BJT Simulator

BJT Simulation
14
12
10
VCC
VCQ
VC (dyn.)
VBQ
Voltages
VB (dyn.)
6
VEQ
VE (dyn.)
0
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
Time in seconds
0.0015
0.0020
Common-emitter amplifier distortion

4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
VC (dyn.)
Sine ref.
0.000
Voltages
Distortion
-1.000
-2.000
-3.000
-0.0005
-4.000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
Time in seconds
0.0015
0.0020
Common-collector amplifier distortion

0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
VE (dyn.)
Sine ref.
0.000
Voltages
Distortion
-0.050
-0.100
-0.150
-0.200
-0.0005
-0.250
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
Time in seconds
0.0015
0.0020
BJT Simulator
bjt_simulator.xlsx
written by Kenneth A. Kuhn Nov. 24, 2013
This spreadsheet simulates the operation of common-emitter and common-collector NPN BJT
amplifier circuits using a single power supply voltage and standard voltage divider biasing,
RB1 and RB2, with an emitter resistor, RE, collector resistor, RC, and an AC coupled shunt
resistor, RE1, in shunt with RE for setting common-emitter gain. The simulation does not
distinguish between common-emitter and common-collector circuits and the result is
determined by the user selected components. Some circuits could be simultaneously both.
For simplicity not every aspect is simulated but the nonlinear results are fairly close to true.
This spreadsheet is intended to be an easy to use learning tool for students.
Instructions:
User input cells are in bold red italic with light green background. Other cells are protected.
Significant calculation results are shown in bold green.
See Waveforms tab for detailed result. A small plot is shown on this sheet.
This spreadsheet is best used on a wide-screen monitor with zoom set to ~100%.
NPN Transistor physical data:

1.3806E-23 Joules/kelvin, k, Boltzmann's constant
1.6022E-19 q, magnitude of electron charge
1 n, junction constant (typically 1.0 for transistors)
1.24 volts, Eg, bandgap voltage, typically 1.24
Reference operating point to calculate transistor parameters (data sheet/measured values
0.67 volts, VBE at specified (below) emitter current and temperature
0.001 amperes, specified emitter IEQ
25 deg. C, junction temperature at which above measurements made
Calculations:
298.15 kelvins, temperature
0.0257 volts, VT, thermal voltage
472.78E-17 amperes, Is at above temperature
431.51E+4 amperes, IK = Is / exp(-Eg/(nVT))
dVBE/dT calculation:
26 deg. C, different temperature
299.15 kelvins
0.0258 VT at different temperature
0.6681 VBE at different temperature
-0.001912 dVBE/dT (for reference, at above current, not used in the simulation)
Operating data to specific transistor:
150 Beta at 25 C
30 deg. C, temperature of simulation
153.750 Temperature adjusted beta
154.750 B+1
0.994 B/(B+1)
0.2 VCEsat -- use nominally 0.2 volts -- distinguishs VC & VE on plot when in saturation.
Circuit description and operating conditions (see figure):
0.25 Vrms, Vsignal open circuit sine wave
12 VCC, power supply voltage
600 RS, source resistance of input signal
12,000 RB1, base bias resistor to VCC
1,600 RB2, base bias resistor to ground
1,000 RC, collector resistor to VCC
100 RE, emitter resistor to ground
AC coupled resistors that relate to CE or CC amplifiers. For open use 10,000,000 ohms.
1,500 RL for CE amplifiers, open for CC amplifiers
68 RE1 for CE amplifiers, RL for CC amplifiers
Analysis: First establish transistor characteristic at given temperature
0.0261 VT
0.0261 nVT
104.80E-16 Is =IK*exp(-Eg/nVT)
401.17E-15 Is/nVT
Analysis: Next determine bias condition
1.412 VBB
1,412 RB
109.123 RE + RB/(B+1)
Use Newton's method to establish true VBE at given temperature and current
Iteration:
1
2
3
4
5
6
VBE:
0.727
0.714
0.710
0.709
0.709
0.709
Analysis: Continue bias condition calculations
0.709 VBE from 8th iteration above
0.644 VEQ
### IEQ
5.602 VCQ (raw)
### ICQ
5.602 VCQ for simulation
1.353 VBQ
### IBQ
Bias in active region.
Analysis: Prepare for impedance and gain calculations
4.057 re
small signal dynamic emitter resistance
421 RS||RB -- (RB') -- signal Thevinin resistance
40.476 RE||RE1 -- (RE')
600 RC||RL -- (RC')
Small signal calculations for common-emitter:
1,172 Rin
6,891 rbt
1,000 Ro
-22.310 Av
-13.386 Avl
139.972 Pgain
21.460 dB Pgain
The following results are valid for small or large signal.
2.210 Vrms delivered to load
0.003257 Watts delivered to load

2.913 % distortion
0.053 vbe_peak-peak (for low distortion this should be less than 0.020)
Small signal calculations for common-collector:
1,172 Rin
6,891 rbt
6.348 Ro
421 RS||RB
6.778
0.961 Av
0.909 Avl
14.235 Pgain
11.534 dB Pgain
The following results are valid for small or large signal.
0.213 Vrms delivered to load
0.000664 Watts delivered to load
2.913 % distortion
0.053 vbe_peak-peak (for low distortion this should be less than 0.020)
Simulation pre calculations
0.175439 Vrms, signal Thevinin
0.248108 Vsignal Thevinin peak -- used for generating applied sine wave
1.371 VBB' = VBQ + IBQ*RB'
0.383 VEE' = VEQ - IEQ*RE'
9.441 VCC' = VCQ + ICQ*RC'
0.987 VBB' - VEE'
43.197 R = RE' + RB'/(B+1)
0.02314973 1/R
200 samples per cycle
1000 Hz
6283.185 w
Simulation: Output is on Waveforms tab and above plot
Max:
8.514
Min:
2.397
Vpp:
6.117
Time
VCC
VCQ VC (dyn.)
VBQ VB
0.000000
12.000
5.602
5.602
1.353
0.000005
12.000
5.602
5.504
1.353
0.000010
12.000
5.602
5.405
1.353
0.000015
12.000
5.602
5.307
1.353
0.000020
12.000
5.602
5.208
1.353
0.000025
12.000
5.602
5.110
1.353
0.000030
12.000
5.602
5.012
1.353
0.000035
12.000
5.602
4.915
1.353
0.000040
12.000
5.602
4.818
1.353
0.000045
12.000
5.602
4.722
1.353
0.000050
12.000
5.602
4.626
1.353
0.000055
12.000
5.602
4.531
1.353
0.000060
12.000
5.602
4.437
1.353
1.586
1.118
0.468
(dyn.)
1.353
1.360
1.368
1.375
1.382
1.390
1.397
1.404
1.411
1.418
1.425
1.432
1.439
VEQ
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.000065
0.000070
0.000075
0.000080
0.000085
0.000090
0.000095
0.000100
0.000105
0.000110
0.000115
0.000120
0.000125
0.000130
0.000135
0.000140
0.000145
0.000150
0.000155
0.000160
0.000165
0.000170
0.000175
0.000180
0.000185
0.000190
0.000195
0.000200
0.000205
0.000210
0.000215
0.000220
0.000225
0.000230
0.000235
0.000240
0.000245
0.000250
0.000255
0.000260
0.000265
0.000270
0.000275
0.000280
0.000285
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
4.345
4.253
4.163
4.074
3.986
3.900
3.816
3.733
3.652
3.573
3.496
3.421
3.348
3.277
3.209
3.143
3.079
3.018
2.959
2.903
2.850
2.800
2.752
2.707
2.665
2.626
2.590
2.557
2.527
2.500
2.476
2.455
2.437
2.423
2.412
2.404
2.399
2.397
2.399
2.404
2.412
2.423
2.437
2.455
2.476
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.446
1.453
1.459
1.466
1.472
1.478
1.484
1.490
1.496
1.502
1.507
1.513
1.518
1.523
1.528
1.533
1.538
1.542
1.546
1.550
1.554
1.558
1.561
1.564
1.567
1.570
1.573
1.575
1.577
1.579
1.581
1.582
1.584
1.585
1.585
1.586
1.586
1.586
1.586
1.586
1.585
1.585
1.584
1.582
1.581
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.000290
0.000295
0.000300
0.000305
0.000310
0.000315
0.000320
0.000325
0.000330
0.000335
0.000340
0.000345
0.000350
0.000355
0.000360
0.000365
0.000370
0.000375
0.000380
0.000385
0.000390
0.000395
0.000400
0.000405
0.000410
0.000415
0.000420
0.000425
0.000430
0.000435
0.000440
0.000445
0.000450
0.000455
0.000460
0.000465
0.000470
0.000475
0.000480
0.000485
0.000490
0.000495
0.000500
0.000505
0.000510
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
2.500
2.527
2.557
2.590
2.626
2.665
2.707
2.752
2.800
2.850
2.903
2.959
3.018
3.079
3.143
3.209
3.277
3.348
3.421
3.496
3.573
3.652
3.733
3.816
3.900
3.986
4.074
4.163
4.253
4.345
4.437
4.531
4.626
4.722
4.818
4.915
5.012
5.110
5.208
5.307
5.405
5.504
5.602
5.701
5.798
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.579
1.577
1.575
1.573
1.570
1.567
1.564
1.561
1.558
1.554
1.550
1.546
1.542
1.538
1.533
1.528
1.523
1.518
1.513
1.507
1.502
1.496
1.490
1.484
1.478
1.472
1.466
1.459
1.453
1.446
1.439
1.432
1.425
1.418
1.411
1.404
1.397
1.390
1.382
1.375
1.368
1.360
1.353
1.346
1.338
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.000515
0.000520
0.000525
0.000530
0.000535
0.000540
0.000545
0.000550
0.000555
0.000560
0.000565
0.000570
0.000575
0.000580
0.000585
0.000590
0.000595
0.000600
0.000605
0.000610
0.000615
0.000620
0.000625
0.000630
0.000635
0.000640
0.000645
0.000650
0.000655
0.000660
0.000665
0.000670
0.000675
0.000680
0.000685
0.000690
0.000695
0.000700
0.000705
0.000710
0.000715
0.000720
0.000725
0.000730
0.000735
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.896
5.993
6.089
6.185
6.279
6.373
6.466
6.557
6.648
6.737
6.824
6.910
6.994
7.077
7.158
7.237
7.314
7.389
7.462
7.533
7.601
7.668
7.732
7.793
7.853
7.909
7.964
8.015
8.064
8.111
8.155
8.197
8.236
8.272
8.306
8.337
8.365
8.391
8.415
8.436
8.454
8.470
8.484
8.494
8.503
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.331
1.324
1.316
1.309
1.302
1.295
1.288
1.281
1.274
1.267
1.260
1.253
1.247
1.240
1.234
1.228
1.221
1.215
1.209
1.204
1.198
1.193
1.187
1.182
1.177
1.172
1.168
1.163
1.159
1.155
1.151
1.147
1.144
1.141
1.138
1.135
1.132
1.130
1.128
1.126
1.124
1.122
1.121
1.120
1.119
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.000740
0.000745
0.000750
0.000755
0.000760
0.000765
0.000770
0.000775
0.000780
0.000785
0.000790
0.000795
0.000800
0.000805
0.000810
0.000815
0.000820
0.000825
0.000830
0.000835
0.000840
0.000845
0.000850
0.000855
0.000860
0.000865
0.000870
0.000875
0.000880
0.000885
0.000890
0.000895
0.000900
0.000905
0.000910
0.000915
0.000920
0.000925
0.000930
0.000935
0.000940
0.000945
0.000950
0.000955
0.000960
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
8.509
8.513
8.514
8.513
8.509
8.503
8.494
8.484
8.470
8.454
8.436
8.415
8.391
8.365
8.337
8.306
8.272
8.236
8.197
8.155
8.111
8.064
8.015
7.964
7.909
7.853
7.793
7.732
7.668
7.601
7.533
7.462
7.389
7.314
7.237
7.158
7.077
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1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.177
1.182
1.187
1.193
1.198
1.204
1.209
1.215
1.221
1.228
1.234
1.240
1.247
1.253
1.260
1.267
1.274
1.281
1.288
1.295
1.302
1.309
1.316
1.324
1.331
1.338
1.346
1.353
1.360
1.368
1.375
1.382
1.390
1.397
1.404
1.411
1.418
1.425
1.432
1.439
1.446
1.453
1.459
1.466
1.472
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.002090
0.002095
0.002100
0.002105
0.002110
0.002115
0.002120
0.002125
0.002130
0.002135
0.002140
0.002145
0.002150
0.002155
0.002160
0.002165
0.002170
0.002175
0.002180
0.002185
0.002190
0.002195
0.002200
0.002205
0.002210
0.002215
0.002220
0.002225
0.002230
0.002235
0.002240
0.002245
0.002250
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
5.602
3.900
3.816
3.733
3.652
3.573
3.496
3.421
3.348
3.277
3.209
3.143
3.079
3.018
2.959
2.903
2.850
2.800
2.752
2.707
2.665
2.626
2.590
2.557
2.527
2.500
2.476
2.455
2.437
2.423
2.412
2.404
2.399
2.397
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.353
1.478
1.484
1.490
1.496
1.502
1.507
1.513
1.518
1.523
1.528
1.533
1.538
1.542
1.546
1.550
1.554
1.558
1.561
1.564
1.567
1.570
1.573
1.575
1.577
1.579
1.581
1.582
1.584
1.585
1.585
1.586
1.586
1.586
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
0.644
ver. 1.0
on-collector NPN BJT

ge divider biasing,
AC coupled shunt
ulation does not
the result is
multaneously both.
fairly close to true.
cells are protected.
Uses of the simulator:

With this simulator the student can perform a variety of experiments and observ
are close to what would be seen with laboratory measurements. Examples of ex
*
Confirm a hand analysis or design for either common-emitter or comm
*
Explore the effects of adjusting resistor values.
*
Observe the effects of temperature on a given circuit.
*
Test a design for temperature stability by observing VCQ at two temp
*
Observe the effect of beta variation on a given circuit.
*
Test a design for beta independence by observing VCQ at high and lo
*
Test designs for highest gain small signal output.
*
Test designs for large signal output with least distortion.
*
Observe how output becomes non-linear as signal amplitude increase
*
Explore/verify optimum bias levels for maximum linear output signal
*
Explore/verify optimum bias levels as a function of load resistance.
*
Explore the distortion resulting in overdriving the input.
One interesting circuit known as a phase splitter is simultaneously a common-em
common-collector circuit with the outputs phase inverted. The voltage gain is se
than 1.0, typically in the 0.9 range, and the two outputs, one from the collector
the emitter are designed to have identical amplitudes. What would be RE1 in a
emitter amplifier is the load resistance for the non-inverinting output. One desig
determine the optimum bias voltages for VCQ and VEQ that maximize linear sig
Comments:
This parameter is user adjustable but you will probably always use 1.0.
This parameter is user adjustable but you will probably always use 1.24.
ata sheet/measured values):
ot used in the simulation)
These three parameters inform the simulation as to how to "build" the transistor
You can enter data taken from a specific transistor of interest (or from data shee
The standard values of VBE= 0.67 at an emitter current of 1 mA at 25C (2N3904
work well for most applications.
The point of these calculations is to determine IK which is a temperature indepe

IK is used to determine the value of reverse saturation current, Is, at the simulat
temperature.
The result of these calculations is the temperature sensistivity of the forward bia
base-emitter junction in the simulation. This is provided for reference only and i
anywhere in the simulation. The value only applies to the test current above. F
emitter currents the value will change a bit but will always be in the general reg
negative 2 mV per C.
Transistor parameters, beta and Is, in the model will be adjusted for the user spe
temperature.
plot when in saturation.
This parameter is real and also aids in reading the waveform plots in separating
VE (dyn) when the transistor is in voltage saturation.
BJT Simulation
14
12
10
000,000 ohms.
8
Voltages
6
4
2
-0.0005
0
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
Time in seconds
ature and current

7
0.709
CQ for simulation
8
0.709
These are the standard small signal analytical calculations.
VCQ is modified if the above calculations place it in an impossible region (less th

With this modification the simulation can still provide good (if not perfect) result
These are the standard small signal analysis calculations. By definition it is assu
distortion is negligibly small (well under 1%).
hould be less than 0.020)
ret
This is the true rms voltage (small or large signal) delivered to the load.
This is the true power delivered to the load.
This is the distortion of the sine wave voltage to the load. See CE distortion tab f
These are the standard small signal analysis calculations. By definition it is assu
distortion is negligibly small (well under 1%).
This is the true rms voltage (small or large signal) delivered to the load.
This is the true power delivered to the load.
This is the distortion of the sine wave voltage to the load. See CC distortion tab
hould be less than 0.020)
applied sine wave

Modified VBB for AC simulation
Modified VEE for AC simulation
Modified VCC for AC simulation
The resistance, R, used in Newton's method to determine the true VBE.
Reciprocal of R for convenience in Newton's method.
0.000005 dt
These cells are most of the simulation calculations
0.862
0.446
0.415
VE (dyn.)
0.644
0.651
0.657
0.664
0.671
0.677
0.684
0.691
0.697
0.704
0.710
0.717
0.723
Vsignal
0
0.008
0.016
0.023
0.031
0.039
0.046
0.054
0.062
0.069
0.077
0.084
0.091
Newton iterations
VA
VBE1
VBE2
0.987
0.709
0.709
0.995
0.709
0.710
1.003
0.710
0.710
1.011
0.710
0.711
1.018
0.711
0.712
1.026
0.712
0.712
1.034
0.712
0.713
1.041
0.713
0.713
1.049
0.713
0.714
1.056
0.714
0.714
1.064
0.714
0.715
1.071
0.715
0.716
1.079
0.716
0.716
VBE3
0.709
0.710
0.710
0.711
0.712
0.712
0.713
0.713
0.714
0.714
0.715
0.716
0.716
Max:
Min:
Vpp:
VBE4
0.709
0.710
0.710
0.711
0.712
0.712
0.713
0.713
0.714
0.714
0.715
0.716
0.716
0.729
0.736
0.742
0.748
0.754
0.760
0.765
0.771
0.776
0.782
0.787
0.792
0.797
0.802
0.806
0.811
0.815
0.819
0.823
0.827
0.831
0.834
0.837
0.841
0.843
0.846
0.848
0.851
0.853
0.855
0.856
0.858
0.859
0.860
0.861
0.861
0.861
0.862
0.861
0.861
0.861
0.860
0.859
0.858
0.856
0.099
0.106
0.113
0.120
0.126
0.133
0.139
0.146
0.152
0.158
0.164
0.170
0.175
0.181
0.186
0.191
0.196
0.201
0.205
0.209
0.214
0.217
0.221
0.224
0.228
0.231
0.233
0.236
0.238
0.240
0.242
0.244
0.245
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.247
0.246
0.245
0.244
0.242
1.086
1.093
1.100
1.107
1.114
1.120
1.127
1.133
1.139
1.145
1.151
1.157
1.163
1.168
1.173
1.178
1.183
1.188
1.192
1.197
1.201
1.205
1.208
1.212
1.215
1.218
1.221
1.223
1.226
1.228
1.229
1.231
1.232
1.233
1.234
1.235
1.235
1.235
1.235
1.235
1.234
1.233
1.232
1.231
1.229
0.716
0.716
0.717
0.717
0.718
0.718
0.719
0.719
0.719
0.720
0.720
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.717
0.717
0.717
0.718
0.718
0.719
0.719
0.719
0.720
0.720
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.716
0.717
0.717
0.718
0.718
0.719
0.719
0.719
0.720
0.720
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.716
0.717
0.717
0.718
0.718
0.719
0.719
0.719
0.720
0.720
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.855
0.853
0.851
0.848
0.846
0.843
0.841
0.837
0.834
0.831
0.827
0.823
0.819
0.815
0.811
0.806
0.802
0.797
0.792
0.787
0.782
0.776
0.771
0.765
0.760
0.754
0.748
0.742
0.736
0.729
0.723
0.717
0.710
0.704
0.697
0.691
0.684
0.677
0.671
0.664
0.657
0.651
0.644
0.637
0.631
0.240
0.238
0.236
0.233
0.231
0.228
0.224
0.221
0.217
0.214
0.209
0.205
0.201
0.196
0.191
0.186
0.181
0.175
0.170
0.164
0.158
0.152
0.146
0.139
0.133
0.126
0.120
0.113
0.106
0.099
0.091
0.084
0.077
0.069
0.062
0.054
0.046
0.039
0.031
0.023
0.016
0.008
0.000
-0.008
-0.016
1.228
1.226
1.223
1.221
1.218
1.215
1.212
1.208
1.205
1.201
1.197
1.192
1.188
1.183
1.178
1.173
1.168
1.163
1.157
1.151
1.145
1.139
1.133
1.127
1.120
1.114
1.107
1.100
1.093
1.086
1.079
1.071
1.064
1.056
1.049
1.041
1.034
1.026
1.018
1.011
1.003
0.995
0.987
0.979
0.972
0.725
0.725
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.720
0.720
0.719
0.719
0.719
0.718
0.718
0.717
0.717
0.716
0.716
0.716
0.715
0.714
0.714
0.713
0.713
0.712
0.712
0.711
0.710
0.710
0.709
0.708
0.725
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.720
0.720
0.719
0.719
0.719
0.718
0.718
0.717
0.717
0.717
0.716
0.716
0.715
0.714
0.714
0.713
0.713
0.712
0.712
0.711
0.710
0.710
0.709
0.708
0.708
0.725
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.720
0.720
0.719
0.719
0.719
0.718
0.718
0.717
0.717
0.716
0.716
0.716
0.715
0.714
0.714
0.713
0.713
0.712
0.712
0.711
0.710
0.710
0.709
0.708
0.708
0.725
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.720
0.720
0.719
0.719
0.719
0.718
0.718
0.717
0.717
0.716
0.716
0.716
0.715
0.714
0.714
0.713
0.713
0.712
0.712
0.711
0.710
0.710
0.709
0.708
0.708
0.624
0.617
0.611
0.604
0.598
0.592
0.585
0.579
0.573
0.567
0.561
0.555
0.549
0.544
0.538
0.533
0.528
0.523
0.518
0.513
0.508
0.504
0.499
0.495
0.491
0.487
0.484
0.480
0.477
0.474
0.471
0.468
0.465
0.463
0.460
0.458
0.456
0.455
0.453
0.452
0.450
0.449
0.448
0.448
0.447
-0.023
-0.031
-0.039
-0.046
-0.054
-0.062
-0.069
-0.077
-0.084
-0.091
-0.099
-0.106
-0.113
-0.120
-0.126
-0.133
-0.139
-0.146
-0.152
-0.158
-0.164
-0.170
-0.175
-0.181
-0.186
-0.191
-0.196
-0.201
-0.205
-0.209
-0.214
-0.217
-0.221
-0.224
-0.228
-0.231
-0.233
-0.236
-0.238
-0.240
-0.242
-0.244
-0.245
-0.246
-0.247
0.964
0.956
0.948
0.941
0.933
0.926
0.918
0.911
0.903
0.896
0.889
0.882
0.875
0.868
0.861
0.854
0.848
0.841
0.835
0.829
0.823
0.817
0.812
0.806
0.801
0.796
0.791
0.787
0.782
0.778
0.774
0.770
0.766
0.763
0.760
0.757
0.754
0.751
0.749
0.747
0.745
0.744
0.742
0.741
0.740
0.708
0.707
0.706
0.706
0.705
0.704
0.703
0.702
0.702
0.701
0.700
0.699
0.698
0.697
0.696
0.696
0.695
0.694
0.693
0.692
0.691
0.690
0.689
0.688
0.687
0.686
0.685
0.684
0.683
0.682
0.681
0.681
0.680
0.679
0.678
0.677
0.677
0.676
0.675
0.675
0.674
0.674
0.673
0.673
0.673
0.707
0.706
0.706
0.705
0.704
0.703
0.702
0.702
0.701
0.700
0.699
0.698
0.697
0.696
0.696
0.695
0.694
0.693
0.692
0.691
0.690
0.689
0.688
0.687
0.686
0.685
0.684
0.683
0.682
0.681
0.681
0.680
0.679
0.678
0.677
0.677
0.676
0.675
0.675
0.674
0.674
0.673
0.673
0.673
0.672
0.707
0.706
0.706
0.705
0.704
0.703
0.702
0.702
0.701
0.700
0.699
0.698
0.697
0.696
0.696
0.695
0.694
0.693
0.692
0.691
0.690
0.689
0.688
0.687
0.686
0.685
0.684
0.683
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0.673
0.673
0.672
0.672
0.672
0.672
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0.672
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0.673
0.673
0.674
0.674
0.675
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0.676
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0.677
0.678
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0.672
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0.675
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0.676
0.677
0.677
0.678
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0.680
0.681
0.681
0.682
0.683
0.684
0.685
0.491
0.495
0.499
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0.508
0.513
0.518
0.523
0.528
0.533
0.538
0.544
0.549
0.555
0.561
0.567
0.573
0.579
0.585
0.592
0.598
0.604
0.611
0.617
0.624
0.631
0.637
0.644
0.651
0.657
0.664
0.671
0.677
0.684
0.691
0.697
0.704
0.710
0.717
0.723
0.729
0.736
0.742
0.748
0.754
-0.186
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0.091
0.099
0.106
0.113
0.120
0.126
0.801
0.806
0.812
0.817
0.823
0.829
0.835
0.841
0.848
0.854
0.861
0.868
0.875
0.882
0.889
0.896
0.903
0.911
0.918
0.926
0.933
0.941
0.948
0.956
0.964
0.972
0.979
0.987
0.995
1.003
1.011
1.018
1.026
1.034
1.041
1.049
1.056
1.064
1.071
1.079
1.086
1.093
1.100
1.107
1.114
0.685
0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689
0.690
0.691
0.692
0.693
0.694
0.695
0.696
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699
0.700
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0.702
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0.704
0.705
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0.186
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1.120
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1.139
1.145
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1.157
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1.168
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1.178
1.183
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1.192
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1.215
1.218
1.221
1.223
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1.228
1.229
1.231
1.232
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1.235
1.235
1.235
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0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
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0.719
0.719
0.720
0.720
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
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0.724
0.724
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experiments and observe results that

rements. Examples of experiments:
common-emitter or common-collector.
serving VCQ at two temperatures.

en circuit.
rving VCQ at high and low beta.
t distortion.
signal amplitude increases.
mum linear output signal swing.
ion of load resistance.
g the input.
ultaneously a common-emitter and
ed. The voltage gain is set to be less
s, one from the collector and one from
What would be RE1 in a commonrinting output. One design goal is to
that maximize linear signal swing.
always use 1.0.

always use 1.24.
w to "build" the transistor.

terest (or from data sheet).
of 1 mA at 25C (2N3904 typical)
is a temperature independent constant.

current, Is, at the simulation
istivity of the forward biased

d for reference only and is not used
he test current above. For different
ays be in the general region of
adjusted for the user specified
The following are simulated:

*
Correct value of Is and VBE at simulation temperature.
*
Beta increase with simulation temperature.
*
Large signal non-linear collector and emitter currents.
*
Collector-emitter voltage saturation -- not perfect but adeq
The following are not simulated:

*
The Early effect.
*
Beta variation with current.
*
Beta variation with collector-emitter voltage or in saturatio
*
Forward conduction of base-collector junction from high am
*
Variation of VBE with collector-emitter voltage.
Simulation method:
The dynamic simulation is performed by replacing the capacitors with
adjusted so that DC currents are true when Vsignal is zero. This work
provided that the input, Vsignal, is not excessively high in amplitude
points are significantly altered. The resistance associated with each o
VBB', VEE', and VCC' is the AC Thevinin equivalent. Then, when Vsign
conditions of the circuit are exactly per the normal analysis calculatio
"see" the AC resistances and those compute correctly as well.
Simulation sequence for each point in time:

1
Vsignal = Thevinized Vsignal source (in figure)
2
VA = sum of modified DC bias voltages plus Vsignal
3
VBE = true value using Newton iteration on VA and R
4
IE (dyn.) computed using VBE in exponential equation
5
VE (dyn.) computed using modified VEE and RE||RE1
6
VC (raw) computed using modified VCC, IE (dyn.), and RC||
7
VC (dyn.) = larger of VC (raw) or VE (dyn.) plus VCE_sat
8
VB (dyn.) computed by adding VEQ (dyn.) to VBE
About the BJT Simulation plot:

*
There are four horizontal lines for reference representing V
These lines make it easy to see the quiescent operating vo
*
Observe that for small signal linear operation that wavefor

about the quiescent lines. Asymmetry will be observed fo
Measuring distortion:
*
The distortion waveform is the difference between the actu
extrapolated undistorted sine wave -- based on small signa
*
The definition of harmonic distortion is (Vdrms / Vfrms) * 1
*
Vdrms is the rms voltage of the distortion waveform.
*
Vfrms is the rms voltage of the sine wave fundamental.
eform plots in separating VC (dyn) from
ion
0015
VCC
VCQ
VC (dyn.)
VBQ
VB (dyn.)
VEQ
VE (dyn.)
0.0020
0.0025
mpossible region (less than VE).

ood (if not perfect) results.
s. By definition it is assumed that
*
*
Note: rms and standard deviation are the same thing.

Note: A well trained eye can barely detect 3% distortion in
ered to the load.
d. See CE distortion tab for waveform.
s. By definition it is assumed that
ered to the load.
d. See CC distortion tab for waveform.
ne the true VBE.
These cells are used for the CE distortion waveform tab

0.725
0.672
0.053
VBE5
0.709
0.710
0.710
0.711
0.712
0.712
0.713
0.713
0.714
0.714
0.715
0.716
0.716
0.012
0.002
0.010
IE (dyn.) VC (raw)
0.006439
5.602
0.006604
5.504
0.006770
5.405
0.006935
5.307
0.007100
5.208
0.007265
5.110
0.007429
5.012
0.007593
4.915
0.007755
4.818
0.007917
4.722
0.008077
4.626
0.008236
4.531
0.008393
4.437
-3.130
2.913
2.175
2.210
0.064
Time VC (dyn.) Sine ref.Distortion
0.000000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000005
-0.098
-0.098
0.000
0.000010
-0.197
-0.197
0.000
0.000015
-0.295
-0.295
-0.001
0.000020
-0.394
-0.392
-0.002
0.000025
-0.492
-0.490
-0.002
0.000030
-0.590
-0.586
-0.004
0.000035
-0.688
-0.683
-0.005
0.000040
-0.784
-0.778
-0.006
0.000045
-0.881
-0.873
-0.008
0.000050
-0.976
-0.967
-0.009
0.000055
-1.071
-1.060
-0.011
0.000060
-1.165
-1.152
-0.013
0.716
0.717
0.717
0.718
0.718
0.719
0.719
0.719
0.720
0.720
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
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0.724
0.724
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.008549
0.008703
0.008854
0.009004
0.009151
0.009295
0.009437
0.009575
0.009711
0.009844
0.009973
0.010099
0.010221
0.010340
0.010455
0.010565
0.010672
0.010775
0.010873
0.010967
0.011056
0.011141
0.011221
0.011296
0.011367
0.011432
0.011493
0.011549
0.011599
0.011644
0.011684
0.011719
0.011749
0.011773
0.011792
0.011805
0.011813
0.011816
0.011813
0.011805
0.011792
0.011773
0.011749
0.011719
0.011684
4.345
4.253
4.163
4.074
3.986
3.900
3.816
3.733
3.652
3.573
3.496
3.421
3.348
3.277
3.209
3.143
3.079
3.018
2.959
2.903
2.850
2.800
2.752
2.707
2.665
2.626
2.590
2.557
2.527
2.500
2.476
2.455
2.437
2.423
2.412
2.404
2.399
2.397
2.399
2.404
2.412
2.423
2.437
2.455
2.476
0.000065
0.000070
0.000075
0.000080
0.000085
0.000090
0.000095
0.000100
0.000105
0.000110
0.000115
0.000120
0.000125
0.000130
0.000135
0.000140
0.000145
0.000150
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0.000160
0.000165
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0.000240
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0.000260
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0.000280
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-2.254
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-2.643
-2.699
-2.752
-2.803
-2.851
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-2.937
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-3.013
-3.046
-3.076
-3.103
-3.127
-3.147
-3.165
-3.179
-3.191
-3.199
-3.203
-3.205
-3.203
-3.199
-3.191
-3.179
-3.165
-3.147
-3.127
-1.243
-1.333
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-1.593
-1.677
-1.759
-1.840
-1.918
-1.995
-2.070
-2.143
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-2.282
-2.348
-2.412
-2.473
-2.532
-2.589
-2.643
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-2.832
-2.873
-2.910
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-2.977
-3.006
-3.032
-3.055
-3.075
-3.091
-3.105
-3.116
-3.124
-3.128
-3.130
-3.128
-3.124
-3.116
-3.105
-3.091
-3.075
-3.055
-0.015
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-0.019
-0.021
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-0.025
-0.027
-0.030
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-0.034
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0.714
0.714
0.713
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0.712
0.711
0.710
0.710
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0.708
0.708
0.011644
0.011599
0.011549
0.011493
0.011432
0.011367
0.011296
0.011221
0.011141
0.011056
0.010967
0.010873
0.010775
0.010672
0.010565
0.010455
0.010340
0.010221
0.010099
0.009973
0.009844
0.009711
0.009575
0.009437
0.009295
0.009151
0.009004
0.008854
0.008703
0.008549
0.008393
0.008236
0.008077
0.007917
0.007755
0.007593
0.007429
0.007265
0.007100
0.006935
0.006770
0.006604
0.006439
0.006275
0.006110
2.500
2.527
2.557
2.590
2.626
2.665
2.707
2.752
2.800
2.850
2.903
2.959
3.018
3.079
3.143
3.209
3.277
3.348
3.421
3.496
3.573
3.652
3.733
3.816
3.900
3.986
4.074
4.163
4.253
4.345
4.437
4.531
4.626
4.722
4.818
4.915
5.012
5.110
5.208
5.307
5.405
5.504
5.602
5.701
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0.000290
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0.000300
0.000305
0.000310
0.000315
0.000320
0.000325
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5.993
6.089
6.185
6.279
6.373
6.466
6.557
6.648
6.737
6.824
6.910
6.994
7.077
7.158
7.237
7.314
7.389
7.462
7.533
7.601
7.668
7.732
7.793
7.853
0.001415
0.001420
0.001425
0.001430
0.001435
0.001440
0.001445
0.001450
0.001455
0.001460
0.001465
0.001470
0.001475
0.001480
0.001485
0.001490
0.001495
0.001500
0.001505
0.001510
0.001515
0.001520
0.001525
0.001530
0.001535
0.001540
0.001545
0.001550
0.001555
0.001560
0.001565
0.001570
0.001575
0.001580
0.001585
0.001590
0.001595
0.001600
0.001605
0.001610
0.001615
0.001620
0.001625
0.001630
0.001635
-1.616
-1.529
-1.440
-1.349
-1.258
-1.165
-1.071
-0.976
-0.881
-0.784
-0.688
-0.590
-0.492
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-0.295
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-0.098
0.000
0.098
0.196
0.294
0.390
0.487
0.582
0.677
0.771
0.863
0.955
1.045
1.134
1.222
1.308
1.392
1.475
1.556
1.635
1.712
1.787
1.860
1.930
1.999
2.065
2.129
2.191
2.250
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-1.508
-1.421
-1.333
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0.000
0.098
0.197
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0.683
0.778
0.873
0.967
1.060
1.152
1.243
1.333
1.421
1.508
1.593
1.677
1.759
1.840
1.918
1.995
2.070
2.143
2.213
2.282
2.348
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-0.021
-0.019
-0.017
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-0.011
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0.684
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0.682
0.681
0.681
0.680
0.679
0.678
0.677
0.677
0.676
0.675
0.675
0.674
0.674
0.673
0.673
0.673
0.672
0.672
0.672
0.672
0.672
0.672
0.672
0.673
0.673
0.673
0.674
0.674
0.675
0.675
0.676
0.677
0.677
0.678
0.679
0.680
0.681
0.681
0.682
0.683
0.684
0.685
0.002569
0.002478
0.002392
0.002309
0.002231
0.002157
0.002087
0.002022
0.001961
0.001905
0.001852
0.001805
0.001761
0.001721
0.001686
0.001655
0.001629
0.001606
0.001588
0.001573
0.001563
0.001557
0.001555
0.001557
0.001563
0.001573
0.001588
0.001606
0.001629
0.001655
0.001686
0.001721
0.001761
0.001805
0.001852
0.001905
0.001961
0.002022
0.002087
0.002157
0.002231
0.002309
0.002392
0.002478
0.002569
7.909
7.964
8.015
8.064
8.111
8.155
8.197
8.236
8.272
8.306
8.337
8.365
8.391
8.415
8.436
8.454
8.470
8.484
8.494
8.503
8.509
8.513
8.514
8.513
8.509
8.503
8.494
8.484
8.470
8.454
8.436
8.415
8.391
8.365
8.337
8.306
8.272
8.236
8.197
8.155
8.111
8.064
8.015
7.964
7.909
0.001640
0.001645
0.001650
0.001655
0.001660
0.001665
0.001670
0.001675
0.001680
0.001685
0.001690
0.001695
0.001700
0.001705
0.001710
0.001715
0.001720
0.001725
0.001730
0.001735
0.001740
0.001745
0.001750
0.001755
0.001760
0.001765
0.001770
0.001775
0.001780
0.001785
0.001790
0.001795
0.001800
0.001805
0.001810
0.001815
0.001820
0.001825
0.001830
0.001835
0.001840
0.001845
0.001850
0.001855
0.001860
2.307
2.361
2.413
2.462
2.509
2.553
2.594
2.633
2.669
2.703
2.734
2.763
2.789
2.812
2.833
2.852
2.868
2.881
2.892
2.901
2.907
2.910
2.912
2.910
2.907
2.901
2.892
2.881
2.868
2.852
2.833
2.812
2.789
2.763
2.734
2.703
2.669
2.633
2.594
2.553
2.509
2.462
2.413
2.361
2.307
2.412
2.473
2.532
2.589
2.643
2.694
2.743
2.789
2.832
2.873
2.910
2.945
2.977
3.006
3.032
3.055
3.075
3.091
3.105
3.116
3.124
3.128
3.130
3.128
3.124
3.116
3.105
3.091
3.075
3.055
3.032
3.006
2.977
2.945
2.910
2.873
2.832
2.789
2.743
2.694
2.643
2.589
2.532
2.473
2.412
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-0.127
-0.119
-0.112
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0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689
0.690
0.691
0.692
0.693
0.694
0.695
0.696
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699
0.700
0.701
0.702
0.702
0.703
0.704
0.705
0.706
0.706
0.707
0.708
0.708
0.709
0.710
0.710
0.711
0.712
0.712
0.713
0.713
0.714
0.714
0.715
0.716
0.716
0.716
0.717
0.717
0.718
0.718
0.002665
0.002764
0.002867
0.002975
0.003086
0.003201
0.003320
0.003442
0.003568
0.003697
0.003830
0.003965
0.004104
0.004246
0.004390
0.004537
0.004686
0.004837
0.004991
0.005146
0.005304
0.005463
0.005623
0.005784
0.005947
0.006110
0.006275
0.006439
0.006604
0.006770
0.006935
0.007100
0.007265
0.007429
0.007593
0.007755
0.007917
0.008077
0.008236
0.008393
0.008549
0.008703
0.008854
0.009004
0.009151
7.853
7.793
7.732
7.668
7.601
7.533
7.462
7.389
7.314
7.237
7.158
7.077
6.994
6.910
6.824
6.737
6.648
6.557
6.466
6.373
6.279
6.185
6.089
5.993
5.896
5.798
5.701
5.602
5.504
5.405
5.307
5.208
5.110
5.012
4.915
4.818
4.722
4.626
4.531
4.437
4.345
4.253
4.163
4.074
3.986
0.001865
0.001870
0.001875
0.001880
0.001885
0.001890
0.001895
0.001900
0.001905
0.001910
0.001915
0.001920
0.001925
0.001930
0.001935
0.001940
0.001945
0.001950
0.001955
0.001960
0.001965
0.001970
0.001975
0.001980
0.001985
0.001990
0.001995
0.002000
2.250
2.191
2.129
2.065
1.999
1.930
1.860
1.787
1.712
1.635
1.556
1.475
1.392
1.308
1.222
1.134
1.045
0.955
0.863
0.771
0.677
0.582
0.487
0.390
0.294
0.196
0.098
0.000
2.348
2.282
2.213
2.143
2.070
1.995
1.918
1.840
1.759
1.677
1.593
1.508
1.421
1.333
1.243
1.152
1.060
0.967
0.873
0.778
0.683
0.586
0.490
0.392
0.295
0.197
0.098
0.000
-0.098
-0.091
-0.084
-0.077
-0.071
-0.065
-0.059
-0.053
-0.048
-0.043
-0.038
-0.033
-0.029
-0.025
-0.021
-0.018
-0.015
-0.012
-0.010
-0.008
-0.006
-0.004
-0.003
-0.002
-0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.719
0.719
0.719
0.720
0.720
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.723
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.724
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.725
0.009295
0.009437
0.009575
0.009711
0.009844
0.009973
0.010099
0.010221
0.010340
0.010455
0.010565
0.010672
0.010775
0.010873
0.010967
0.011056
0.011141
0.011221
0.011296
0.011367
0.011432
0.011493
0.011549
0.011599
0.011644
0.011684
0.011719
0.011749
0.011773
0.011792
0.011805
0.011813
0.011816
3.900
3.816
3.733
3.652
3.573
3.496
3.421
3.348
3.277
3.209
3.143
3.079
3.018
2.959
2.903
2.850
2.800
2.752
2.707
2.665
2.626
2.590
2.557
2.527
2.500
2.476
2.455
2.437
2.423
2.412
2.404
2.399
2.397
ulation temperature.
perature.
nd emitter currents.
on -- not perfect but adequate.
er voltage or in saturation.
tor junction from high amplitude Vsignal.
itter voltage.
acing the capacitors with DC voltage sources

Vsignal is zero. This works with good accuracy
sively high in amplitude so that DC operating
ce associated with each of the modified sources,
valent. Then, when Vsignal is at zero, the DC
ormal analysis calculations. The dynamic voltages
correctly as well.
ce (in figure)
tages plus Vsignal
eration on VA and R
xponential equation
d VEE and RE||RE1
d VCC, IE (dyn.), and RC||RL
VE (dyn.) plus VCE_sat
Q (dyn.) to VBE
reference representing VCC, VCQ, VBQ and VEQ.

e quiescent operating voltages.
ar operation that waveforms are symmetrical

metry will be observed for large signals.
fference between the actual output and an

e -- based on small signal gain.
on is (Vdrms / Vfrms) * 100%.
stortion waveform.
ne wave fundamental.
are the same thing.

y detect 3% distortion in a sine waveform.
n waveform tab
%distorion
Vrms
These cells are used for the CC distortion waveform

0.212521
0.148
0.150
Vsignal VE (dyn.) Sine ref.
0.000000
0.000
0.000
0.000005
0.007
0.007
0.000010
0.013
0.013
0.000015
0.020
0.020
0.000020
0.027
0.027
0.000025
0.033
0.033
0.000030
0.040
0.040
0.000035
0.047
0.046
0.000040
0.053
0.053
0.000045
0.060
0.059
0.000050
0.066
0.066
0.000055
0.073
0.072
0.000060
0.079
0.078
0.000065
0.000070
0.000075
0.000080
0.000085
0.000090
0.000095
0.000100
0.000105
0.000110
0.000115
0.000120
0.000125
0.000130
0.000135
0.000140
0.000145
0.000150
0.000155
0.000160
0.000165
0.000170
0.000175
0.000180
0.000185
0.000190
0.000195
0.000200
0.000205
0.000210
0.000215
0.000220
0.000225
0.000230
0.000235
0.000240
0.000245
0.000250
0.000255
0.000260
0.000265
0.000270
0.000275
0.000280
0.000285
0.085
0.092
0.098
0.104
0.110
0.116
0.121
0.127
0.132
0.138
0.143
0.148
0.153
0.158
0.163
0.167
0.171
0.175
0.179
0.183
0.187
0.190
0.194
0.197
0.199
0.202
0.205
0.207
0.209
0.211
0.212
0.214
0.215
0.216
0.217
0.217
0.218
0.218
0.218
0.217
0.217
0.216
0.215
0.214
0.212
0.084
0.090
0.096
0.102
0.108
0.114
0.119
0.125
0.130
0.135
0.141
0.145
0.150
0.155
0.159
0.164
0.168
0.172
0.176
0.179
0.183
0.186
0.189
0.192
0.195
0.198
0.200
0.202
0.204
0.206
0.207
0.209
0.210
0.211
0.212
0.212
0.212
0.213
0.212
0.212
0.212
0.211
0.210
0.209
0.207
0.000290
0.000295
0.000300
0.000305
0.000310
0.000315
0.000320
0.000325
0.000330
0.000335
0.000340
0.000345
0.000350
0.000355
0.000360
0.000365
0.000370
0.000375
0.000380
0.000385
0.000390
0.000395
0.000400
0.000405
0.000410
0.000415
0.000420
0.000425
0.000430
0.000435
0.000440
0.000445
0.000450
0.000455
0.000460
0.000465
0.000470
0.000475
0.000480
0.000485
0.000490
0.000495
0.000500
0.000505
0.000510
0.211
0.209
0.207
0.205
0.202
0.199
0.197
0.194
0.190
0.187
0.183
0.179
0.175
0.171
0.167
0.163
0.158
0.153
0.148
0.143
0.138
0.132
0.127
0.121
0.116
0.110
0.104
0.098
0.092
0.085
0.079
0.073
0.066
0.060
0.053
0.047
0.040
0.033
0.027
0.020
0.013
0.007
0.000
-0.007
-0.013
0.206
0.204
0.202
0.200
0.198
0.195
0.192
0.189
0.186
0.183
0.179
0.176
0.172
0.168
0.164
0.159
0.155
0.150
0.145
0.141
0.135
0.130
0.125
0.119
0.114
0.108
0.102
0.096
0.090
0.084
0.078
0.072
0.066
0.059
0.053
0.046
0.040
0.033
0.027
0.020
0.013
0.007
0.000
-0.007
-0.013
0.000515
0.000520
0.000525
0.000530
0.000535
0.000540
0.000545
0.000550
0.000555
0.000560
0.000565
0.000570
0.000575
0.000580
0.000585
0.000590
0.000595
0.000600
0.000605
0.000610
0.000615
0.000620
0.000625
0.000630
0.000635
0.000640
0.000645
0.000650
0.000655
0.000660
0.000665
0.000670
0.000675
0.000680
0.000685
0.000690
0.000695
0.000700
0.000705
0.000710
0.000715
0.000720
0.000725
0.000730
0.000735
-0.020
-0.027
-0.033
-0.040
-0.046
-0.052
-0.059
-0.065
-0.071
-0.077
-0.083
-0.089
-0.095
-0.100
-0.106
-0.111
-0.116
-0.121
-0.126
-0.131
-0.136
-0.140
-0.145
-0.149
-0.153
-0.157
-0.160
-0.164
-0.167
-0.170
-0.173
-0.176
-0.179
-0.181
-0.184
-0.186
-0.188
-0.189
-0.191
-0.192
-0.194
-0.195
-0.196
-0.196
-0.197
-0.020
-0.027
-0.033
-0.040
-0.046
-0.053
-0.059
-0.066
-0.072
-0.078
-0.084
-0.090
-0.096
-0.102
-0.108
-0.114
-0.119
-0.125
-0.130
-0.135
-0.141
-0.145
-0.150
-0.155
-0.159
-0.164
-0.168
-0.172
-0.176
-0.179
-0.183
-0.186
-0.189
-0.192
-0.195
-0.198
-0.200
-0.202
-0.204
-0.206
-0.207
-0.209
-0.210
-0.211
-0.212
0.000740
0.000745
0.000750
0.000755
0.000760
0.000765
0.000770
0.000775
0.000780
0.000785
0.000790
0.000795
0.000800
0.000805
0.000810
0.000815
0.000820
0.000825
0.000830
0.000835
0.000840
0.000845
0.000850
0.000855
0.000860
0.000865
0.000870
0.000875
0.000880
0.000885
0.000890
0.000895
0.000900
0.000905
0.000910
0.000915
0.000920
0.000925
0.000930
0.000935
0.000940
0.000945
0.000950
0.000955
0.000960
-0.197
-0.198
-0.198
-0.198
-0.197
-0.197
-0.196
-0.196
-0.195
-0.194
-0.192
-0.191
-0.189
-0.188
-0.186
-0.184
-0.181
-0.179
-0.176
-0.173
-0.170
-0.167
-0.164
-0.160
-0.157
-0.153
-0.149
-0.145
-0.140
-0.136
-0.131
-0.126
-0.121
-0.116
-0.111
-0.106
-0.100
-0.095
-0.089
-0.083
-0.077
-0.071
-0.065
-0.059
-0.052
-0.212
-0.212
-0.213
-0.212
-0.212
-0.212
-0.211
-0.210
-0.209
-0.207
-0.206
-0.204
-0.202
-0.200
-0.198
-0.195
-0.192
-0.189
-0.186
-0.183
-0.179
-0.176
-0.172
-0.168
-0.164
-0.159
-0.155
-0.150
-0.145
-0.141
-0.135
-0.130
-0.125
-0.119
-0.114
-0.108
-0.102
-0.096
-0.090
-0.084
-0.078
-0.072
-0.066
-0.059
-0.053
0.000965
0.000970
0.000975
0.000980
0.000985
0.000990
0.000995
0.001000
0.001005
0.001010
0.001015
0.001020
0.001025
0.001030
0.001035
0.001040
0.001045
0.001050
0.001055
0.001060
0.001065
0.001070
0.001075
0.001080
0.001085
0.001090
0.001095
0.001100
0.001105
0.001110
0.001115
0.001120
0.001125
0.001130
0.001135
0.001140
0.001145
0.001150
0.001155
0.001160
0.001165
0.001170
0.001175
0.001180
0.001185
-0.046
-0.040
-0.033
-0.027
-0.020
-0.013
-0.007
0.000
0.007
0.013
0.020
0.027
0.033
0.040
0.047
0.053
0.060
0.066
0.073
0.079
0.085
0.092
0.098
0.104
0.110
0.116
0.121
0.127
0.132
0.138
0.143
0.148
0.153
0.158
0.163
0.167
0.171
0.175
0.179
0.183
0.187
0.190
0.194
0.197
0.199
-0.046
-0.040
-0.033
-0.027
-0.020
-0.013
-0.007
0.000
0.007
0.013
0.020
0.027
0.033
0.040
0.046
0.053
0.059
0.066
0.072
0.078
0.084
0.090
0.096
0.102
0.108
0.114
0.119
0.125
0.130
0.135
0.141
0.145
0.150
0.155
0.159
0.164
0.168
0.172
0.176
0.179
0.183
0.186
0.189
0.192
0.195
0.001190
0.001195
0.001200
0.001205
0.001210
0.001215
0.001220
0.001225
0.001230
0.001235
0.001240
0.001245
0.001250
0.001255
0.001260
0.001265
0.001270
0.001275
0.001280
0.001285
0.001290
0.001295
0.001300
0.001305
0.001310
0.001315
0.001320
0.001325
0.001330
0.001335
0.001340
0.001345
0.001350
0.001355
0.001360
0.001365
0.001370
0.001375
0.001380
0.001385
0.001390
0.001395
0.001400
0.001405
0.001410
0.202
0.205
0.207
0.209
0.211
0.212
0.214
0.215
0.216
0.217
0.217
0.218
0.218
0.218
0.217
0.217
0.216
0.215
0.214
0.212
0.211
0.209
0.207
0.205
0.202
0.199
0.197
0.194
0.190
0.187
0.183
0.179
0.175
0.171
0.167
0.163
0.158
0.153
0.148
0.143
0.138
0.132
0.127
0.121
0.116
0.198
0.200
0.202
0.204
0.206
0.207
0.209
0.210
0.211
0.212
0.212
0.212
0.213
0.212
0.212
0.212
0.211
0.210
0.209
0.207
0.206
0.204
0.202
0.200
0.198
0.195
0.192
0.189
0.186
0.183
0.179
0.176
0.172
0.168
0.164
0.159
0.155
0.150
0.145
0.141
0.135
0.130
0.125
0.119
0.114
0.001415
0.001420
0.001425
0.001430
0.001435
0.001440
0.001445
0.001450
0.001455
0.001460
0.001465
0.001470
0.001475
0.001480
0.001485
0.001490
0.001495
0.001500
0.001505
0.001510
0.001515
0.001520
0.001525
0.001530
0.001535
0.001540
0.001545
0.001550
0.001555
0.001560
0.001565
0.001570
0.001575
0.001580
0.001585
0.001590
0.001595
0.001600
0.001605
0.001610
0.001615
0.001620
0.001625
0.001630
0.001635
0.110
0.104
0.098
0.092
0.085
0.079
0.073
0.066
0.060
0.053
0.047
0.040
0.033
0.027
0.020
0.013
0.007
0.000
-0.007
-0.013
-0.020
-0.027
-0.033
-0.040
-0.046
-0.052
-0.059
-0.065
-0.071
-0.077
-0.083
-0.089
-0.095
-0.100
-0.106
-0.111
-0.116
-0.121
-0.126
-0.131
-0.136
-0.140
-0.145
-0.149
-0.153
0.108
0.102
0.096
0.090
0.084
0.078
0.072
0.066
0.059
0.053
0.046
0.040
0.033
0.027
0.020
0.013
0.007
0.000
-0.007
-0.013
-0.020
-0.027
-0.033
-0.040
-0.046
-0.053
-0.059
-0.066
-0.072
-0.078
-0.084
-0.090
-0.096
-0.102
-0.108
-0.114
-0.119
-0.125
-0.130
-0.135
-0.141
-0.145
-0.150
-0.155
-0.159
0.001640
0.001645
0.001650
0.001655
0.001660
0.001665
0.001670
0.001675
0.001680
0.001685
0.001690
0.001695
0.001700
0.001705
0.001710
0.001715
0.001720
0.001725
0.001730
0.001735
0.001740
0.001745
0.001750
0.001755
0.001760
0.001765
0.001770
0.001775
0.001780
0.001785
0.001790
0.001795
0.001800
0.001805
0.001810
0.001815
0.001820
0.001825
0.001830
0.001835
0.001840
0.001845
0.001850
0.001855
0.001860
-0.157
-0.160
-0.164
-0.167
-0.170
-0.173
-0.176
-0.179
-0.181
-0.184
-0.186
-0.188
-0.189
-0.191
-0.192
-0.194
-0.195
-0.196
-0.196
-0.197
-0.197
-0.198
-0.198
-0.198
-0.197
-0.197
-0.196
-0.196
-0.195
-0.194
-0.192
-0.191
-0.189
-0.188
-0.186
-0.184
-0.181
-0.179
-0.176
-0.173
-0.170
-0.167
-0.164
-0.160
-0.157
-0.164
-0.168
-0.172
-0.176
-0.179
-0.183
-0.186
-0.189
-0.192
-0.195
-0.198
-0.200
-0.202
-0.204
-0.206
-0.207
-0.209
-0.210
-0.211
-0.212
-0.212
-0.212
-0.213
-0.212
-0.212
-0.212
-0.211
-0.210
-0.209
-0.207
-0.206
-0.204
-0.202
-0.200
-0.198
-0.195
-0.192
-0.189
-0.186
-0.183
-0.179
-0.176
-0.172
-0.168
-0.164
0.001865
0.001870
0.001875
0.001880
0.001885
0.001890
0.001895
0.001900
0.001905
0.001910
0.001915
0.001920
0.001925
0.001930
0.001935
0.001940
0.001945
0.001950
0.001955
0.001960
0.001965
0.001970
0.001975
0.001980
0.001985
0.001990
0.001995
0.002000
-0.153
-0.149
-0.145
-0.140
-0.136
-0.131
-0.126
-0.121
-0.116
-0.111
-0.106
-0.100
-0.095
-0.089
-0.083
-0.077
-0.071
-0.065
-0.059
-0.052
-0.046
-0.040
-0.033
-0.027
-0.020
-0.013
-0.007
0.000
-0.159
-0.155
-0.150
-0.145
-0.141
-0.135
-0.130
-0.125
-0.119
-0.114
-0.108
-0.102
-0.096
-0.090
-0.084
-0.078
-0.072
-0.066
-0.059
-0.053
-0.046
-0.040
-0.033
-0.027
-0.020
-0.013
-0.007
0.000
C distortion waveform tab

2.913 %distorion
0.004 Vrms
Distortion
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0.004
0.003
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0.003
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0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
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0.000
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0.000
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0.001
0.001
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0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
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0.003
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0.004
0.004
0.004
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0.006
0.006
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0.008
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0.009
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0.010
0.010
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.012
0.012
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.010
0.010
0.009
0.009
0.008
0.008
0.007
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
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0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
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0.004
0.005
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0.005
0.005
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0.001
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0.000

BJT Simulator

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BJT Simulator

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BJT Simulation

Common-emitter amplifier distortion

Common-collector amplifier distortion

written by Kenneth A. Kuhn Nov. 24, 2013

NPN Transistor physical data:

0.003257 Watts delivered to load

on-collector NPN BJT

fairly close to true.

cells are protected.

Uses of the simulator:

ata sheet/measured values):

ot used in the simulation)

The point of these calculations is to determine IK which is a temperature indepe

plot when in saturation.

ature and current

VCQ is modified if the above calculations place it in an impossible region (less th

hould be less than 0.020)

hould be less than 0.020)

applied sine wave

experiments and observe results that

serving VCQ at two temperatures.

always use 1.0.

w to "build" the transistor.

is a temperature independent constant.

istivity of the forward biased

adjusted for the user specified

The following are simulated:

The following are not simulated:

Simulation sequence for each point in time:

About the BJT Simulation plot:

Observe that for small signal linear operation that wavefor

eform plots in separating VC (dyn) from

mpossible region (less than VE).

s. By definition it is assumed that

Note: rms and standard deviation are the same thing.

ered to the load.

d. See CE distortion tab for waveform.

s. By definition it is assumed that

ered to the load.

d. See CC distortion tab for waveform.

ne the true VBE.

These cells are used for the CE distortion waveform tab

acing the capacitors with DC voltage sources

reference representing VCC, VCQ, VBQ and VEQ.

ar operation that waveforms are symmetrical

fference between the actual output and an

are the same thing.

These cells are used for the CC distortion waveform

C distortion waveform tab

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