An Intelligent novel FLC based FOINC MPPT

technique for PV applications

Arulmurugan.R

Dr.N.Suthanthira Vanitha

Research scholar, Dept. of EEE,

Anna University, Chennai
Tamil Nadu, India
arul.lect@gmail.com

Professor and Head, Dept. of EEE,

Knowledge Institute of Technology, Salem
Tamil Nadu, India
varmans03@gmail.com

AbstractThis Harnessing energy from the abundant and

free sunlight is now a days a hot-topic among the research
community. The availability of cheap solar modules has made it
possible to harvest solar energy with better efficiency. The nature
of solar modules is nonlinear and therefore the process of
impedance matching is essential. The proper impedance
matching ensures extraction of the maximum power from solar
PV module. Several algorithms are reported in literatures that
are used to operate the DC-DC converter around MPP. Among
those algorithms online techniques are most efficient and easiest
to implement. However, the offline techniques are simple but
power in loss. In this paper proposed a modified FLC based
FOINC algorithm for online MPPT technique. The proposed
technique deals with intelligent about measurement of voltage
and current. The technique is modeled and simulated in
MATLAB/Simulink environment and the results shows
satisfactory performance against test conditions.
KeywordsMPPT; FLC based FOINC controller; PV; DC to
DC buck-boost Luo converter.

I.

INTRODUCTION

A renewable energy source is considered an important

source of energy in the 21st century and is in use to fulfill our
need and growing demands of electricity. In the last two
decades the production cost of solar photovoltaic based system
has decreased considerably. The per unit cost has also seen a
decrease with the advancement in PV technology. These
systems do not contribute to the global warning [1]. The high
penetration of solar PV system in electricity generation is
evident from the fact that the PV system is expected to be the
largest source of electricity generation among all the available
renewable energy sources. They are considered feasible in
residential applications and are suitable for roof top
installations [2]. The PV modules are primarily a current
source device and the current is produced when light falls on
the surface of solar device. The characteristics curve of the PV
module shows its non-linear behavior.
The nonlinear V-I curve of PV device has only one point
of maximum power extraction. Therefor the energy harvesting
at maximum efficiency is not simple enough. The existence of
only one unique point of maximum power requires special
techniques to operate the system at the point of maximum
power. These techniques are called maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) techniques [3]. MPPT technique controls the

power electronic interface such that the source impedance is

matched with the load resistance and maximum power is
transferred. In contrast of the nonlinear characteristics, MPPT
techniques are vital for any solar PV system.
Tens of methods have been reported in literature for
tracking the maximum power point. Among the 20 distinct
methods reported by [4.] following methods are widely uses
by the researchers. Such as Perturb and observe, Incremental
conductance, Fractional open circuit voltage, Fractional short
circuit current, Fuzzy logic and Neural Network algorithm.
Among these method the factional open circuit voltage and
short circuit current are considered offline MPPT techniques,
because they track the MPP isolate the PV array and calculate
the operating point for MPPT [3]. These techniques adopt both
analog and digital implementation. However, the periodic
isolation of the PV array is actually a power loss, and the
change in operating point depends on G, therefore in case the
periodic power loss is to be avoided we need irradiance sensor
that can measure the G and can isolate the PV array as and
when required. The other MPPT methods of perturb and
observe, Incremental conductance, fuzzy logic control neural
network are feedback control system. They can have analog as
well as digital implementation. These techniques are
considered as online MPPT techniques, because they track the
MPP without disconnecting the panel from the system. The
above mentioned techniques are medium complex in
implementation but do not suffer from periodic power loss and
during operating conditions need not isolate the PV array.
In this paper we are suggested a novel method that will tune
the on-line MPPT techniques with irradiance and temperature.
The proposed algorithm modifies the exciting fuzzy logic
control system such that the fuzzy logic controller (FLC)
based FOINC method is a considerable difference between the
exciting. The difference is based on the novel controller on the
datasheet of the panel and is constant for any particular PV
array. The suggested algorithm is modeled in
MATLAB/Simulink environment and is tested for FLC based
FOINC MPPT.
The remainder of the suggested system is organized as
follows. Section 2 modeling of PV module, followed by
design FLC based FOINC MPPT controller and analyses the
state space dc to dc buck-boost Luo converter. Section 3
provides the simulation design processes and results are

validate the controller performance. Finally, Section 4

provides brief concluding remarks and intended directions for
further research work.
NOMENCLATURE

STC
T
G
MPPT
INC
MPP
PV
FO
FOINC
E
CE
D

Standard test conditions

Temperature
Solar irradiance
Maximum power point tracking
Incremental conductance
Maximum power point
Photovoltaic
Fractional order
Fractional
order
Incremental
conductance
Error
Change in Error
Duty cycle

II. PROPOSED SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The schematic circuit diagram for the suggested system is
shown in Fig.1. Which contain a PV array panel, FOINC
based FLC MPPT controller, synchronous dc to dc buck-boost
luo converter and battery load. The power switches of the
designed dc to dc buck-boost Luo converter are controlled by
the gate drivers programmed via a microcontroller module.
The designed converter delivers required levels of the output
power to the stand alone battery load. The impedance of the
battery load would be assumed as suitable ones for subsequent
analysis in this study. The dc to dc buck-boost converters are
responsible for MPPT and voltage regulations respectively. In
this studies system is tested on both simulation and
experimental model established in MATLAB/Simulink and
microcontroller processor environment.

Fig.2. Equivalent circuit model of solar cell

2.1 Modeling of PV modules

PV systems convert sunlight into electrical energy without
posing any environmental issues. Various equivalent models
are available in the literature, for better understanding of the
PV array. Among them the following circuit shown in Fig.1 is
considered good as far as compromise between accuracy and
user friendliness is desired. For the constant weather
conditions the curve has only one unique point of MP and the
V-I characteristic of an irradiated cell is not linear. It depends
on several factors including the temperature and irradiance.
With a varying irradiance the short circuit current varies,
however, the open circuit voltage changes significantly with
changes in temperature. The varying atmospheric conditions
makes the MPP keep shifting around the PV cure. In the PV
simulation results shows the cumulative effect of the nonhomogenous weather conditions on MPP. The analytical
expression based on the temperature (T) and irradiance (G)
variation can be written as
Where, Ipv is the photovoltaic current source and is given by
I = k. G. S
Id is the single exponential junction current and is given by
I
= I . (e
1)

I is the output current and given by I = I I



V is the output voltage and given byV = V

R  . I

I (G, T) = I (STC).
. (1 + I T)
(1a)

V (G, T) = V (STC). (1 + V T)
(1b)
+
%& (', () = %& ()(*).
. (1 + ,-() (2)


.=
Where, T= Tc-25

/0
+1

= 2%& ()(*).

(3456)
1

(3)

2.2 Proposed Novel FLC based FOINC Design

In the FOINC algorithm [7] was developed based on the fact
that the slope of the PV curve output power is zero on its MPP
position, the negative on the right side of the MPP curve and
positive on the left side of the MPP curve. The FOINC
algorithm is defined as follow.
9/

Fig.1. The proposed FLC based FOINC MPPT system

9; (:<)

9;<

= 9: ; = = + > ? . 9: ; = 0
(4)
Derive the above equation, we can obtain new equation as
follows.
9: ;

9;

9: ;

<

9;<

2 :A 7 = 9: ;
A

(5)

The left hand side of the above equation is the incremental

conductance and right hand side is instantaneous conductance,
the summation of two is zero at the MPP. Based on the above
two equation there are three conditions as follows.
Start

Obtain
Voltage: V, Vo Current: I, Io

Compute
K? = (= S=T ) = = DUK
K> ? (> >T )? = > ?

Y
> ? =0?

N
I=0 ?
VW(5)
1
(2
= Y Z [
>T (2
(0)
+ (=T )
>
(S)

N
I=0 ?

Y
> = > + > ?

> = > > ?

9; <

9 ;<

9: ;

VW(5)
1 K ? =T
> Y Z ?
>T K>
K ? >T^
+ (=T )
K> ?

> = > + > ?

> = > > ?

Compute
P=V I; Po=Vo Io

V =V;

P <Po

I =I

N
End

Fig.3. The flowchart of FOINC method algorithm.

9;<

9: ;

9;

9: ;

<A

:A

7 BC

9/

9: ;

= 0 DE F%%

(6)

<

>

9;

9: ;

9;

9: ;

<A

:A

<A

7 BC

2 7 BC
:A

9/

9: ;

9/

9: ;

> 0 DE HICE JBKI LC F%%

(7)

< 0 DE NBOE JBKI LC F%% (8)

The Eq.(6) represent PV at MPP position, the Eq.(7) and

Eq.(8) are helped to detect the direction towards MPP. This
condition varies based on the solar irradiation. If the
irradiation is increases the results in a change the position of
MPP travels to the right of the voltage array, instead the
decrease the solar irradiation results in the position of MPP
travels to the left. In order to compensate this variation, the
voltage should be raised and dropped so that the PV will
sustain the MPP operating condition. The flowchart illustrates
the FOINC algorithm. In the algorithm the initially obtain the
voltage and current V, I. followed by compute the current and
voltage (K ? =, K> ? ) respectively. The performance FOINC
tracking algorithm process as follows. In the FOINC > ? =
0, and I=0 during the instant the solar irradiation is not
varied, then the operating point will not move. If the
conditions > ? =0 and I>0? Means the solar irradiation
raised then the voltage operation should be rises to find the
MPP. Otherwise, if I<0 means the solar irradiation dropped
then the voltage operation will be reduced to grasp the MPP
condition. When the changes of current and voltage are not
equal to zero value, during the condition uses the Eq.(3b) and
(3c) to regulate the direction of the voltage process change in
order to get the MPP. If

9;<

>

9;

9: ; 9: ;

<

2 Q 7 means dP/dV >0, the

:Q

tracking point is in the left hand side of the MPP curve, then
the voltage must be improved to obtain MPP. In alternative
case, if

9: ;

9 ;<

>

9;

9: ; 9: ;

<

2 :Q 7 means dP/dV <0, the tracking point is

Q

in the right hand side of the MPP curve, then the voltage must
be reduced to obtain MPP.
2.2.1 Design of MPPT controller using optimized FLC
based FOINC controller
In the Fig.1 illustrate the complete system architecture. The
suggested MPPT technique builds upon the efficient of the
FOINC method and reduces the resulting steady state
oscillations by adaptively modifying voltage reference step
size > ? using an intelligent fuzzy logic controller. The
process of the FOINC method is described by the flowchart
given in Fig.5. The suggested control arrangement takes the
absolute power slope S of the PV panel curve and the old
perturbation voltage step Told as its two inputs calculated the
various in the new FOINC step size D. The universe of
discourse for the two input variables is assigned in terms of its
linguistic variable by using nine fuzzy subsets which are
denoted by negative double large (NLL), negative large (NL),
negative medium (NM), negative small (NS), zero (Z),
Positive small (PS), Positive medium (PM), Positive large
(PL), Positive double large (PLL). The output variable D is
assigned in terms of its linguistic variable by using same nine
fuzzy subsets. The membership functions for the two input
and output variables are shown in Fig.4. The fuzzy rules are
generated based on the FOINC algorithm as shown in Table-II
with two inputs and one output. This table is called as fuzzy
associative matrix. The fuzzy inference of the fuzzy logic
control is based on the Mamdanis method, which is

connected with the maximum-minimum arrangement. The

defuzzification is based on the centroid technique which is
helped to compute the crisp output value as the output [9].
TABLE-I FLC rules
(S)/
(Told)
NLL

NLL

NL

NM

NS

NLL

NLL

NLL

NLL

NL

NLL

NLL

NLL

NLL

NM

NLL

NLL

NLL

NS

NLL

NLL

NL

NLL

NL

NM

NS

PS

PM

PL

PLL

NLL

NL

NM

NS

NL

NM

NS

PS

NL

NM

NS

PS

PM

NM

NS

PS

PM

PL

PS

PM

PL

PLL
PLL

PS

NL

NM

NS

PS

PM

PL

PLL

PM

NM

NS

PS

PM

PL

PLL

PLL

PLL

PL

NS

PS

PM

PL

PLL

PLL

PLL

PLL

PLL

PS

PM

PL

PLL

PLL

PLL

PLL

PLL

Afterward fuzzification of the crisp inputs, the resultant

fuzzy sets has to be distinguishing to the rule based. The rule
base is set of IF promise and promise, then consequent rules
created according to the designer system knowledge and
experience. Depending on the value of the complete power
slope, the PV curve illustrates in Fig.3. Can be derived into
seven regions. Specified the old voltage reference and
perturbation step Told, the controller will regulate the change
of the new step in order to grasp the MPP [ 12,13].
If the complete value of the first input slope S is the positive
double large, this means that the functional point is far from
the MPP. The second input Told can have in this case seven
different values. If Told is negative double large, then the
change in step size D has to be zero (Z) in order to quickly
track the MPP. Whereas if Told is zero (Z), the change in step
size D has to be positive double large (PLL) in order to reach
the MPP without oscillation surrounding it. Finally if Told is
positive double large (PLL), the change in step size D has to
be same positive double large (PLL) in order to avoid
exceeding the MPP in the opposite direction leading to
oscillations. The same scenarios can be applied to the other
cases resulting the rule base shown in Table-I. The premise,
which is the two input part of the rule, is designed using the
inference minimum operator [14,15]. The operator compares
between the rules that are on in each input membership
function and takes the minimum rule. Finally the
defuzzification incomes the implied fuzzy set and transforms
it back to a real continuous number or a crisp output value.
The center of gravity method of defuzzification is used in this
work. [14] In this study Gaussian surface fuzzy membership
function used. The triangular fuzzy membership function for
input and output are written as Appendix and shown in Fig.4
[16, 17].
2.3 Analysis of DC to DC Buck-Boost Luo Converter
When recommending an MPP tracker, the most important job
is to choose and design a highly efficient converter, which is
supposed to operate as the foremost part of the MPPT.
Furthermost switching mode power supplies are well aimed to
function with high efficiency. Among all the topologies
existing, boost-buck, SEPIC, ZETA, Luo and buckboost

converters provide the opportunity to have either higher or

lower output voltage compared with the input voltage.
Although the buckboost configuration is cheaper than the
Luo one, some drawbacks, such as discontinuous input
current, high peak currents in power components, and poor
transient response, make it less efficient. On the other hand,
the luo converter has low switching losses and the highest
efficiency among non-isolated dc to dc converters and no
negative polarity regulated output voltage compare with input
voltage. It can also provide an improved output current
characteristic due to the inductor on the output stage. Thus, the
luo configuration is a proper converter to be employed in
deceitful the MPPT [19,20].

Fig.4. illustrate the proposed FLC membership function of (a) the 1st input
variable (S). (b) the 2nd input variable (Told) and (c) the output variables of
duty cycle(D).

Fig.5 DC to DC buck-boost Luo converter

The luo buck-boost converter provides a positive polarity

regulated output voltage with respect to the input voltage is
shown in Fig.5. The operation of the synchronous buck-boost
converter with ZVS and ZCS technique are used for reducing
the switching loss of the main switch. In addition, the
freewheeling diode are replaced into power switch to reduce
conduction losses too. The designed circuit, two powers

MOSFET switches is utilized to reduce switching as well as

conduction losses. The energy storage elements are capacitors
C1and C2 and inductors L1,L2 respectively. R is the load
resistance. To analysis the process of the dc to dc Luo
converter, the circuit can be divided into two equivalent
modes [3].

as more photons hit out electronics and further current flow

causing higher recombination. The variation of power output
acts as a function of module voltage, and is pretentious by
altered working conditions. Also, the output V versus I
characteristics of the single PV module is observed under
various condition of T and G. The single module concerned

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

With proposed controller and PV system models established
and converter designed [18, 19], simulations are conducted to
tune the control parameters and validate the expected
performances of the MPPT system by the output of the
converter. The converter system description for the circuit
simulation carried out by the MATLAB environment. The
input voltage is 21V, Capacitance C1 and C2 are 220 micro
farad and inductance L1 and L2 are 1.5 mH and 2 mH
respectively, load resistance is 10 ohms. Note that these
passive components are selected to satisfying design criteria
distilled based on equations. The above-mentioned FOINC
and designed FLC algorithm are realized and embedded into
the MATLAB function script file in this by C language. Fig.9
presents different simulation results by governing equation of
MATLAB for MPPT. Where the PV array 40 watts is
considered. The corresponding maximum voltage and current
individual module are VMP in 16.4 V and IMP in 0.610 A. open
circuit voltage and short circuit current individual module are
21V, 0.700A respectively. Note that since the lead to
simulation results by state space equations and Simulation are
unique [18]. If offered in the figure, only the results from
MATLAB are planned as the representative simulation results.
It is seen from this figure that MPP is attained within a little
period of time less than 0.015 second. Also, considerable more
oscillation occurs for the case with the conventional PI, P&O
method not only in transient but besides in the steady state
period. On the conflicting, the suggested novel FLC could
track the MPP in a quicker step with high precision. In a little
conclusion, the simulation results show that the proposed
FOINC [14, 17] based FLC MPPT controller with the
designed novel dc to dc buck-boost Luo converter and the PV
system could track the MPP efficiently and most excellently.
In the next section reveals the proposed simulation results of
PV modules and synchronous buck-boost dc to dc Luo
converter model.
3.1 Simulation Results for PV system
The voltage versus current (V-I) characteristics of single PV
module of proposed panel are plotted for different values of
solar insulation and cells temperature as shown in Fig.6. In the
simulation studies uses the standard design method shows that
an increased number of modules can deliver a nominal level of
operating charging current for normal range of G. From this
PV curves it was discovered that the decreases the maximum
power for increases in temperature. The following operating
conditions are observed from this study. 1) When increases
the load current causes drops in the PV voltage. 2) When
increases in temperature causes reduces the power output due
to rises of internal resistance across the cell. 3)when increases
the insolation or irradiation, the power output as PV increases

Fig.6. Simulated V-I characteristics of single PV module with variation of

solar G &T

Fig.7. Change in (a) duty cycle and (b) power of the system due to the change
in illumination and temperature level.

3.2 Results for proposed system

To validate the suggested method, the MPPT process was
used to controller the PO in a PV array lower solar radiation.
Simulation has been achieved when solar radiation and cell
temperature variations with a transient. The characteristic of
PV array will be transformed when G and T fluctuation, which
cause the V-I curves of PV panel to alteration, where the
specific radiation range between 200 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2
and cell temperature range between 20 and 80. In the
proposed simulated model novel controller, and the duty cycle
is in tune straight in the algorithm. To experiment the
suggested system operation, the condition of varying G was
modeled. The T and G level is oscillating two levels. The first
G and T level is 1000 W/m2 and 45 at time t = 0.3 s, the G

and T level swiftly deviations to 800 W/m2 and 40. An

illustration of the connection between the duty cycle and Po
are shown in Fig. 7(a) and (b) correspondingly. To validate the
effectiveness of the algorithm stated in the flowchart. Fig.7 (a)
shows the variation in duty cycle attuned by the MPPT to
excerpt the maximum power from the modules. The results in
Fig. 7(b) show that the power output at G = 1000 W/m2 are
38W and 800 W/m2 are 15.18 W respectively. From the figure
conclude the proposed MPPT algorithm which can
automatically regulate the step size with track the maximum
power output. For the proposed MPPT method with
permissible maximum duty size is 0.05 is also exposes in Fig.
It is strong the oscillations occurring at steady state are nearly
eliminated by the proposed MPPT algorithm. Also, the
dynamic act of the proposed method is obviously quicker than
the traditional method.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper suggested a new digital control scheme for a
standalone photovoltaic system using fuzzy logic control
based fractional order incremental conductance MPPT
controller. Under continuously changing climatic conditions,
the suggested FLC based FOINC can reduce the tracking time
less than the convectional techniques. In the proposed system
reduces the average error between the maximum power output
and actual value at less than 1.5 %. The suggested system
include lot of merits such as, ZVS designed converter is uses
to reduces the switching losses and conduction losses too, and
shorten the tracking time. Realize the maximum value of
energy is travelled to load battery. In this paper suggested an
encouraging way for further enactment of a standalone or grid
connected applications.

[5]
[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

APPENDIX
Name='orignalflc'
Type='mamdani'
Version=2.0
NumInputs=2
NumOutputs=1
NumRules=81
AndMethod='min'
OrMethod='max'
ImpMethod='min'
AggMethod='max'
DefuzzMethod='centroid'
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Prof.Arulmurugan Ramasamy, is an Associate Professor in

the Department of EEE at Knowledge Institute of Technology,
Salem, India. He is working towards the Ph.D. degree in
Electrical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Regional
zone Coimbatore. His main area of research activity is
photovoltaic, MPPT, FLC, DC to DC buck-boost converter.