Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
SUBMITTED BY
SUBMITTED TO
NAME OF CANDIDATE: HARDEEP SINGH
ROLL NUMBER: 1280088
CNT TECHNOLOGIES
MRS. MANVI
Page 1
ARYANS COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
AND
TECHNOLOGY
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CNT TECHNOLOGIES
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Date: 18/05/15
CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report
entitled, ORCAD &PLC, by Hardeep Singh (1280088 ) , B.TECH in EEE
submitted at Aryans College of Engineering, is an authentic record of my
own work carried out during a period from JUNUARY 2015 to MAY 2015
under the supervision of Ms.Meenakshi, Software Trainer,CNT Chd.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
(Hardeep Singh)
1280088
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CNT TECHNOLOGIES
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CONTENTS
1) Company profile
2) PCB Designing
Functions of PCB
Classifications of PCBs
Technique used for PCB design
PCB design software
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5 .Instrumentation
Automation
Engineering tools
Relays concepts
Contactor concepts
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to thank almighty GOD who has given this wonderful gift of
life to us. He is the one who is guiding us in right direction to follow noble path of
humanity. In my six months industrial training it is a wonderful experience to be a
part of CNT TECHNOLOGIES where I have opportunity to work under brilliant
minds. I owe my deep regards for the supporting and kind staff authorities who are
helping me in my lean patches during these six months. The knowledge I am
gaining throughout my studies have the practical implementation during this
period. I am grateful to all the staff of CNT and for their timely support and sharing
of their experience with me. I would like to express my heartiest concern for Miss.
Meenakshi
for her able guidance and for his inspiring attitude, praiseworthy
attitude and honest support. Not to forget the pain staking efforts of our college
training and placement cell and specially my training and placement officer
Mrs.Manvi Mam Last but not the least I would express my utmost regards for the
electrical department of our Institute.
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IT SERVICES
Turnkey Solution to meet end-to-end customer requirements
Networking Solutions with total System Integration and Implementations
Project Consultancy services from concept to commissioning
IT Training
MISSION
To provide world class professional training and solutions in advance networking,
Embedded systems design and career services for IT professionals as
well as electronic system designers.
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PCB DESIGNING
PCB stands for PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD. Printed circuit board (PCB)
provides both the physical structure for mounting and holding the components as
well as the electrical interconnection between the components. That means a PCB
= PWB (printed wiring board) is the platform upon which electronic components
such as integrated circuit chips and other components are mounted. A PCB
consists of a non-conducting substrate (typically fiber glass with epoxy as resin)
upon which the conductive pattern or circuitry is formed. Copper is the most
prevalent conductor although nickel, silver and tin are also used in some cases.
Types of PCB
PCB may be of different types:1) Single-sided
2) Double-sided
3) Multilayer
Single sided PCBs: - As the name suggest in these designs the conductive pattern
is only at in one side. And also the size is large in these case but these are cheap.
Double sided PCBs: - These are the PCBs on which the conductive pattern is in on
both sides. The size of board is small in this case but it is costlier than that of
above.
Multilayer PCBs: - In this case the board consists of alternating layers of
conducting pattern and insulating material. The conductive material is connected
across the layers through plated through holes. The size of this PCB is smaller
than that of double sided PCB but it is very costly.
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PCBs may also be either rigid, flexible, or the combination of two (rigid-flex). When
the electronic components have been mounted on the PCB, the combination of
PCB and components is an electronic assembly, also called PRINTED CIRCUIT
ASSEMBLY. This assembly is the basic building block for all the electronic
appliances such as television, computer and other goods.
FUNCTIONS OF PCB
Printed circuited boards are dielectric substrates with metallic circuitry formed on
that. They are some times referred to as the base line in electronic packaging.
Electronic packaging is fundamentally an inter connection technology and the PCB
is the baseline building block of this technology.
TECHNIQUES USED FOR PCB DESIGNING
There mainly two techniques which are use for the PCB designs.
1. Hand Taping
2. Computer Aided Design
1) PCBs using Hand Taping:
o PCB design using hand taping is the process of technical
drawing.
o In hand taping method layout should be prepared on grid paper.
o In hand taping, components pads can be prepared by using
black pads.
o Routing of the board can be done by tapes with different widths.
Each layer (top, bottom) has to prepare separately.
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Capture
Gerber
tools
Libraries
Layout
Footprint
libraries
Gerber and
plotter
drawing
Gerber
and drill
files
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There many soft wares which are used for PCB designs. Some of them are given
below: OrCad
CADSTAR
Protel
TANGO
Mentor
The most commonly software which are used for PCB design in India are Protel
and OrCad
OrCad Design Environment
OrCad has a long history of providing individuals and teams with a complete set of
technologies that offer unprecedented productivity, seamless tool integration, and
exceptional value. New 10.5 release continues that tradition.
Today's lower cost and yet highly sophisticated electronic design automation
systems have created a unique challenge to nearly every engineering department.
Therefore the use of EDA tools has become increasingly important as product
lifecycles have become shorter and shorter. Modern electronic design automation
(EDA) tools are beginning to support a more efficient and integrated approach to
electronic.OrCad Capture design entry is the most widely used schematic entry
system in electronic design today for one simple reason: fast and universal design
entry. Whether you're designing a new analog circuit, revising schematic diagram
for an existing PCB, or designing a digital block diagram with an HDL module,
OrCad Capture provides simple schematic commands you need to enter, modify
and verify the design for PCB. OrCad Layout offers PCB designers and PCB
design teams the power and flexibility to create and share PCB data and
constraints across the design flow. OrCad Layout delivers all the capabilities to
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designers need from netlist to place and route, to final output. The ease-of use and
intuitive capabilities of OrCad Layout provides for quick startup and rapid learning
right out of the box.
PCB DESIGN STEPS IN OrCad 10.5
Entry of Schematic Diagram
Schematic diagram provides the functional flow and the graphical representation of
an electronic circuit. The entry of schematic diagram is the first step in PCB design
using OrCad.
A schematic diagram consists of: Electrical connections(nets)
Junctions
Integrated circuits symbols
Discrete components symbols like resistors, capacitors etc.
Input / output connectors
Power and ground symbols
Buses
No connection symbols
Components reference names
Text
The Schematic Page Editor:
The schematic page editor is used to display and edit schematic pages. So that
one can parts; wires; buses and draw graphics. The schematic page editor has a
tool palette that you can use to draw and place everything you need to create a
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schematic page. One can print from within the schematic page editor, or from the
project window.
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One can search for information in the session log using the find command on the
Edit menu. You can also save the contents of the of the session log to a file, which
is useful when working with Orcads technical support to solve technical problems.
The default filename is SESSION.TXT.
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The Toolbar:
Captures toolbar is dock able (that means you can select and drag the toolbar to
new location) as well as resizable, and displays tool tips for each tool; by choosing
a tool button you can quickly perform a task. If tool button is dimmed, you cant
perform that task in the current situation.
Some of the tools operate only on what you have selected, while others give you a
choice of either operating on what is selected or expanding the scope to entire
project.
You can hide the toolbar, then display it again when u need it. For hiding select
from the schematic page editors view menu, choose TOOLBAR.
The Tool Palette:
Capture has two tool palettes: one for the schematic page editor and one for the
part editor. Both tool palettes are dock able and resizable. They can also display
tool tips that identify each tool. The drawing tools on the two tool palettes are
identical, however, each tool palette has different electrical tools after you choose
a tool, and you press the right mouse button to display a context- sensitive pop-up
menu.
The schematic page editor tool palette:
The first group of tools on the tool palette is electrical tools, used to place electrical
connectivity objects. The second group of tools is
Drawing tools, used to create graphical objects without electrical connectivity.
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From the tools, choose create net list. The net list dialog box displays.
Choose a net list format tab.
If necessary, set the part value and PCB foot print combined property strings
to reflect the information you want in the net list.
Click ok to create the net list.
In the net list file text box, enter a name for the output file. If the selected
format creates an additional file, enter its file name in the second text box.
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Place components: Use the components tool in order to place manually the
components which are fixed by the system designer on the board or
otherwise use auto-placement.
Route the board: Use different routing technologies to route the board and
take advantage of push and shove (a routing technology), which moves track
you are currently routing as well as you can also auto route the board.
Provide finishing of the board: Layout supplies an ordered progression of
commands on the auto menu for finishing your design. These commands
include design rule check, cleanup design, rename components, back
annotate, run post processor, and create reports.
The design window:
The design window provides a graphical display of printed circuit board, it is
primary window you use when designing your board. It also provides tools to
facilitate the design process such as to update components and design rule
violation.
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Main window
Method to create a board with Layout Plus:
Ensure that net list with all footprints and necessary information has been
created.
Create a directory in which the schematic design, net list, and boar will coexit and put the schematic design and net list. OrCad provides a directory for
this purpose.
From the layout session frames file menu, choose New. The load template
file in the dialog box displayed.
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Select the technology template (.TCH), then choose the open button and
load the net list in other box.
Then apply the auto ECO.
If necessary, respond to link footprints to component dialog.
Draw the board outline by using the obstacle tool in the tool bar.
Setting board parameters:
There is some parameter which should be set before placing the components on
board. They are as follows:CNT TECHNOLOGIES
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Set Datum
Create a board outline
Set units of measurements
Set system grid
Add mount holes
Creating of board outline:
Board outline is the graphical representation of the size of the actual PCB board.
So it is the main step in layout, to draw the board outline of the actual size of PCB
board.
Placement of components:
Placement of components means that to place the components in designed box. A
designer should follow the following steps before going for it: Optimize the board for component placement.
Load the placement strategy file.
Place components on the board.
Optimize placement using various placements
Components can be placed by using two techniques:1) Manual placement of components
2) Auto placement of components
Choose the components tool bar button. From the pop up men, choose the queue
for placement. The components selection criteria dialog box appears. Enter the
reference designator of the components that you want to place in the appropriate
text box, and click ok. Drag the components to desired location, place it there.
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Conductor Routing in Layout:After placing all the components the other main step is to route the board from the
electrical connections between the components. One may route board manually or
automatically by auto router.
100% auto routing can be achieved only when components are placed in the order
of functional flow of electronic circuit. The main routing tool available in OrCad is
as flow: Add/edit route mode
Edit segment mode
Shove track mode
Design Rule Check:In manual designs every thing was checked as a possible source of error.
Components sizes, hole sizes, conductor widths and clearance, land-to-hole-ratio,
board areas to be free of components, clearance to the edges, positional accuracy
and of course electrical interconnections had tad to be personally reviewed with a
great deal of care. After completing the design of printed circuit board with the help
of an EDA-Tool, a designer has again to verify the PCB in order to find out errors.
Such type of verifications/design rule check contains beside the general
verifications commonly two types: Physical verification
Electrical verification
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Post processing:Post processing can be done once the design is completed in all aspects. The
common way is still a process to generate GERBER data and NCD files which can
be used for photo plotting and for steps of CNC manufacturing and PCB- drilling.
POWER SYSTEM DESIGN
First part of electronics ckts. is power. The main power supply is in AC but mostly
electronic ckts. work with DC. So a system is required to convert ac to dc and
these sources should able to produce stable supplies.
Power supplies may be used in. may be of different types such as regulated,
unregulated, smps etc.
Unregulated power supplies
These are the power supplies in which the out put is not constant. That it is
varies with input voltage, load, and also effected by the environment conditions
such as temperature, etc. so these are the variable supplies. Commonly these
supplies are not employed as there efficiency is very less. The unregulated
power can be obtained using rectifying circuit after AC supply.
Regulated power supplies
These are the power supplies in which the output voltage is constant, i.e. the
out put voltage is independent of the input voltage, load and other external
conditions. So to obtain the regulated voltage using different regulators. The
regulator voltage is mainly the DC voltage, it may AC to or DC to DC voltage. A
better approach to power supply design is to use enough capacitance to reduce
ripple to low level, then use an active feedback circuit to eliminate the remaining
ripple and dependence of output voltage on input, load and environment
conditions. These active devices are known as Regulators. These regulators
can be used to produce negative and positive voltage of required value.
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The voltage regulators are of three types:1) Constant positive voltage regulators
2) Constant negative voltage regulators
3) Variable voltage regulators
Constant positive voltage regulators:- These are the regulators which are able
to produce positive and constant voltage. Some of them are given below:S. no.
Name of regulator
Output voltage
1
LM 7805
5v
2
LM 7810
10v
3
LM 7812
12v
4
LM 7815
15v
These regulators are used according to the required voltage need.
Constant negative voltage regulators:- These are also the constant output voltage
regulator but there output is negative in polarity. These regulators are also
employed according to voltage requirements. Some of them are given below with
there outputs:S. no
1
2
3
4
Name of regulator
LM7905
LM7910
LM7912
LM7915
Output voltage
-5v
-10v
-12v
-15v
Variable voltage regulators:- These are the regulator whose output voltage can be
varied according to the desired need. These regulators again of two types i.e.: Positive
Negative
The output of these regulators can be varied by varying the resistance of the
variable resistance which is connected to the adjustable pin the regulators. So
these are the most commonly used regulators in the electronic industry as wide
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range of stable voltage can be obtained from single chip by varying the resistance
connected to the adjustable pin of the regulators. The most commonly variable
regulators are: LM317 (it is positive regulator)
LM 337(it is negative regulator)
There description is given below:LM317 3-Terminal Adjustable Regulator:General Description:
The LM317 series of adjustable 3-terminal positive voltage regulators is capable of
supplying in excess of 1.5A over a 1.2V to 37V output range. They are
exceptionally easy to use and require only two external resistors to set the output
voltage. Further, both line and load regulation is better than standard fixed
regulators. Also, the LM117 is packaged in standard transistor packages which are
easily mounted and handled. In addition to higher performance than fixed
regulators, theLM317 series offers full overload protection available only in ICs.
Included on the chip are current limit, thermal overload protection and safe area
protection. All overload protection circuitry remains fully functional even if the
adjustment terminal is disconnected. Normally, no capacitors are needed unless
the device is situated more than 6 inches from the input filter capacitors in which
case an input bypass is needed. An optional output capacitor can be added to
improve transient response.
The adjustment terminal can be bypassed to achieve very high ripple rejection
ratios which are difficult to achieve with standard voltage, supplies of several
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hundred volts can be regulated as long as the maximum input to output differential
is not exceeded, i.e., avoid short-circuiting the output.
Also,
it
makes
an
especially
simple
adjustable
switching
regulator, a
VOU T
2
VOUT
AD J
VIN
V IN
R 1
220E
C 2
.1 u F
C 1
.1 u F
R 2
5k
Features:
1. Guaranteed 1% output voltage tolerance (LM317A)
2. Guaranteed max. 0.01%/V line regulation (LM317A)
3. Guaranteed max. 0.3% load regulation (LM317)
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Application Hints:
In operation, the LM317 develops a
nominal 1.25V reference voltage, VREF,
between the output and adjustment
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regulators. For output capacitors of 25F or less, there is no need to use diodes.
The bypass capacitor on the adjustment terminal can discharge through a low
current junction. Discharge occurs when either the input or output is shorted.
Internal to the LM317 is a 50r esistor which limits the peak discharge current. No
protection is needed for output voltages of 25V or less and 10F capacitance.
Figure 3 shows an LM317 with protection diodes included for use with outputs
greater than 25V and high values of output capacitance.
LM337
General Description:
The LM337 is adjustable 3-terminal negative voltage regulators capable of
supplying in excess of 1.5A over an output voltage range of 1.2V to 37V.
These regulators are exceptionally easy to apply, requiring only 2 external
resistors to set the output voltage and 1 output capacitor for frequency
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compensation. The circuit design has been optimized for excellent regulation and
low thermal transients. Further, the LM337 series features internal current limiting,
thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making them virtually blowoutproof against overloads. The LM337 serves a wide variety of applications including
local on-card regulation, programmable-output voltage regulation or precision
current regulation. The LM337 are ideal complements to the LM317 adjustable
positive regulators.
Pin diagram
Features:
1) Output voltage adjustable from 1.2V to 37V
2) 1.5A output current guaranteed, 55C to +150C
3) Line regulation typically 0.01%/V
4) Load regulation typically 0.3%
5) Excellent thermal regulation, 0.002%/W
6) 77 dB ripple rejection
7) Excellent rejection of thermal transients
8) Temperature-independent current limit
9) Internal thermal overload protection
10) Standard 3-lead transistor package
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These two Ic's i.e. LM337and LM317are mainly used in the regulated power
supplies because using these regulator a wide range of output can be obtain
which can be varied from 0v to 30v, which is much sufficient to drive any electronic
circuit.
Bench supply diagram
D2
1N 4007
2
1
L1
U5
L M 3 1 7 /T O 2 2 0
3
IN D U C T O R A U D IO _ 0
3
2
1
J7
ADJ
V IN V O U T
VS
4
5
6
CON3
1
CON3
R 14
POT
C 13
R 13
C 15
R 16
1K 1W
2
U6
C 16
CAP
C 14 C 17
104
CAP
R 15
10uF 25V T AN T
2200uF 50V
470uF 50V
R 12
470uF 50V
1
2
3
C 10
R 11
104
10uF 25V T AN T
C 12
J8
R9
C9
BR1
B R ID G E
R 10
POT
1K 1W
C 11
-V S
1N 4007
C8
D3
R8
2200uF 50V
1
2
3
R 17
VOUT
L2
V IN
AD J
1N 4007
D4
L M 3 3 7 /TO 2 2 0
1
6
5
4
1
2
3
-V S
IN D U C TO R A U D IO _ 0
D5
1N 4007
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Instrumentation
Automation
Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for
human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization,
automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators
with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly
decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an
increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience.
Consider the examples of automation:
1.
Automated video surveillance
2.
3.
Automated manufacturing
4.
Home automation
5.
Industrial automation
6.
Agent-assisted Automation
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High initial cost: The automation of a new product or plant requires a huge initial
investment in comparison with the unit cost of the product, although the cost of
automation is spread in many product batches of things.
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
PLC programs are typically written in a special application on a personal computer, then
downloaded by a direct-connection cable or over a network to the PLC. The program is stored in
the PLC either in battery-backed-up RAM or some other non-volatile flash memory. Often, a
single PLC can be programmed to replace thousands of relays. Under the IEC 61131-3
standard, PLCs can be programmed using standards-based programming languages. A
graphical programming notation called Sequential Function Charts is available on certain
programmable controllers. Recently, the International standard IEC 61131-3 has become
popular. IEC 61131-3 currently defines five programming languages for programmable control
systems: FBD (Function block diagram), LD (Ladder diagram), ST (Structured text, similar to the
Pascal programming language), IL (Instruction list, similar to assembly language) and SFC
(Sequential function chart). These techniques emphasize logical organization of operations.
While the fundamental concepts of PLC programming are common to all manufacturers,
differences in I/O addressing, memory organization and instruction sets mean that PLC
programs are never perfectly interchangeable between different makers. Even within the same
product line of a single manufacturer, different models may not be directly compatible.
In Allen Bradley PLCs the logic used for the programming is ladder logic. Ladder logic is a
programming language that represents a program by a graphical diagram based on the circuit
diagrams of relay-based logic hardware. It is primarily used to develop software for
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) used in industrial control applications. The name is
based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical rails
and a series of horizontal rungs between them. An argument that aided the initial adoption of
ladder logic was that a wide variety of engineers and technicians would be able to understand
and use it without much additional training, because of the resemblance to familiar hardware
systems. This argument has become less relevant given that most ladder logic programmers
have a software background in more conventional programming languages, and in practice
implementations of ladder logic have characteristicssuch as sequential execution and support
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--[ ]--
--[\]--
The "coil" (output of a rung) may represent a physical output which operates some device
connected to the programmable controller, or may represent an internal storage bit for use
elsewhere in the program.
The above fig shows the trainer board of Micrologix 1100 PLC. It has following components:
1. PLCmicrologix 1100
2. SMPS (220V ac to 24V dc)
3. Analog I/O card
4. A Contactor Relay
5. An Electromechanical Relay
6. Normally open Switch (4)
7. Normally closed Switch (4)
8. Output LEDs (4)
9.RS 232 Comport for communication with PC
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O/P
0
1
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O/P
1
0
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The timer has following bits and these bits are useful in the operation of timer:
EN- Enable- This bit will high when the input is given to the timer
TT - Timer timing bit - This bit will be high during the timing process. It remains high
In Micrologix 1000 and 1100 PLC there are three types of timers i.e.
TON Timer
T-OFF Timer
Retentive timer ON (RTO)
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2.7.2 Counters:
Counters are used to count the number of operations. Its function is same as the timer accepts
that the timer counts the number of seconds and the counter counts the number of operations or
pulses. At each operation the value of the accumulator increases and when the value of the
accumulator comes to the preset value of the counter then the counter stops.
Counter bits:
TT - Timer timing bit - This bit will be high during the counting process. It remains high till
accumulator value becomes equal to preset value
DN Done This bit will be high when the counting process is ended. It set to high when
the accumulator value becomes equal to preset value.
2.7.2.1 Counter UP (CTU):The CTU is an instruction that counts false-to-true rung transitions.
Rung transitions can be caused by events occurring in the program (from internal logic or by
external field devices) such as parts traveling past a detector or actuating a limit switch. When
rung conditions for a CTU instruction have made a false-to-true transition, the accumulated
value is incremented by one count, provided that the rung containing the CTU instruction is
evaluated between these transitions. The ability of the counter to detect false-to-true transitions
depends on the speed (frequency) of the incoming signal. The accumulated value is retained
when the rung conditions again become false. The accumulated count is retained until cleared
by a reset (RES) instruction that has the same address as the counter reset.
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Fig 2.12f.Equal to
This input instruction is true when source A becomes equal to source B. The EQU instruction
compares two user specified values if values are equal, it allows rung continuity. The rung goes
true and output energies.
2.7.2.4 GEQ (greater than equal to)
This instruction compares two values and will be high when the counted value becomes equal to
or greater than the fixed value and will energize everything that is connected next to it.
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Fig 2.12k.Limit
Use the LIM instruction to test for values within or outside a specified range, depending on how
you set the limits.
2.7.2.9 RES (Reset):
Fig2. 12l.Reset
Use a RES instruction to reset a timer or counter. When the RES instruction is enabled, it resets
the Timer ON Delay (TON), Retentive Timer (RTO), Count UP (CTU), or Count Down (CTD)
instruction having the same address as the RES instruction. When resetting a counter, if the
RES instruction is enabled and the counter rung is enabled, the CU or CD bit is reset. If the
counter preset value is negative, the RES instruction sets the accumulated value to zero. This in
turn causes the done bit to be set by a countdown or count up instruction.
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When RTO and conveyor motor runs by pressing start push button
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after filling bottle the valve stops and conveyor starts again
2.8.2 Program no. 2:
When a momentary start push button is pressed, a lamp goes ON. If again same start push
button is pressed first lamp goes off and it remains off for the next 20 seconds. If start push
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Lamp will not glow even if we press push button. The lamp will glow after 20 sec by
pressing push button.
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SCADA
The term SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. A SCADA system is a
common process automation system which is used to gather data from sensors and instruments
located at remote sites and to transmit and display this data at a central site for either control or
monitoring purposes. The collected data is usually viewed on one or more SCADA Host
computers
located
at
the
central
or
master
site.
A real world SCADA system can monitor and control hundreds to hundreds of thousands of I/O
points. A typical Water SCADA application would be to monitor water levels at various water
sources like reservoirs and tanks and when the water level exceeds a preset threshold, activate
the system of pumps to move water to tanks with low tank levels.
Common analog signals that SCADA systems monitor and control are levels, temperatures,
pressures, flow rate and motor speed. Typical digital signals to monitor and control are level
switches, pressure switches, generator status, relays & motors.
3.1 Features of SACDA:
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Tags and the tag database: In the tag database, you define the data you want
RSView32 to monitor. Each entry in the database is called a tag. A tag is a logical name
for a variable in a device or in local memory (RAM). For example, a tag can represent a
process variable in a programmable controller
A to Z
0 to 9
underscore (_) and dash (-)
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3.3.7 Animation:
About the Animation dialog box
The Animation dialog box is a floating dialog box, which means you can have it open all the time
and can move it around the screen, select other objects, and open other dialog boxes.
Dialog box:
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Animation on slider:
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Visibility animation:
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REFERENCE
1. Manual of allenbradley Rslogix500 .
2. Instruction manual of RS view 32
3. <http://www.wikipedia .com>
4. <http://www.kirloskarpumps.com>
5. <http://www.engineersgarage.com>
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books Recommended
William Bottom for PLC
Keller, William L Jr.Graft
Websites
www.plcs.net
www.rockwellautomation.com
MikroElektronika
Software
RSLogix 500
RS view 32
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THANKS YOU
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