poorly
maintained, covered with waste, or are frequently squatted on.

10 | P a g e

The advisability or not of densification has to be related to the question of how

densities are distributed in cities in developing countries. In developed countries the
urban poor and low-income groups live in the centre and the rich and the middle class
live on the periphery. In developing countries the poor live in the centre where they
are accommodated at very high densities in tenement blocks, interstitial shantytowns,
and in downgraded and subdivided houses formerly belonging to the now
decentralised upper income groups. But they also live in far greater numbers on the
urban periphery in often-vast rings of low- and middledensity squatter settlements
and illegal subdivisions. A pattern of intra-urban residential mobility has been
recognised whereby rural migrants move initially to the inner city receptor areas and
subsequently, with higher incomes and greater space requirements, move to the
periphery where they commence an informal building process based on progressive
development and self-help (Turner, 1976).
5. Intensification of activites
As with densification policies, many of the sustainability benefits that can be derived
from activity intensification in cities in developing countries are bound to be limited.
Cities in developing countries, as opposed to those in developed countries, are
already characterised by high levels of mixed use, ease of access to a wide range of
goods and services and by high levels of vitality and vibrancy. The reasons for this are
the different structural characteristics of their urban economies, the more limited
impact of modernist practices and the limited ability to control and regulate urban
development. These policies have helped to generate employment but they have also
created major environmental externalities including congestion, waste disposal
problems, fire and health risks, as well as social and economic problems such as low
wages, long work hours, the exploitation of children and the inability to collect taxes
for services provided. The further stimulation of the informal sector in pursuit of the
sustainability benefits claimed for intensification would therefore mark no real policy
change. It is feared that further deregulation of the sector will merely add to these
growing social costs and externalities, and the best strategy is now to reregulate or
formalise it (de Soto, 1992).
6. Urban form, size, and structure
As in developed countries, attempts to manipulate urban form in order to achieve
sustainability benefits have been limited. The reasons for this include the shift from
master planning to strategic planning, and from physical planning to socio-economic
planning, and a shift in the locus of urban professional practice towards urban
restructuring and the neighbourhood level.
Many cities in search of global competitiveness have relaxed regulations governing
peripheral development in order to attract economic activity and attempts at
rationalising

the

urban

form

have

been

postponed.

Nonetheless,

with

the

strengthening of metropolitan decentralisation trends and urban sprawl there has

been a resurgence of interest in urban containment instruments to control the

11 | P a g e

evolution of the urban form in a sustainable way, particularly in green belts, green
corridors and ecological reserve areas.
Although there is a debate obfuscated by the failure to distinguish between the
problem of primacy and the problem of size, attention focused on the scale and
intensity of the environmental impacts of very large cities. It was argued that even
with existing population size, consumption levels and inequalities, many megacities
were

already

consumption

exhausting
exceeding

their

the

environmental

replacement

support

capacity

of

capacity,
primary

with

water

sources,

the

destabilisation of ecosystems, and air pollution levels that were highly injurious to
human health and safety (Atkinson, 1993).
Urban restructuring has become a major strategy for realising the sustainability
benefits of compaction in developing countries. It has been accepted that most urban
environmental problems, including excessive energy use and high carbon emission
rates, can be attributed to deficiencies in the urban structure. These deficiencies can
be rectified by structural changes to the built environment, by the restructuring of
urban mobility systems, the closer co-ordination of land use and transport planning,
and the closer harmonisation of the built environment with the natural environment.
7. Settlements system
It has also been increasingly accepted in developing countries that the most
appropriate scale for achieving the sustainability goals associated with compaction is
the regional and metropolitan region level. Interest has focused on regional
development frameworks, on large scale and beaded linear cities, concentrated
decentralisation models, and cellular and networked systems of cities linked by
transport and development corridors based on efficient and eco-friendly public
transport systems. It is only at this scale that the goals of a balanced integration of
settlement systems with nature (Atkinson, 1992), easy access to green environments,
the conservation of rural and agricultural land, spatial equity in infrastructure and
service provision and the avoidance of the spatial displacement of environmental
externalities can be realised.

Spatial Planning Policy

Space is a natural resource that can be used in general and the public goods that can be
exploited when the utilization exceeds its carrying capacity, and is a place where the
whole social system interaction (which includes humans and the entire social, economic
and cultural) with the ecosystem (natural resources and artificial resources) takes place.
Spatial planning is the basis for the development of the region to realize the objectives of
development, and is also an instrument that has a legal basis to realize the objectives of
regional development.

12 | P a g e

Law No. 26 of 2007 is the principal legislation governing the implementation of spatial
planning. The existence of these laws is expected in addition to a basic concept of law in
carrying out spatial planning, is also expected to be used as a reference for the
government in the management and protection of the environment.
In order to realize the concept of the development of the region in which the goals and
objectives that are territorial in Indonesia, then implemented spatial arrangement
consisting of three (3) a series of major processes that are interrelated to one another in
accordance with Law No. 26 Year 2007 on Spatial Planning, namely:
a. spatial planning process is a process for determining the structure of space and
spatial patterns which include the preparation and determination of spatial
planning, which resulted in a plan (Spatial). In addition to as "guidance of future
actions" Spatial essentially a form of intervention that human / creature with the
environment can run harmonious, balanced to achieve well-being / beings living
environment and sustainable development (development sustainability).
b. the use of space, is an attempt to realize the structure of space and spatial
patterns in accordance with the spatial planning through the preparation and
implementation of programs and financing, which is a form of operational or
implementation of the development plan space itself.
c. space utilization control process is an attempt to realize the orderly layout
consisting of licensing and enforcement mechanisms for the implementation of
development in keeping with the Spatial and spatial planning objectives territory.
Direction city spatial planning policy is the basis of all the city's physical development
policy, because almost all aspects of the use of urban space should be based on the
urban planning that has been set. Given the strategic aspects of these policies for the
physical development of the city, it is expected that this policy should be able to
accommodate all the potential of the city both internally and externally, so that the
direction of urban development does not leave the element potential at every stage of
development.

13 | P a g e

Part 3

General Overview
General Overview of Semarang City
Geographical Location
Administratively, Semarang divided into 16 districts (kecamatan) and 177 sub districts
(kelurahan).

It has total area 373,70 Km2, and located between 650 710 south

latitude and 10935-11050 east longitude. Semarang boundaries are :

North

: Java Sea

South

: Kabupaten Semarang

West

: Kabupaten Kendal

East

: Kabupaten Demak

Topography
From its topography, Semarang has various topography with a lowland in north and hills
in south. Altitude of Semarang is about 0,75-348 meters above sea level. Semarang has 4
type of area based on its slope condition :
-

0-2% slope, consist of Kecamatan Genuk, Pedurungan, Gayamsari, Semarang Timur,

Semarang Tengah dan Tugu, also Kecamatan Banyumanik, Tembalang dan Mijen
partially.
3-15% slope, consist of Kecamatan Semarang Barat, Candisari, Gajahmungkur,
Gunungpati dan Ngaliyan.
16-40% slope, consist of around Kali Garang and Kali Kreo (Kecamatan Gunungpati),
some parts of Mijen (Wonoplumbon area), some parts of Kecamatan Banyumanik and
Candisari.
>40% slope, consist of some parts Banyumanik and Gunungpati (around Kali garang
and Kali Kripik).

Table 1. Semarang Altitude

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Area
Coastal
CBD
(In front of Dibya Puri Hotel)
Simpang Lima
Candi Baru
Jatingaleh
Gombel
Gunungpati:
West
Northeast
Mijen (up stream)

Altitude (m)
0,75
2,45
3,49
90,56
136
270
259
348
253

14 | P a g e

Source : Semarang in Figures, 2013

The dominant land use in the Kota Semarang is for building 40.70% or 14,049.42 km 2.
Other land use is a moor land (20.89% or 8,989.00 km 2), fields (10.24% or 3,746.97 km 2),
fish ponds (6.27% or 1,691.17 km2) as well as other land uses (21.90 % or 8,687.67 km 2).
According to its use, the largest fields is rainfed (53.12%), and only about 19.97% that
can be planted two (2) times. Dry land is mostly used for yard land/ land for building, that
is equal to 42.17% of the total fields area.
Population
Based on the results of population registration in 2013, the population of Kota Semarang
was recorded at 1,572,105 inhabitants with population growth about 0.83% during 2013 .
Approximately 71.57% of Kota Semarang populations are in productive aged

(15-64)

years, so the number of dependency in 2013 amounted to 39.72. Based on population

density, Kecamatan Mijen and Kecamatan Tugu has the smallest population, which is less
than 1000 people per km2. This is because this two sub-districts above are developed as
agricultural areas and industrial areas. For the downtown area, the most populous subdistrict is Kecamatan Semarang Tengah with 3,882 people per km 2.

Female

Male

Figure 3. Population by Group of Sex and Age

Source : Bappeda Kota Semarang (2014)

From the data, the main livelihood of the population respectively are services and other
(11.86%), Industrial Workers (25.65%), Building Workers (12.02%), civil servants / Armed
Forces (13.76% ) and Farmer (3.95%). In 2012, GDP of Kota Semarang was Rp.
24,196,487.72. There are two fairly large sector contribution to Kota Semarang gdps at
current prices, which are the trade, hotels and restaurants; and the manufacturing sector.
Kota Semarang regional income per capita in 2012 was Rp. 34,787,877.69.

15 | P a g e

Green Open Space

Green open space in Semarang according to City Regulation No. 7 of 2010 in Green Open
Space Planning is an elongated area / lines and / or groups, whose use is more open, a
place to grow plants, whether grown naturally or intentionally planted. Meanwhile,
according to Ministry of Public Work Regulation No. 5 PRT / M / 2008, Green Open Space
Urban Area is part of an urban open space filled by plants and crops to support ecological,
social, cultural, economic and aesthetic.
The types of open green space in the urban area of Semarang are as follows :
Table 2. The Types of Open Green Space in Semarang
No
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

City park
Natural park
Recreational park
Neighborhood park
Office and commercial park
Forest park
Urban forest

No
.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

8.

Protected forest

20.

9.

Landforms such as mountains,

hills, slopes and valleys
Nature preserve
Botanical garden
Zoo

21.

Cemeteries
Sport field
Ceremonial field
Open parking area
Urban farming area
SUTT and SUTET line
River banks, beaches, buildings, water
and marsh
Lane road safety, road medians,
railways, gas pipelines and pedestrian
Green line

22.

Airport buffer zone

23.

Roof garden

10.
11.
12.

Types

Types

Source : Perda Kota Semarang No. 7 Year 2010

The area of green space in the city of Semarang green type reaches 19 541 hectares or
reach 52.31% from the total area of 37,370.390 Ha.
As shown in Figure and Table below :

Nodes / Tugu Muda Park

Neighborhood Park

16 | P a g e

Farm land in Gunungpati

Bergota Cemetery

Paddy Field in Cangkiran, Mijen

Urban Forest in Tinjomoyo

Figure 4. Green Open Space Characteristic of Semarang

Table 3. Green Open Space Characteristic of Semarang
No.

Types

Area (Ha)

1
2
3

Urban park
Sport field
Forest :
a. Protected
b. Production
4
Farm land
5
Plantation
a. Large plantation
b. Non-cultivation plantation
c. Cultivate plantation
6
Moor
a. Temporary moor
b. Protected moor
c. Cultivate moor
7
Paddy field
a. With technical irrigation
b. Half-technical irrigation
c. Simple paddy field
d. Rainfed paddy field
8
Cemetery
9
Others
Total
Source : Bappeda Kota Semarang, 2012

Total Area (Ha)

15,70
72,99

15,70
72,99

1.083,00
294,22
74,75

1.377,22
74,75

148,25
553,63
171,61

873,49

249,73
1.660,00
5.565,02

7.474,75

232,60
47,90
1.232,50
2.429,66
270,50
5.438,94
19.541,00

3.942,66
270,50
5.438,94
19.541,00

Maintenance RTH Semarang is under the authority of the Sanitary and Landscaping
Agency. Here is a list of parks that are managed by the agency :
Table 4. Park that Managed by Semarang Sanitary and Landscaping Agency
No
.
1
2
3

Type
Sector
Semarang Utara
Semarang Tengah
Semarang Timur

Active

Passive

Park

Park
8
2
11

6
27
21

Total
14
29
32

Area (m2)
7.160,15
23.091,15
17.956,00

17 | P a g e

No
.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Type
Sector

Active

Passive

Park
Semarang Barat
Semarang Selatan
Candisari
Gajahmungkur
Gayamsari
Pedurungan
Banyumanik
Total

Total

Area (m2)

Park
1
6
1
2
1
1
5

13
10
9
14
1
8

14
16
10
16
2
1
13

38

109

147

15.343,00
24.049,00
10.638,34
21.603,00
1.914,00
588,00
12.595,01
134.937,6
5

Source : Semarang Sanitary and Landscaping Agency, 2012

Types of city green space is not only the park, but there are other types such as those
mentioned above, namely nurseries, plantations, greening road corridors, and cemetery.
Transportation
Accessibility is a concept that links land use regulation system to the transportation
network connecting system in geographically. So accessibility is a tool to measure the
potential to travel than to count the number of the trip itself.
Level of accessibility in the city of Semarang is not the same between one region to
another region. In this case the level of accessibility is affected by some few things :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The distance to the city center or the Central Business District;

Topography;
Transportation infrastructure availability;
Settlement area;
Industrial area;
Trade area.

From several factors above can be know region in Semarang that have a high level of
accessibility and low levels of accessibility. The level of accessibility will affect the value
of an area of land, with a high level of accessibility, the value of an area of land will rise
while the low level of accessibility of an area of land value will go down.
Semarang city has some of the main connecting road between the city of Semarang other cities in the region as among Kendal, Kudus, Ungaran, Purwodadi and national road
linking the city of Semarang and Jakarta, Solo, Yogyakarta and Surabaya.

18 | P a g e

Figure

5.

Semarang

Road

Network
The

length

of

roads in

Semarang is 2,689,636 meters, which consists of 6 types, namely macadam pavement,

asphalt, hot mix, concrete, paving, and soil. Based on the road conditions, in Semarang
has a variety of conditions, from the condition of good, moderate, and broken. With good
condition 1,335,526 meters, the moderate condition 852,833 meters long, and 501,279
meters along the damaged condition.
Road transport system which is based on the linkage to the land use and transportation
activities have travel patterns that form the pattern circumference and radius (radial) as
the basic transport system of Semarang. Road network serving the city of Semarang both
current conditions and plan the future development of the road network has a network
function as follows:
1. Primary arterial function, consist of Toll Road, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan, Jl. Siliwangi and
Jl. Kaligawe;
2. Secondary arterial function, consist of road heading to Mijen, Gunungpati, and The
road leading to the centers of BWK;
3. Primary collector fuction, consist of road heading to Boja, Ungaran and Purwodadi;
4. Secondary collector function, consist of roads that connecting nodes in secondary
arterial road.

One mode of transport used for human movement is personal transportation is

transportation/ vehicle owned privately. Private vehicles consist of private passenger car
(private car/official car) and motorcycles. The number of private passenger cars in 2012
amounted to 283,651 units. While the number of motorcycles in 2012 amounted to
1,074,876 units. The number of motorcycles has always dominated the growth of private

19 | P a g e

vehicles from the year 2002-2012 with an average of 64,800 units per year (Ditlantas
Polda Jateng, 2013).
The number of private vehicles during the past five years (2007-2012) show substantial
increases, the ratio of private vehicles from the total vehicles in Semarang is : in 2007
amounted to 21.35% private cars, and motorcycles at 61.24 %, in 2008 amounted to
20.46% cars and 62.71% motorcyles, in 2009 amounted to 19.67% cars and 64.03%
motorcycles, in 2010 amounted to 18.97% cars, and motorcycles at 65.22%, in 2011 was
18.33% cars and 66.29% motorcycles. The number and types of private vehicles in
Semarang in 2002-2012 can be seen in the image below.
1,100,000
1,000,000
900,000
800,000
700,000

Jumlah Kendaraan (Unit)

600,000

BP

500,000

MPP

400,000
300,000

SM

200,000
100,000
-

MPP = Private Car; SM = motorcycle

Figure 6. Private Vehicles in Semarang 2002-2012

(Source : Ditlantas Polda Jateng, 2013)

Services by public transport is represented by the number and type of passenger car fleet
of angkot and a public bus. Total angkot in 2012 amounted to 7,161 units, while the
number of bus in 2012 amounted to 3,973 units. The growth of public transportation from
the 2002-2012 average of 113 units / year and the growth of the public bus from the
2002-2012 average of 342 units / year (Ditlantas Polda Jateng, 2013).
Service of Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) Trans Semarang has been realized 4 corridor route
as follows :
1.
2.
3.
4.

Mangkang-Penggaron;
Terboyo-Sisemut (Ungaran);
Pelabuhan-Sultan Agung;
Cangkiran-Ahmad Yani International Airport.

Tourism

20 | P a g e

There are alot of tourim destination in Semarang. Tourism destination are spread in all
over Semarang region. The destination are :
Table 5.Tourism Destination in Semarang
No
1.

Tourism Objects

2). TUGU MUDA

History Tourism

o The historic old building with colonial

architecture (Dutch-Tropical)

Historical Tourism

o Monument to the fallen heroes fight in the

Battle of Five Days in Semarang in 1949

Recreational
Tourism

o Indoor swimming pool facility that can be

enjoyed any time

Spiritual Tourism

o Tomb of the first Regent of Semarang

descendant of Demak King

Beach

o Recreational Park beach equipped for a

beachside swimming pool, a boat, and a
mini train.

Kec. Semarang Selatan

3). INTERNATIONAL
SPORT CLUB (ISC)
4). SUNAN PANDANARAN
GRAVEYARD

3.

Location and Attractions

Kec. Semarang Tengah

1). GEDUNG LAWANG SEWU

2.

Type

Kec. Semarang Barat

5). MARINA
RECREATIONAL PARK

6). RONGGOWARSITO
MUSEUM

7). MANDALA BHAKTI

MUSEUM

8). KLENTENG SAM POO

KHONG GEDUNG BATU

9). PURI MAEROKOCO

MINI PARK
10). TANJUNG MAS
BEACH

Culture Tourism

Historical Tourism

Spiritual Tourism

Recreational
Tourism
Beach

o Museum storage archaeological objects,

natural history, national culture, and
cultural insight archipelago.
o Military struggle museum which was
established to perpetuate the work of the
Diponegoro Regional Military Soldiers
fighting in defense of the state, contains a
collection of the history of the Armed
Forces, a collection of firearms / weapons,
vehicles war colonial era.
o Batu Caves and Sam Poo Kong temple
worship Merchant of Mainland China holds
Admiral
Cheng
Ho,
the
Chinese
architecture building
o Building and Jawa Tengah miniature

o Tanjung Mas is the first port of Semarang

form of streams or Kali Semarang became
the only veins transport of goods by boat.

Spiritual Tourism

o Worship Place of Buddhism

Spiritual Tourism

o Ancient Church with a high value of antistyle architecture europe, has a rare and
old organ located in the middle area of the

11). NAHAGAYA VIHARA

4.

Kec. Semarang Utara

12). BLENDUK CURCH

21 | P a g e

No

Tourism Objects

Type

Location and Attractions

Old Town

13). PARADISE CLUB

Recreational
Tourism

o Sport club, gym and swimming pool in

Pondok Indraprasta.

Recreational
Tourism

Swimming pool

Recreational
Tourism

o Sport center

16). TAMAN BUDAYA

RADEN SALEH (TBRS)

Recreational
Tourism

o Park with convention room, open theatre,

also Raden Saleh museum

17). WONDERIA
RECREATIONAL PARK

Recreational
Tourism

o Children playground

18). WATER BLASTER

Recreational
Tourism

o Family water playground

Kec. Semarang Timur

14). OASIS SWIMMING
POOL

Kec. Gajah Mungkur

15). JATIDIRI
SWIMMING POOL

Kec. Candisari

Kec. Gayamsari
19). MESJID AGUNG
JAWA TENGAH

10

Religion Tourism

o The
biggest
mosque
of
modern
architecture in Central Java, equipped
with Tower to see the sights of the city of
Semarang, and a giant umbrella, is hoped
to be the center of Islamic Pilgrimage tour
of Central Java

20). KAMPOENG WISATA

TAMAN LELE

Recreational
Tourism

o Reptile park with playground, swimming

pool, and hotel

21). NGALIYAN TIRTA

INDAH SPROT CENTER

Recreational
Tourism

Kec. Ngaliyan

Kec. Mijen
22). SODONG AGRO
TOURISM

11

Family recreational park

Agro Tourism

Natural rural tourism, agro products fruit,

agriculture, forest, orchid garden, fish pond,
garden longan, cattle, chicken and buffalo,
as well as freshwater ponds. In addition,
combined also with petilasan Sunan Kalijaga

23). KREO CAVE

Natural Tourism

o Nature contains hundreds of species of

monkeys in a steep cliff, there are two
adjoining caves that Kreo and Hedgehogs,
equipped with rare trees that are
hundreds of years. Sorrounding by scenic
natural landscape with the background,
rice fields, villages, mountains

24). TINJOMOYO FOREST

Natural Tourism

Kec. Gunungpati

o Camping ground, outbond, air soft gun,

bird watching, paint ball, off road,

22 | P a g e

No

Tourism Objects

Type

Location and Attractions

tracking dan motor cross

12

Kec. Banyumanik
25). JAMU JAGO AND
MURI MUSEUM

Cultural Tourism

o Jamu museum that shows traditional

medicine manufacture. Indonesian Record
Museum
(MURI)
which
displays
remarkable record of achievement by
humans.

26). BUDHAGAYA
WATUGONG VIHARA

Spiritual Tourism

o Highest Buddhist pagodas and temples

across Indonesia

27). DIPONEGORO
SWIMMING POOL
13

o Swimming pool

Kec. Genuk
28). JAMU NY. MENEER
MUSEUM

14

Recreational
Tourism

Cultural Tourism

o Museum of equipment and materials for

various sera herbal medicinal products
Cap Potert Ny. Meneer

Kec. Tugu
29). MANGKANG ZOO

Recreational
Tourism

Zoo

Source : Buku Direktori Usaha Pariwisata Tahun 2010, Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Semarang

Coastal Management
According to Law No. 1 of 2014 (amendment of Law No. 27 of 2007) on the management
of coastal areas, coastal areas is the transition between terrestrial and marine
ecosystems are affected by changes in land and marine.While the scope of the
regency/municipality coastal areas regulation Towards the dry land include sub-district
administrative boundaries and towards the sea waters as far as four (4) nautical miles
from the coastline. Semarang City is a coastal city with the actual coastline along 36.63
KM. Semarang City coastal marine area is equal to 10,048.80 hectares, while the coastal
land area is amounted to 9,111.28 hectares which is divided into four districts. Tugu
district is the largest coastal district in Semarang City (2,985.99 hectares), followed by
Genuk district (2,708.38 hectares), Semarang Barat district (2,247.97 hectares) and
Semarang Utara district (1,168.94 hectares).

23 | P a g e

4 mil

4 mil

Marine Area
10,048.80 hectares

Genuk
Semarang
Tugu

Utara
Genuk

Semarang
Compact City

Barat
Figure 7. Semarang City Coastal Area

Source:
Department
of MarineandFisheriesof
Semarang rapidly.
City (2010)
As the capital city of
Central
Java, Semarang
has been growing
1990s is regarded

as the peak period where additional built-up areas reach more than 8,000 Km2. There
were some remarkable development in 1990s. It was indicated that development of huge
number of new urban settlement in peri-urban area of Semarang has been started in the
early 1990s. There was also relocation of educational zone (Diponegoro University) from
city centre to the suburb area during the period.

Figure 8. Additional Built-Up Area in Semarang, 1972-2009

(Source : Handayani, 2014)

Development of new housing on large parcels of land in the peri-urban region along with
increasing growth rate of in migration is regarded a common nature of sprawling. This
phenomena is clearly observed in the urban growth pattern of Semarang Metropolitan. At
least since 1990s, suburbanization has been characterized Semarang development. It
started with the development of a satellite city ( 1,000 Ha) in the outskirt area of

Page | 25

western part of Semarang. It was developed based on a concept of integrated urban

development so called as Semarang New Town Development. Accordingly, Semarang
Government also had been facilitated big developers to develop new settlement in the
outskirt of southern, as well as eastern part until recently.

Figure 9. Semarang Built-Up Area Development, 1972-2005

(Source : Bappeda Kota Semarang, 2005)

The facilitation is not only limited to middle-high class society but also to accomodate
low income people in the suburbs area. Considering a high rate of land conversion as the
implication of the facilitation, it is just in 2011, the local government has revised the
spatial planning regulation and provide a more strict zoning regulation in the outskirt
area.
However, as can be seen in Figure 9, the densest area is actually concentrated only
within two kilometers range from the city center. Subsequently, with the range of 3-5 km
distance from city centre, built-up density is falling down quite significant. Scaterred
development take place in the urban fringe of the metropolitan area. The comercial strip
development where urban activities are likely to concentrate in the main road are also
could be clearly observed. Indeed, accessibility should be also regarded as important
variables to control sprawling phenomena.

General Overview of Semarang Spatial Planning

POLICES AND STRATEGIES

Page | 26

Structure development policies :

1. Activity service center consolidation that strengthen international trade and services
activities, the strategies are :
a. Establishes a hierarchy of system service center in stages;
b. Develop services seaports and airports as a national gateway;
c. Develop modern and traditional trading center with international level;
d. Develop secondary vocational education, colleges, and universities activities;
e. Developing nature and cultural tourism activities;
f. Develop meeting and exhibition services activities.
2. Increasing accessibility and linkages between centers, the strategies are :
a. Increasing the capacity of the road network that encourages interaction between
the activities within the city;
b. Developing inner ring road, middle ring road, and outer ring road, and also radial
road;
c. Improve service mode of transportation that supports the growth and
development of service activities;
d. Developing mass rapid transportation;
e. Develop a regional public transportation terminals, public transport terminal in the
city, public transport sub-terminal;
f. Developing freight transport terminals sinergy with sea port;
g. Increasing transportation modes integration.
3. Improving the quality and range of services public utilities infrastructure systems, the
strategies are :
a. Distributing neighborhood facilities in each region according to the function
activity center and hierarchy of service;
b. Developing energy infrastructure systems;
c. Develop telecommunications networks and information systems in the economic
growth area;
d. Developing water resources infrastructure;
e. Improving waste management system with the environmentally techniques;
f. Improving the quality of clean water into drinking water;
g. Improving wastewater management infrastructure;
h. Develop an integrated system of drainage infrastructure.
Conservation area management policies :
1. Improved functioning of conservation area management, the strategies are :
a. Restore and set the appropriate land tenure designation of conservation function
gradually to the State;
b. Increasing the value of conservation area;
c. Establish areas that have slopes above 40% as conservation areas function.
2. Preservation of cultural heritage area, the strategies are :
a. Increase the value of the historical and high architectural value district;
b. Developing the potential of social culture that have historical value.
3. The increase in green open space provision proportionally in all regions of the City,
the strategies are :
a. Maintain the existing green open space;
b. Returns the green open spaces that have been converted;
c. Increasing the availability of green open spaces in the city center;
d. Agroforestry development;
e. Developing innovation in green open space provision;
f. Developing cooperation and partnership with private sector.
Cultivated area development policies :
1. Cultivated area regulation based on the carrying capacity;

Page | 27

a. Define low-built up area in upper-region;

b. Optimizing the development of the downtown area;
c. Limit the development of industrial estates.
2. Compact and efficient urban development;
a. Developing high-rise building in the downtown;
b. Developing incentive and disincentive mechanism.
3. Management and development of coastal areas.
a. Developing and maintain the reclamation area;
b. Developing retention pond and sea dike to prevent the flood and sea inundation;
c. Coastal greening.
Strategic area development policies :
1. Strategic area of economic growth development, the strategies are :
a. Define the downtown as international central business district ;
b. Maintain surrounding seaport area.
2. Development of environmental support strategic area, the strategies are :
a. Develop flood control systems and raw water sources;
b. Setting the reclamation area utilization by combining environmental protection
and regional development;
c. Improving economic value and social value of the area without disturbing the
primary function.
3. Development of socio-cultural strategic area, the strategies are :
a. Maintain and preserve the historic building area;
b. Develop the use of the building in order to preserve;
c. Development of tourism activities.

CITY STRUCTURE PLAN

The main elements are used as the basis for determining the service structure center of
the area are : hierarchical road networks, infrastructure, and main activities of the region.
Hierarchical structure in Semarang is divided into two main groups, namely : primary
service centers hierarchy (which is related to the function of Semarang as National
Activity Center (PKN) and the capital city of Central Java Province) and secondary service
center hierarchy (urban internal functions).
1.

Primary Service Center

Region / activity in this context is actually a derivative given by the central
government and the provinces established by the National Spatial Plan and the
Provincial Spatial Plan. These activities not only for Semarang alone, but can be used
by all population in the Central Java. Types of activities that reflect Semarang as
National Activity Center (PKN) and the capital city of Central Java Province, are :
a. Transportation Node
Transportration node activity types that stated as national and regional service
centers are : airports, sea ports, road terminals, railway station. The existence of
a transportation node will greatly affect the role of Semarang as one of the city
designated as National Activity Center (PKN) by the National Spatial Plan

Page | 28

(RTRWN).

The

existence

of

this

transport

facility

should

support

the

development of specific policies, such as; flight operations safety area to the
airport, sea port development areas, as well as the integrated terminal system
for land, sea and air transportation.
b. Education
Education developed in this hierarchy is a high-education and special education.
High-education developed in Tembalang (UNDIP, POLINES, etc), Sekaran
(UNNES), Pedurungan (USM, AMNI, etc). While special education (Police
Academy) developed Gajahmungkur.
c. Sport
Sports and leisure activities which has regional and national services scale are
GOR Jatidiri, located in Gajahmungkur.
d. Office
Office area that is in this hierarchy is the Central Java government office area.
This area is located in Semarang Selatan (Jalan Pahlawan) and in Semarang
Barat (Madukoro).
e. Cultural
Cultural area developed by the Central Java province government are located in
PRPP area (Semarang Barat), Masjid Agung Jawa Tengah (Pedurungan).
2.

Secondary Service Center

Semarang internal hierarchy contains the planned commercial activities (trade and
services) and public facilities into a service center for Semarang and its surrounding,
until the neighborhood service center. Internal hierarchy in Semarang Spatial Plan
consists of :
1. City Service Center Zone
This area is planned as a city center with regional services scale. This area is
planned as a trade center, and public services facilities with modern urban
settlements support, apartements, flats, etc. The area is planned to have firts
hierarchy of service in a triangular area called PETAWANGI (Peterongan, Tawang,
Siliwangi).
2. Border City Service Sub-Center Zone
This area is planned in Semarang border area and its surrounding area.
Commercial activity in this area will not only serve parts of the city (BWK), is also
expected to serve outside the border area of Semarang. The area is planned to
have a secondary hierarchy of service that is Pedurungan, Banyumanik, Ngaliyan
(BSB), and Mangkang service center.
3. BWK Service Sub-Center Zone
This area is planned will only serve parts of the city (BWK). The area is planned to
have a third hierarchy of service that is in Tembalang, Gunungpati, and Mijen.

Page | 29

3.

Tertiary Service Center

This area will only serve neighborhood units. Types of activities planned in this area
should consider the public interest in the certain neighborhood.

SEMARANG LAND USE PLAN

Devided into 2 types, conservation zone and utilized zone :
1. Conservation Zone Planning
a. Zone That Providing Protection to Subordinates Area
It consist of an area with more than 40 % slope with water catchment area
function.
Location of water cachtment zone are :
-

Kecamatan Tembalang;

Kecamatan Banyumanik;

Kecamatan Gunungpati;

Kecamatan Mijen;

Kecamatan Ngaliyan;

Kecamatan Gajahmungkur;

Kecamatan Semarang Selatan; dan

Kecamatan Candisari.

Water cachtment zone plan :

-

Water cachtment zone rehabilitation through forestation; and

Use water cachtment zone as forest fuction.

b. Local Protected Zone

1) Coastal bank;
a) natural coastal bank along the coast within 100 (one hundred) meters
from the high water mark set point with an area of approximately 175
(one hundred and seventy five) hectares, include:
-

Kelurahan Mangkang Kulon;

Kelurahan Mangunharjo;

Kelurahan Mangkang Wetan;

Kelurahan Randugarut; and

Kelurahan Tugurejo.

b) artificial coastal bank by reclamation equipped with retaining walls (break

water) are set to 50 (fifty) meters from the shoreline include:
-

Kelurahan Jerakah;

Kelurahan Tambakharjo;

Kelurahan Tawangsari;

Kelurahan Tawangmas;

Kelurahan Panggung Lor;

Kelurahan Bandarharjo;

Page | 30

Kelurahan Tanjung Mas; and

Kelurahan Terboyo Kulon.

Coastal bank planning are :

-

Coast line protection;

Coastal bank greening; and

Reclamation area regulation are further regulated by other local

regulations.

2) River bank;
-

Garang River System;

Kripik River System;

Kreo River System;

Beringin River System;

Pengkol River System;

Banjirkanal Timur River System;

Babon River System;

Sringin River System; and

Other rivers.

River bank plan are :

-

The protection and strengthening of river dike;

River bank greening; and

Inspection road development.

3) Dam and pond bank;

Dam bank plan are :
-

Jatibarang

Dam

in

Kelurahan

Kedungpane,

Kelurahan

Kandri

and

Kelurahan Jatirejo;
-

Kripik Dam in Kelurahan Sadeng, Kelurahan Sukorejo, Kelurahan Sekaran,

Kelurahan Kalisegoro and Kelurahan Pongangan;

Mundingan Dam in Kelurahan Jatibarang, Kelurahan Purwosari, Kelurahan

Mijen and Kelurahan Cepoko; and

Garang Dam in Kelurahan Pakintelan and Kelurahan Pudakpayung.

Pond bank plan are :

-

Wonosari Pond in Kelurahan Wonosari;

Tambakaji Pond in Kelurahan Tambakaji;

Bringin Pond in Kelurahan Bringin and Gondoriyo;

Kedungpane Pond in Kelurahan Kedungpane;

Ngadirgo Pond in Kelurahan Ngadirgo;

Purwoyoso Pond in Kelurahan Purwoyoso;

Bambankerep Pond in Kelurahan Bambankerep;

Page | 31

Madukoro Pond in Kelurahan Tawangmas;

Semarang Indah Pond in Kelurahan Krobokan;

Sambiroto I Pond in Kelurahan Sambiroto;

Sambiroto II Pond in Kelurahan Sambiroto;

Jangli Pond in Kelurahan Jangli;

Mangunharjo Pond in Kelurahan Mangunharjo;

Bulusan Pond in Kelurahan Bulusan;

UNDIP Pond in Kelurahan Tembalang; dan

Gedawang Pond in Kelurahan Gedawang.

Dam and pond bank utilization are :

-

Protection and strengthening the dike;

Dam and pond area greening; and

Inspection road development surrounding the dam and pond.

c. Green Open Space

Semarang has planned green open space with 12.211 hectares consist of :
-

Private green open space as 10 % from city region with 3.737 hectares; and

Public green open space as 20 % from city region with 7.474 hectares.

Green open space plan are :

-

improving the quality of green open space that already exists in all parts of
the city;

new green open space development in city center;

new technology development in order to provide more green open space; and

eco-tourism forest development.

d. Natural and Cultural Preservation Zone

Natural and cultural preservation area consist of :
1) Forest park :
-

Kreo Cave in Kecamatan Gunungpati; and

Tinjomoyo Forest in Kecamatan Gunungpati.

2) Cultural heritage area :

-

Kota Lama Area;

Petudungan Area;

Kampung Kulitan Area;

Kampung Batik Area;

Pecinan Area;

Johar Area;

Kampung Melayu Area;

Kampung Kauman Area;

Page | 32

Tugu Muda Area;

Kampung Senjoyo Area;

Sam Po Kong Area;

PJKA Settlement in Kedungjati;

Sunan Terboyo Tomb; and

Kampung Sekayu Area.

3) Mangrove Forest in Kecamatan Tugu and Kecamatan Genuk consist of :

-

Kelurahan Mangunharjo;

Kelurahan Mangkang Kulon;

Kelurahan Mangkang Wetan;

Kelurahan Randugarut;

Kelurahan Karanganyar;

Kelurahan Tugurejo;

Kelurahan Terboyo Kulon; and

Kelurahan Trimulyo.

4) Wildlife migration area :

-

Bird migration area in Kelurahan Srondol Kulon, Kecamatan Banyumanik;

Monkey preservation area in Kelurahan Sadeng, Kecamatan Gunungpati;

and

Monkey

preservation

area

Ondorante

in

Kelurahan

Pudakpayung,

Kecamatan Banyumanik.
e. Disaster Zone
1) Sea inundation area :
-

Kecamatan Semarang Barat;

Kecamatan Semarang Tengah;

Kecamatan Semarang Utara;

Kecamatan Semarang Timur;

Kecamatan Genuk;

Kecamatan Gayamsari; and

Kecamatan Tugu.

2) Coastal erotion area :

-

Kecamatan Tugu;

Kecamatan Semarang Utara;

Kecamatan Genuk; and

Kecamatan Semarang Barat.

3) Flood-prone area :
-

Kecamatan Gajahmungkur;

Kecamatan Gayamsari;

Kecamatan Ngaliyan;

Page | 33

Kecamatan Tugu;

Kecamatan Semarang Barat;

Kecamatan Semarang Tengah;

Kecamatan Semarang Utara;

Kecamatan Semarang Timur;

Kecamatan Pedurungan; and

Kecamatan Genuk.

4) Land slide area :

-

Kecamatan Mijen : Kelurahan Mijen, Kelurahan Jatibarang, Kelurahan

Kedungpane, and Kelurahan Purwosari.

Kecamatan Gunungpati : Kelurahan Sadeng, Kelurahan Kandri, Kelurahan

Pongangan, Kelurahan Nongkosawit, Kelurahan Kalisegoro, Kelurahan
Sukorejo, Kelurahan Patemon, and Kelurahan Pakintelan.

Kecamatan Banyumanik
Kelurahan

Srondol

: Kelurahan Gedawang, Kelurahan Tinjomoyo,

Kulon,

Kelurahan

Banyumanik,

Kelurahan

Pudakpayung, and Kelurahan Jabungan.

-

Kecamatan Tembalang

: Kelurahan Meteseh, Kelurahan Bulusan,

Kelurahan Kramas, and Kelurahan Rowosari.

-

Kecamatan Semarang Barat in Kelurahan Manyaran.

5) Active faults :
-

Kecamatan

Tembalang

Kelurahan

Jangli,

Kelurahan

Tembalang,

Kelurahan Bulusan, and Kelurahan Kramas.

-

Kecamatan Banyumanik : Kelurahan Srondol Kulon, Kelurahan Tinjomoyo,

Kelurahan

Pedalangan,

Kelurahan

Jabungan,

Kelurahan

Padangsari,

Kelurahan Sumurboto, and Kelurahan Tinjomoyo.

-

Kecamatan Gunungpati

: Kelurahan Sumurejo, Kelurahan Mangunsari,

Kelurahan

Kelurahan

Pakintelan,

Plalangan,

Kelurahan

Patemon,

Kelurahan Sekaran, Kelurahan Kalisegoro, Kelurahan Sadeng, Kelurahan

Pongangan, Kelurahan Ngijo, Kelurahan Cepoko, Kelurahan Kandri,
Kelurahan Gunungpati, Kelurahan Sukorejo,
-

Kecamatan Ngaliyan

: Kelurahan Ngaliyan, Kelurahan Kalipancur, and

Kelurahan Bambankerep.
-

Kecamatan Mijen : Kelurahan Tambangan, Kelurahan Jatirejo, Kelurahan

Jatibarang, Kelurahan Wonoplumbon, Kelurahan Ngadirgo, Kelurahan
Purwosari, and Kelurahan Cangkiran.

Kecamatan Gajahmungkur : Kelurahan Bendan Duwur, Kelurahan Bendan

Ngisor, Kelurahan Sampangan, Kelurahan Bendan Ngisor, and Kelurahan
Petompon.

Kecamatan Semarang Barat : Kelurahan Kembangarum, Kelurahan

Manyaran, and Kelurahan Ngemplak Simongan.

Page | 34

Kecamatan Candisari

: Kelurahan Karanganyar Gunung, and Kelurahan

Jomblang.
-

Kecamatan Semarang Selatan

: Kelurahan Lamper Kidul, Kelurahan

Peterongan, and Kelurahan Wonodri.

-

Kecamatan Semarang Timur

: Kelurahan Karang Kidul, Kelurahan

Sarirejo, and Kelurahan Jagalan.

6) Hurricane area :
-

Kecamatan Tembalang;

Kecamatan Banyumanik;

Kecamatan Gunungpati; and

Kecamatan Mijen.

2. Utilized Zone Planning

a. Production Forest
2.171 hectares production forest in :
-

Kecamatan Ngaliyan;

Kecamatan Mijen; and

Kecamatan Banyumanik.

b. Housing Zone
Housing area planning :
-

High-dense housing in BWK I, BWK II, BWK III, BWK V;

Middle-dense housing in BWK IV, BWK VI, BWK VII, and Kecamatan Tugu; and

Low-dense housing in BWK VIII, BWK IX, and Kecamatan Ngaliyan.

c. Trade and Service Zone

1) Main traditional market planning :
-

Agro market development in Kecamatan Gayamsari and Kecamatan

Gunungpati;

Quality improvement of Johar Market in Kecamatan Semarang Tengah.

City and regional market quality improvement : Johar, Bulu, Peterongan,

Rejomulyo, Dargo, Karimata, Karangayu, Mangkang, Satriyo Wibowo
Market, and Penggaron Poultry Abattoir.

Neighborhood-scale market improvement within the city.

2) Modern market development :

-

International shoping center development in Peterongan Tawang

Siliwangi triangle area;

Shoping center development in every part of the city (BWK); and

Integrated shoping center with considering surrounding informal activity.

3) Shop and modern retail development :

-

Modern retail development in neighborhood center;

Page | 35

Shoping area should palced minimum in local secondary road and prpper
with planning regulation.

4) Other services :
-

Exhibition center and convention center development in Kecamatan

Pedurungan, Kecamatan Semarang Selatan, Kecamatan Gajahmungkur
and Kecamatan Semarang Utara; and

Hotel development in city and BWK center.

d. Office Building Zone

1) Government office zone :
-

Provincial Office improvement in Pahlawan Road, Madukoro Road, and

other location;

Mayor and legislative office improvement in Pemuda Road;

Public service office in Kecamatan Mijen;

All public service offices improvement in the city; and

Use government office area for public open space.

2) Private office zone :

-

Directing and developing the activities of private offices located in the

trade and services area; and

Office facilities and infrastructure improvement.

e. Education Zone
Education zone planning :
-

High-education quality improvement in BWK II, BWK IV, BWK VI, BWK VIII, and
BWK X with environment regulation;

f.

Vocational school facilities development in Kecamatan Mijen; and

Primary and middle education facilities development.

Industrial Zone
1) Bonded zone :
-

Kawasan Industri Lamicitra Nusantara Industrial Zone in Kecamatan

Semarang Utara; and

Wijayakusuma Industrial Zone in Kecamatan Tugu.

2) Industrial and warehousing zone :

-

Industrial Zone in Kecamatan Genuk with 303 hectares area;

Tugu Industrial Zone with 495 hectares;

Candi Industrial Estate with 450 hectares;

Tanjung Emas Industrial Estate and Warehousing Zone;

Page | 36

Industrial Zone in Kecamatan Mijen with 175 hectares;

Industrial Zone in Kecamatan Pedurungan with 58 hectares;

Merdeka Wirastama Industrial Estate in Kecamatan Genuk with 300

hectares;

Tambak Lorok Power Plant in Kecamatan Semarang Utara; and

Pertamina Oil Depot in Kecamatan Semarang Timur.

3) Small and home industry :

-

Bugangan Area in Kecamatan Semarang Timur and Small Industrial Area

(LIK) in Kecamatan Genuk;

Small and home industries that do not cause pollution can be located in
residential areas in a cluster; and

Small and home industries that cause pollutiion should be located in

industrial zone.

g. Sport Zone
-

Jatidiri Sport Center in Kecamatan Gajahmungkur;

Citarum Stadium in Kecamatan Semarang Timur;

Tri Lomba Juang Stadium in Kecamatan Semarang Tengah;

Diponegoro Stadium in Kecamatan Semarang Tengah;

Manunggal Jati Sport Center in Kecamatan Pedurungan;

Sport Center development in Kecamatan Pedurungan;

Sport Center development in Kecamatan Mijen; and

Neighborhood-scale sport area integrated with green open space.

h. Tourism Zone
1) Maritime

tourism

in

Kecamatan

Semarang

Utara,

Kecamatan

Genuk,

Kecamatan Semarang Barat, and Kecamatan Tugu;

2) Mangkang Zoo in Kelurahan Wonosari, Kecamatan Ngaliyan;
3) Agro-tourism in Kecamatan Banyumanik, Kecamatan Tembalang, Kecamatan
Gunungpati, and Kecamatan Mijen;
4) Children playground in Kecamatan Candisari;
5) Water playground in Kecamatan Semarang Utara, Kecamatan Tembalang, and
Kecamatan Mijen;
6) Religious torism :
-

Masjid Agung Semarang in Kecamatan Semarang Tengah;

Blenduk Church in Kecamatan Semarang Utara;

Sam Po Kong Temple di Kecamatan Semarang Barat;

Masjid Agung Jawa Tengah in Kecamatan Gayamsari; and

Watugong Temple in Kecamatan Banyumanik.

7) Natural and heritage tourism :

Page | 37

Kampung Pecinan in Kecamatan Semarang Tengah;

Kampung Melayu in Kecamatan Semarang Tengah;

Ronggowarsito Museum in Kecamatan Semarang Barat;

PRPP Area in Kecamatan Semarang Barat;

Maerokoco Area in Kecamatan Semarang Utara;

Old Town Area in Kecamatan Semarang Utara;

Kampung Batik in Kecamatan Semarang Tengah;

Tinjomoyo Forest in Kecamatan Gunungpati;

Jatibarang Dam and Kreo Cave in Kecamatan Gunungpati;

Garang

River

Valley

in

Kecamatan

Gunungpati

and

Kecamatan

Banyumanik;
-

Pajajaran-Majapahit Border Monument in Kecamatan Tugu;

Taman Lele in Kecamatan Ngaliyan; and

Art Market in Raden Saleh Cultural Park in Kecamatan Candisari.

8) Shoping tourism in Johar, Simpang Lima and Pandanaran Corridor.

i.

j.

Transportation Zone
-

Ahmad Yani International Airport;

Tanjung Emas Sea Port; and

Poncol and Tawang Train Station.

Security and Defense Zone

-

Regional Military Office in Kecamatan Banyumanik;

Infantery Base in Kecamatan Banyumanik and Kecamatan Semarang Tengah;

Artilery Base in Kecamatan Candisari;

Army Flight Base in Kecamatan Semarang Barat;

Military Training Zone in Kecamatan Tembalang;

Police Academy in Kecamatan Gajahmungkur;

Navy Office Zone in Kecamatan Semarang Utara; and

Police Zone in Kecamatan Banyumanik and Kecamatan Semarang Selatan;

Other security and defense zone.

k. Agricultural Zone
1) Crops zone with 3.056 hectares in :
-

Kecamatan Genuk;

Kecamatan Pedurungan;

Kecamatan Tembalang;

Kecamatan Gunungpati;

Kecamatan Ngaliyan;

Kecamatan Mijen; and

Page | 38

Kecamatan Tugu.

2) Horticulture Zone with 2.499 hectares in :

l.

Kecamatan Tembalang;

Kecamatan Gunungpati;

Kecamatan Mijen; and

Kecamatan Ngaliyan.

Fishery Zone
-

Fisheries Zone in Kecamatan Semarang Utara, Kecamatan Genuk and

Kecamatan Tugu.

Aquaculture Zone in Kecamatan Tugu, Kecamatan Gunungpati, Kecamatan

Mijen, Kecamatan Semarang Tengah and Kecamatan Genuk.

Fish

processing

facilities

in

Kecamatan

Semarang

Utara,

Kecamatan

Semarang Barat, Kecamatan Tugu and Kecamatan Gayamsari.

m. Mine Zone
Oil and gas mining zone in Kecamatan Tugu.
n. General Services Zone
General services zone includes health facilities, worship facilities, as well as
security and safety facilities.
o. Non-Green Open Space
-

Building Non-Green Open Space;

Neigborhood Non-Green Open Space;

City Non-Green Open Space; and

Certain function Non-Green Open Space.

Page | 39

Part 4

Analysis
Spatial Planning Policy vs Dinamic Condition
1. Green Open Space
The green open space is one of Semarang city government plan measures that contained
in the Regional Regulation of Semarang City No. 14/2011. That step is in accordance with
the state of the Semarang city which is shortage of green space as a form of
environmental preservation. Simmonds (1961), mention that the existence of green open
space in the middle of urban areas will be very helpful to preserve quality of the
environment and the availability of space to take a breathe fresh, as the lungs of city,
buffering clean water sources, and preventing erosion.
Generally, the ideal conditions of green open space in Semarang City has been set up on
Regional Regulation of Semarang City No. 14/2011 in article 64 should have minimum
size 30% of the total urban area, divided into 20% for public green open space and 10%
for private green open space that referrals to have a green open space for the entire
houses, offices and factories in all areas of the Semarang City. Semarang City is one of
cities that participated in the green city development program (P2KH) so the formation
Regional Regulation of Semarang City No. 14/2011 is to support green city development
program (P2KH) that have same purposes to improve the quality of urban space,
especially to realize 30% of green open space and implementation of spatial planning in
Semarang City. Basically, this ideal condition of green open space that has been set up in
the government program and policy is a good guidelines for the Semarang City
government to realize, implement, regulate and control the green open space existence
in the Semarang City accordance with the spatial planning purposes.
Basically, green open space development in Semarang City is a concept of greening
pattern which follows the direction of the spatial planning development. It is spread
follows the pattern of the road network and community activity centers. According to the
direction of spatial planning development, green open space development that follows
the pattern of the road network is to the west (Tugu Distric), to the east (Genuk Distric),
to the south (Banyumanik Distric) and to the east-southeast (Pedurungan Distric). While
the green open space development that follows community activity centers is develop in
the Tugu Distric, Genuk Distric, Banyumanik Distric, Mijen Distric, Gunungpati Distric, and
the central city of Semarang itself. Generally, there are several strategies for improving
and provision of green open spaces in the Semarang City i.e :
1. Restoring the function of green open space that has been converted gradually.
2. Increase the availability of green open spaces in the city center of Semarang.

Page | 40

3. Maintain and organize the functions of existing green open spaces and and control
the land conversion.
4. Develop forest and city park in Bendan Duwur Region.

Restoring the function of green open

space that has been converted gradually.
Increase the availability of green open
spaces in the city center of Semarang.
Maintain and organize the functions of
existing green open spaces and and
control the land conversion.

Develop forest and

city park in Bendan
Duwur Region.

Figure 10. Strategies For Improving And Provision Of Green Open Spaces In the
Semarang City
(Source : Dinas Kebersihan Pertamanan Kota Semarang, 2010)

However, there are many problems and issues to realize 30% of green open space and
implementation of spatial planning in Semarang City such as :

Decreasing the green open space

Rapid urban growth has a good impact in economic and social development sector in
the Semarang City. In other hand, it created a higher frequency and various activities
of the community in the Semarang City. It has implications for increased need for
space to support complex activities in the Semarang City. The indicator that can be
seen is increasing the built up area in the Semarang City. It means there is land use
evolution that has an impact on the decreasing the green open space in the
Semarang City. This has caused a decline in the quality of the Semarang urban
environment such as floods, high levels of air pollution and future impact can
declining productivity of society as a result of stress because of the limited space
availablility for social interaction. For example, Bringin River Flood (area of BWK X)
that caused by opening new land for housing, thereby reducing the ability of water

catchment areas when the rain occurred on the upstream side.

The park development still focused in the city center.
Park is one form of public green open spaces. In Semarang City, it is included the city
park and the field that become one of the public space with ecological and aesthetics
function for suroounding area and forming of space social environment. It became
space for the Semarang City community to get the ecological values that exist in the
environment of their activities. In fact, the park development still focused in the city
center. The most of park is found in lowland areas of city center and the lost space

Page | 41

between buildings and other structures that support the activities of citizens. The
Park Distribution in Semarang City shown in the table below :
Table 6. Park Distribution in Semarang City
NO.

Type
Active
Pasive
Park
Park
8
6
2
27
11
21
1
13
6
10
1
9
2
14
1
1
1
5
8

Region

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Semarang Utara
Semarang Tengah
Semarang Timur
Semarang Barat
Semarang Selatan
Candisari
Gajahmungkur
Gayamsari
Pedurungan
Banyumanik
Total All Region

38

109

Total
14
29
32
14
16
10
16
2
1
13
147

Wide
(m2)
7.160,15
23.091,15
17.956,00
15.343,00
24.049,00
10.638,34
21.603,00
1.914,00
588,00
12.595,01
134.937,
65

Source : Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan Semarang, 2012

From the table above indicated that the park distribution in the Semarang City is not
evenly distributed in all region. It shown that the City Government attention in
developing of public green open spaces are still lack, especially developing of public
green open space in each BWK. It look from the lack effort of city government to
fulfill the park quota, where the efforts to fulfill the current park quota is around 7.3%
(Suara Merdeka, 2013). It become the homework for city government to work harder

and realize 20% public green open space according to spatial planning regulation.
Land use in the area of border rivers, dams, railways, and under bridges are not
optimized as green open spaces.
The existence of border rivers, dams, railways and underbridge is potential area to
develop as green open space. It is supported by Regional Regulation of Semarang
City No. 14/2011 that has been set up this area as public green open space. Exactly,
Semarang City have this area that spread in all region of BWK. For example, border
of railways, where is passed by a double track railway from Jakarta to Surabaya.
Basically, the border of railways can be utilized as green open space according to
spatial planning regulation. If this area can utilize according to the function, that the
Semarang City can improve the quality and quantity of green open space area to
support and realize the 30% of green open space, because the area is already exists.
Beside that it can be water catchmen area and provide convenience for the citizen.
Therefore, the ecological and aesthetics function of green open space for
suroounding area can be fulfilled. But in fact, implementation the border of railways
as green open space are not optimized. Commonly, the land use in the area of
border rivers, dams, railways, and under bridges are not accordance with city
government

guideline

such

as

utilized

for

settlement

area.

It

makes

the

implementation to optimize this area as green open space is hard to do if the city

Page | 42

government does not assertive in enforcing the policy. The multiplier effect in future
is causes low levels of city convenience, decreasing the level of welfare and

indirectly causing the loss of local culture values.

Implementation of the basic building coefficient (KDB) and the green base coefficient
(KDH) is not accordance with the spatial planning direction criterias.
The increasing population in Semarang City will have implications on the high
pressure on the urban land use, especially the provision of settlement area, public
facilities and public open spaces. In fact, the phenomenon of settlement area and
public facilities is spread in the each centre of BWK. It is increasing following the
number of population and community activity in Semarang City. In the other hand,
the settlement area and public facilities development is not accordance with the
spatial planning direction criterias, especially in the criteria of KDB and KDH. For
example, the settlement area in the city center of Semarang, the existing condition
is higher density with KDB less than 60% of the total area and KDH less than 20% of
the total area. It caused by the formation of settlement area has been build before
the formation of spatial planning. In the other hand, the city center has a limited
space to develop. So the growth of settlement area and public facilities in the
Semarang City is used other space like public space to develop, it caused the the

percentage of green open space in the Semarang City less than 30%.
The development of roof garden and argoforesty has not been implemented properly
to support the existence of green open spaces.
According to the Regional Regulation of Semarang City No. 4/2011, the development
of roof garden and agroforesty has been set up to support the existence of green

Lack of optimization of the green open space provision both quantitative and qualitative
open spaces in Semarang City. In fact, the roof garden development has not been
Weakness of institutional and human resource
properly.
Thereinare
building in
Semarang
City
have not
Lackimplemented
of stakeholder
involvement
the many
implementation
of the
green
open space
development
Limited
space in the
area planning deriction. The increasing buit up area in the
implemented
yeturban
the spatial

Semarang City can be potential factor to implement the roof garden development,
because it is utilize the roof of building that already exsist to develop the green open
space. It did not need more new space, just optimize the exsisting space. But to

coverage
this
direction,
city and
government
should
be detiled
the
criterias
in the
Decreasing the
The
green
park development
open
The
space
existence
still the
focused
of KDB
in
the
KDH
city
not
center
accordance
Roof garden
with
and
the
argoforesty
spatial
planning
has
not
direction
been impleme
regulation, because the creiteria did not already mention detailed in the regional
regulation. Besides that the city government have to involve the all stakeholder
which related in the green open space development. Good collaboration will help this
development work effectively.
Problems and Issues of Green Open Space in The Semarang City

Spatial Planning Implementation vs Green Open Space Condition

ce should have minimum size 30% of the total urban area, 20% for public green open space and 10% for private green

Page | 43
Regional Regulation No. 4/2011 on Spatial Planning Semarang City

Figure 11. Problems and Issues of Green Open Space in The Semarang City
(Source : Analysis, 2014)

2. Urban Tourism
Tourism is a sector that is lately very popular in some regions and developing countries.
Tourism is the answer to the saturation of existing economic activities. There are 4 (four)
factors that encourage the city to the direction of tourism development, namely:
1. The decline of long-established manufacturing activities;
2. The need to create new economic activities or face high unemployment;
3. The perception of tourism as a growth industry; and
4. The hope that tourism development will result in the regeneration and revitalization of
urban cores (Law, 1993).
Semarang with its spatial planning in Semarang City Regulation No. 14 of 2011 has
provided a separate room for the development of the tourism sector. Spatially, tourism in
the city of Semarang has each location. The cultural tourism, religious tourism, beach
tourism, recreational tourism and nature tourism are set up in that local regulation.
On the other hand, the trend of tourism in Semarang city is cultural tourism. Some places
are a legacy or inheritance from previous generations, has been made the object of the
tourism activities. Semarang city rich in cultural heritage and history, therefore the
development of the city of Semarang is inseparable from the cultural tourism sector
activities. Tourist attractions that became cultural heritage are :
1. Chinatown Village in Central Semarang district;
2. Melayu village in Central Semarang district;
3. Ronggowarsito Museum in West Semarang district;
4. Regions of PRPP in West Semarang district;

Page | 44

5. Maerokoco park in North Semarang district;

6. Old Town area in North Semarang district;
7. Batik village area in Central Semarang district;
8. Limit monument between Padjadjaran Kingdom and Majapahit Kingdom in Tugu
district;
9. Art Market at Taman Budaya Raden Saleh in Candisari district;
10. The Great Mosque area in Central Semarang district;
11. Blenduk Church area in North Semarang district;
12. Sam Po Kong Temple in West Semarang district;
13. The Great Mosque area of Central Java in Gayamsari district; and
14. Watugong monastery area in Banyumanik district.
Semarang city has to clean up on the arrangement of space for a variety of sectors. In a
regional law No. 14 of 2011 has clearly divisions. Of all the problems that arise can be
described as below:

a) Placement Attractions
Placement various cultural tourist sites mentioned above occupies almost the entire
existing BWK. Some BWK that cater for functions of an industrial area are tourist
sites. An example is the existence of Padjadjaran Limit monument with Majapahit in
District monument in the area designated as an industrial area (BWK X). In the city
of Semarang Regional regulation No. 14 of 2011 on Spatial Planning of Semarang
had arranged that most of the sub-district monument in the area designated as the
manufacturing industry. The industrial area is functioning integrated / cluster such
as industrial estates and industrial areas Wijayakusuma monument located in the
Village Jerakah. By design zones designated as an industrial area, of course it will
have an impact on travel existence itself. Cultural and historical attractions are to
be reduced by the presence of the attraction in the surrounding industrial
conditions. Things that need to be needed for the monument boundary of the
empire was the development of the tourist area around the monument boundary
with the design and facilities that support the background of cultural tourism. For
example, with the development of a broader green garden and pools of water.
b) Non-physical culture
The setting of the tourist area is good enough in a regional law No. 14 of 2011, but
more inclined towards physical cultural heritage. As we know that culture is a
human creation that has a value and the need to preserve its existence. Culture
also includes non-physical culture such as social interaction and organization of
cultural products. A spatially own problems if not already set on the location that is
capable of preserving the cultural heritage of the non-physical. Non-physical culture

Page | 45

in the city of Semarang need attention spatially. An example is the village culture
and cultural centers that need further regulation.

Jaran Kepang Art Carnival

Painting Art Show

Source : Okezone.com, 2014

Source : Tempo.co.id, 2015

Figure 12. Non phisical tourism example

c) Eco-Tourism
Another problem is of the eco-tourism. Forms of traditional shopping centers that
sell goods characterized by local cultural arts has not been set out in the
regulation. For example, the city of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, which makes
shopping centers art or souvenirs that characterized the local culture. There is a
possibility that the city of Semarang had to innovate in creating new forms of ecotourism such as shopping malls or souvenirs art with an integrated concept. Market
development which is designed for the sale of souvenir items can be implemented
without prohibit special outlets that sell similar goods.
d) Johar Market Area
In fact in the market area and surrounding Johar has made the economic center for
the city of Semarang. The region has been a center of the first transaction for the
city of Semarang. Besides Johar market as the main location, where the market is
also the location Ya'i shopping center and at the same historic sites. From the
tourist side, where both markets can be made the object of interest. Both besides
having historical value, also has eco-tourism appeal that needs to be studied
further.
e) Lack of Tourism based of education
Smart park is a kind of tourist sites are designed with a variety of facilities that
support for learning, especially for children. These facilities may include a variety of
plants, animals in cages and also books or other visual aids that can be used as
learning for the visitors. Smart park can be set up near the campus, yempat
worship and museums. Smart garden can be an interesting tourist attraction in the
city of Semarang. The existence of the park will further enrich variation smart
attractions in the city of Semarang. Various tourist attractions in the city of
Semarang is generally a nuanced cultural and recreational buildings will tend to
have the potential variation of stagnant if not enhanced attraction. It is also at the
same time capable of performing the function of education to society Semarang.
f)

Agro Tourism of Mijen and Gunung Pati

Page | 46

Subdistrict Mijen in southwest Semarang and Gunung Pati south of Semarang could
be potential areas for growth of the tourism sector. Bnetuk most tourist allows for
the near future is a form of agro-tourism. Both these districts still have a vast land
with overgrown with various plants. Moreover, the existence of fruit trees like
durian, mango and rambutan still owned by locals. That the existence of a variety
of fruit trees can be a tourist attraction in itself. For example, when each of these
fruit trees produce fruit during the season. With creative ideas will be very
impressive if the exploitation of these fruits as well as a commercial and
recreational areas of interest are nuanced plantation.
g) The coastal tourism development in Mangkang
Coast in the city of Semarang has mngalami various forms and functions. From
these functions, a very popular tourist beach was just there in the Marina beach. It
is certainly cause less atraktifnya beach tourism potential in the city of Semarang.
On the other hand the potential of the west coast has not been sufficiently
considered to be a new tourist beach. For example, the villages along the coast in
the district Mangkang monument. The beach is not lost atraktifnya the Marina
beach. When used as attractions, the shape can be varied. Such as fishing in the
sea or in ponds, mangrove forest garden and culinary fishing results.
h) Flood canal tourism
Flood Canal is a facility in the event of disaster management and a regular stream
if there is no flooding. Due to its function as a reduction of the concentration of
rainwater during the rainy season, the spillway constructed as choke Semarang.
The existence of the spillway can be used as a tourist attraction water and
recreation park. As a tourist attraction water by utilizing the flow of river water for
boat trips deliver the tourists heading to certain places along the river. Form of
tourism that is unique because most of the rivers in the city of Semarang
berfungasi as water flow, or even worse was taking out the trash. The existence of
the river water transport can enrich the form of Semarang city tour. As a
recreational park can be constructed gardens on either side of the river. From this
use as a park can also be equipped with a culinary tour that is the arrangement of
several vendors to sell in the parks.

3. Transportation
Transportation has an important role in the development of a city, transportation help
economic, social, political and territorial activities. In line with the development of
Semarang city that is increasingly growing population, as well as infrastructure
development in various areas resulting more transport problems arising in Semarang.
Some issues or problems that arise in the transport sector in the city of Semarang ,
among others, as follows :
a. Low City Transportation Management

Page | 47

b. The decline in public transport users and an increasing number of private vehicles .
c. Increasing incidence of traffic accidents
d. The high density of traffic on the main road
e. The role of the sidewalk is not maximal
f. Lack amount and allocation of the bus stop
g. The low quality of the parking management
h. Conditions and inadequate management of terminal
Semarang city government has implemented various policies in transportation sector to
address issues or problems, such as :

a. Public Transport
Bus rapid transit (BRT) program to expedite the distribution of the population and to
the destination.
b. Road Network Plan
Semarang government planned road network that connects the sub- center in the
suburb area , suburb area to the city center and the road structure that facilitates
external movement does not burden the city with the city center activity.
c. Road Development
This path is a collection of road that serves to distribute to several regional movement
around Semarang besides this road network also serves to connect several growth
centers in the suburbs with the city center of Semarang.
d. Management Plan / Planning Parking
Most of the parking lot in Semarang using the roadside as a location of parking (on
street parking). This condition causes the roadside which can be used for traffic
movement becomes narrower and make a side friction.
e. Transportation Facilities Plan
Development of the terminal system is determined by the function of Semarang as
National Activity Center (PKN) and the internal problems of city traffic.
f.

Railway Network Plan

Development of urban rail transportation systems, such as the development of rail
transport system using monorail.

g. Rivers Transportation
The development of river tourism transport Kaligarang and West Flood Canal and
Jatibarang Dam tourist transport development.
h. Marine Transportation Plan
Tanjung Mas planned as an international port (according to the direction in
Government Regulation No. 26 year 2008 of the National Spatial Plan). Planned

Page | 48

transportation plan in the port covers passengers and goods. These scheduled
passenger services and freight services have regional, national and international
scale.
i.

Airport Plan
Ahmad Yani Airport area development, because service is a facility that has an
important role in supporting the development of Semarang. The problems is related
to the integration of inter-mode in airport area.

However, these programs were not able to overcome the problems of transportation in
the city of Semarang . This occurs because some programs that have been designed
unrealized well. Transport network development plan as outlined in the Regulation No. 14
Year 2011 looks less efficient. This is indicated by the development of the road
domination, whereas the efficiency of urban activities will be executed if the mode of
transport that issued is the mass transport like trains.
On the other hand the formation of a hub or intersection intermoda transport has not
touched the air transportation. In the Regulation No. 14 Year 2011 did not mention about
the mass transport planning, especially train to and from Ahmad Yani Airport. It will be
another problem in the sphere of transport.
4. Coastal Management
The Semarang City coastal district is a major corridor for development of this city. There
are key facilities of development of Semarang City In these coastal district include main
transportation facilities, government center, offices centre as well as services and trade
center. The strategic position of Semarang city which is located at the meeting the main
distribution channels in the island of Java (north coast road) makes the coastal area is
potential to be developed as a node for trade and services both nationally and
internationally. This is supported by the presence of seaports, airports, railway network,
and the primary arterial road.
The population of the four coastal districts of Semarang city reached 411,363 people or
26.18% of the total population of Semarang City. With the condition of a heterogeneous
society that is willing and able to work and a fairly high level of education is a major
capital of Semarang City development. Fisheries resources is another coastal potencies
that could be developed. Utilization of fishery resources including activities of marine
fisheries, fisheries pond and open water has the potencies to be developed.Semarang
fisheries production value in 2013 was Rp. 961.458 million or 1.57% of GRDP of
Semarang City. In addition to fishing effort and the cultivation, processing of fish such as
salted fish, smoked fish and shrimp paste are an alternative business that continues to
grow.
The main problem in Semarang coastal areas is an imbalance of coastal environmental
capacity with its utilization levels. Utilization and exploitation of Semarang coastal area

Page | 49

excessively without considering of the carrying capacity of the environment has an

impact that is considered to have become the identity of Semarang city. "Semarang
kaline banjir" is a common term used in describing the condition of flooding in Semarang
city. Flooding in Semarang city is only occur in the rainy season only, but also during the
dry season due to tides (locally known as rob). In addition to flooding, erosion and salt
water intrusion is also a major problem faced by the coastal areas in Semarang city.
Further review, the emergence of these problems are caused by several interrelated
factors. Sea level rise due to climate change and land subsidence in coastal areas of
Semarang are the factors that cause flooding problems in Semarang City. The coastal
geological conditions in the form of new alluvial plain that are still having natural
consolidation is one of the factors of land subsidence in Semarang.In addition, the
excessively use of groundwater and masiv construction of buildings and infrastructure in
semarang coastal area has been burdening coastal land thus accelerating the rate of
land subsidence.In some parts of Semarang coastal, land subsidence reaches more than
8 cm per year. Damage to coastal ecosystems such as mangrove forests, loss of coastal
border areas (sempadan) and bad city's drainage system make the problems become
worse.
In addition to erosion and flooding problems, other major problems that facing of the
coastal area is a decrease in marine waters quality. The bad Industrial and households
waste treatment has led to pollution of the marine waters.Pollution of marine waters will
affect aquatic ecosystems and natural resources that will ultimately have an impact on
the sustainability of the livelihoods of coastal communities (mainly fishermen and fish
processors).
5. Compact City
Semarang density is indicative of the city's growth as an independent city and the capital
of the province of Central Java. The arrival of people from outside Semarang is inevitable.
Semarang city government has also made a rule about the spatial Semarang City Ruling
No. 14 of 2011 on Semarang Spatial Planning in 2011 - 2031. In these regulations have
been set on setting the town into sections which are expected to be able to parse density
concentration in the city of Semarang and also capable of performing the function of
each part. On the other hand, it is contrary to the concept of compact city that is another
chapter in the regulation. This raises a number of contradictions in the regulation itself.
The concept of the Compact City is closely associated with the development of the city.
This structure Consists of a system of different economic zones (core, semi-periphery and
periphery) with multiple polities and cultures that are linked in a single trade and
production induced spatial division of labor (Wallerstein, 1979). The concept of the
Compact City is represented by the planned city of Semarang into 10 parts of the city
(BWK). The elements of the Compact City such as sustainability, quality of life
improvement and attention to the socio-economic aspects of society in general has been

Page | 50

stated in the local regulation number 14 of 2011. However, an explanation from each of
the BWK about the detail of density that should be implemented into its own problems of
an urban planning. It is not implied in the local regulation number 14 in 2011. Each BWK
have each spatial function and it will automatically affect the details of both population
density and land occupation. Parts of the city center with other parts such as industrial
areas, agriculture, housing and education have different densities.

Figure 13. Population Density Plan of Semarang

(Source : Bappeda Kota Semarang, 2011)

SPATIAL PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Spatial planning of a city shall be in accordance with the vision and mission to be
achieved in the development of the city. Vision and mission development of Kota
Semarang contained in the Long Term Development Plan (RPJP) of Kota Semarang is :
"Religious, Orderly and Cultured Metropolitan City"
This vision implies that the next 20 years the city of Semarang is expected to be city

Page | 51

that inhabited by people who always uphold religious values, work ethics, manners,
customs, traditions, norms and local wisdom that life and evolved which is believed to
be the

sublime values which is manifested in the behavior of social interaction and

aware to use the rights and obligations in accordance with applicable laws and
regulations to realize organized government and social life, prosperous and supported by
the main economic activity in the form of trade, services, and industry and supported by
urban standards services of metropolitan scale that have capability of serving the entire
activity of urban and hinterland area with a safe, peaceful, comfortable, good, healthy
and sustainable. Bappeda Kota Semarang (2014).
To achieve this vision, Kota Semarang spatial planning aimed to realizing Kota Semarang
as a center of international trade and services that are safe, comfortable, productive, and
sustainable. Strategies to achieve these goals is done through policy and strategy
development of space structure and policy and strategy development of pattern space.
Implementation of the development in accordance with the city spatial and and strategic
region program are carried for the period of 20 years, which is divided into four stages,
consisting of :
1. Phase I start from 2011 to 2015;
2. Phase II start from 2016 to 2020;
3. Phase III start from 2021 to 2025; and
4. Phase IV start from 2026 to 2031.

Planning of sustainable development, in accordance with the purpose of Kota Semarang

spatial

planning,

is

one

of

the

main

issues

in

the

development

of

Kota

Semarang.Sustainability planning is an opportunity to address the issues in a more

innovative, effective way to overcome the challenges they are facing, and create a vision
for the future city.The planning framework cover a holistic perspective, considering the
environment, society and economy, or they can be more focused on a specific topic.
Sustainability categories: Environment, Society, and Economy are have Subcategories
that reflect the indicators of sustainable planning. Canadian International Development
Agency (2012).

Complete Neighbourhood / Compact City

Housing
Quality Public Space
Education
Sanitation
Health

Green Spaces
Reduce Greenhouse Gases / Energy Efficiency
Mobility/Transportation
Water Quality/ Availability
Air Quality
Waste/ Reuse/ Recycle

Unemployment Rates/Jobs Economic Growth

Page | 52
Figure 14. Sustainable Planning Indicators
(Source : Canadian International Development Agency, 2012)

Programs Indications in spatial planning documents can be used to determine the extent
of development planning in Kota Semarang meet indicators of sustainable development
planning. Mapping of development programs indication of Kota Semarang according to
the indicators of sustainable development can be seen in the table below.

Page | 53

Table 7. Mapping of Development Semarang Programs Indication

Sustainable Development
Indicator
Economy

Sub-Indicator
Unemployment rates/Jobs
Economic Growth

Environment

Green Spaces

Reduce Greenhouse gases / Energy

Efficiency
Mobility/Transportation

Programs Indication
Increasing of participation of forest communities through the development of
community based forest
Forest ecotourism development
Development of trade and services areas by improving the quality of

traditional markets and developing a modern retail

Development of exhibition services (exhibition center) and meeting services

(convention center)
Improving the quality of small and home industries and environment of

Small Industrial area (LIK)

Development of Tourism destination
Development of agriculture and fisheries area
Determination, mapping, mastery, rehabilitation and conservation of

protected areas
Greening the coastal border, rivers and reservoirs / ponds
Development of green open spaces
The development of nature reserves and wildlife refuge
Development of electricity network
Development of fuel pipeline
Development of gas pipelines
Increasing of road transport system includes freeway, arterial road and

collector road
Increasing of road intersection
Development plan for road transport services
Development of the bus terminal
Development of railway transportation system, monorail and inter-regional

railway
Developing of marine transportation system includes passenger and freight

services
Improving the quality of international airports
Public transportation system plan

Page | 54

Sustainable Development
Indicator

Sub-Indicator

Programs Indication

Waste/ Reuse/ Recycle

Protection of the river basins (DAS)

Development of reservoirs and ponds
Development of water supply system plan
Increasing of quality of industrial area
Increasing of quality of steam power plant area
Development of waste system plan includes the plan of final processing

Complete neighbourhood / Compact

city

area (TPA) and integrated waste management plan (TPST)

Development of service facilities
Telecommunications network system development through wired and

Water Quality/ Availability

Air Quality

SOCIAL

Housing
Quality Public Space

Education

Sanitation

wireless networks
Development and improvement of public service facilities
Rejuvenation of slums housing
Pedestrian road network plan;
Disaster evacuation routes and shelters plan
Bicycle road network plan
Arrangements activities of informal sector
Development of policy for provision of housing area infrastructure
Areas sports development
Improving the quality ofeducation area
Development of vocationaleducationfacilities
Development ofprimary to secondaryeducationfacilities
Development of water supply system
Wastewater infrastructure development include industrial waste and

Health

household waste
Drainage infrastructure systems development

Source : Analysis, 2015

In mapping of development programs indication of Kota Semarang, seen that there are several sub-indicators of sustainable development are still have not
a lot of attention.The sub-indicator of unemployment alleviation and housing only contains one program indication, while there is no program indication on
sub-indicators of health. In this programs indication are seen that the development planning is directed in the form of city physical development.

Page | 55

Page | 56

Part 5

Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusions
Planning is inseparable from the development of a city. The dynamic side of the city is one of the main objects that are addressed in the planning. Man is the
active subject of planning itself. On the other hand people also are affected by implementation of the planning. So the human also become the object of
planning indirectly. Planning has changed the face of the city from the naturally developed into neat.
Semarang is part of a thriving metropolitan city that is influenced by various factors. As generally in Indonesia, Semarang has a strong cultural influence and
reliable economy. Planning as a hope for the future of the existence of each room with its own function. Spatial planning Semarang contained in the Regional
Regulation No. 14 Year 2011 regarding Spatial Plan Semarang years 2011-2031 have described about the space that will be built in the future. Not just about
the sheer space, planning is also considered to be able to describe some of the functions of each part and the interaction of its users.
Many theories of spatial development of the city and region. These theories evolve with changes in the shape or demands. But on the other side of the
Spatial Plan of Semarang valid from 2011 to 2031. The theories that are relevant to spatial planning is of course that had been published. In general, the
regional spatial plan of Semarang city has laid the foundations of the theory of urban planning in each section described in the final plan. Going forward, the
regional spatial plan will be evaluated and refined.
The concept of the compact city, the city of Semarang has shown his concern for compacting building and activity in BWK I, II and III. This is a reasonable
step because not all BWK will be awakened dense area.
Semarang city has not had a water front city planning concepts that are integrated. Various functions and a variety of different purposes such coloring
concept in Spatial Planning territory (Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2011).
Semarang city government has been very attentive to the concept of green open space. In the Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2011 has been set out clearly.
But on the other hand, the pattern of implementation of the program has not been provided for in the regulations further. Clarity about the system of
incentives and disincentives on the implementation of the Green Open Space in the private and public area will be difficult to implement.

Page | 57

The use of land for the purpose of transportation are more likely to road transport modes. Planning is considered not to touch the mass transport modes such
as optimizing the use of land for the railroad networks. In addition to these, a hub of transportation modes are more likely to land transport modes as well
than in the direction of mass transport modes.
Heritage tourism is an alternative to the development of cultural tourism planning in Semarang, but has not been introduced intensively the non-physically
culture which were being owned by the people of the Semarang city.
Perfection of a plan is not seen from the quality of the planning documents, but also the accuracy of the implementation is what determines that the plan
has a strong bargaining power. On the other hand prose evaluation of each period is the control of the implementation of these plans.

Recommendations
Of all the problems that we have discussed above, our group try to make the recommendation as follows :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The need for further regulations governing the details of the density of each part of the city region (BWK)
Mass Transportation needs to get high attention related to the dominance of road transport planning in the regulation.
Integration of the development of coastal areas with functions that can be different but the same corridor, namely the concept of water front city.
Green open space should be followed by the incentives and disincentives.
The development of cultural tourism should be followed by a non-physical cultural preservation.

Page | 58

References
Bureau of Transport Economics.1998.Urban Transport Models,Department of Transport and Regional Services.
Cummins, V. O Mahony, C.Connolly, N.Review Of Integrated Coastal Zone Management & Principals Of Best Practice.Corcaigh: Coastal and Marine Resources
Centre, University College Cork..
Government of Indonesia.2007.National Act No.26/2007 on Spatial Planning, Republic of Indonesia
Government of Indonesia.2008.Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum No.5/2008 on Pedoman Penyediaan Dan Pemanfaatan Ruang Terbuka Hijau Di Kawasan
Perkotaan , Republic of Indonesia
Handayani, Wiwandari. 2014. Dynamics of Urban Growth in Semarang Metropolitan Central Java: An Examination Based on Built-Up Area and Population
Change. Journal of Geography and Geology, 6 (4)
Lubis, H. A. S. and Karsaman, R. H..1997.Krisis Perencanaan Transportasi Kota.Perencanaan dan Manajemen Transportasi.Jurnal PWK.Vol. 8 no. 3
Lundberg, D. E. (1995). Tourism Economics Hardback. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries.2014.Pedoman Rencana Induk Reklamasi. Jakarta : Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries.
Ministry of Public Work.2011.Panduan Pelaksanaan Program Pengembangan Kota Hijau (P2KH) 2011. Jakarta:Direktorat Jenderal Penataan Ruang
Ministry of Public Work.2012.Gerakan Kota Hijau.Buletin Tata Ruang Januari - Februari 2012. Jakarta: Sekretariat Tim Pelaksana BKPRN
Nurizati,Resy.2013.Waterfront

City

Konsep

(Urban

Planning).Retrieving

from

http://resynurizati.blogspot.com/2013/06/waterfront-city-konsep-urban-

planning.html on 3 December 2014.

Spillane, J. J. (1987). Pariwisata Indinesia : sejarah dan prospeknya. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Wiyasa, I. G. (1997). Hotel Ramah Lingkungan Alternatif Hotel Masa Depan. Kelola , Vol VI No.16.

Page | 59