Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Guideline_Floors_EN02.doc 27.10.2008
Guideline
Table of Contents
Summary ...................................................................................3
1. Introduction .........................................................................4
1.1.
General ........................................................................4
1.2.
Scope ..........................................................................4
1.3.
References ...................................................................5
1.4.
Definitions ....................................................................6
1.5.
Variables, units and symbols ...........................................8
2. Design of floors against vibrations ...........................................9
2.1.
Design procedure ..........................................................9
2.2.
Related design methods .................................................9
2.2.1. Hand calculation method using measurements ...............9
2.2.2. Transfer function method .......................................... 10
2.2.3. Modal superposition ................................................. 10
3. Classification of Vibrations .................................................... 11
3.1.
Quantity to be assessed................................................ 11
3.2.
Floor classes ............................................................... 11
4. Hand calculation method ...................................................... 13
4.1.
Determination of eigenfrequency and modal mass............ 13
4.1.1. Finite Element Analysis ............................................. 13
4.1.2. Analytical formulas .................................................. 13
4.2.
Determination of damping............................................. 14
4.3.
Determination of the floor class ..................................... 14
4.3.1. Systems with more than one eigenfrequency ............... 15
4.4.
OS-RMS90 graphs for single degree of freedom systems .... 16
A. Calculation of natural frequency and modal mass of floors and other
structures .......................................................................... 25
A.1.
Natural Frequency and Modal Mass for Isotropic Plates...... 25
A.2.
Natural Frequency and Modal Mass for Beams.................. 27
A.3.
Natural Frequency and Modal Mass for Orthotropic Plates .. 27
A.4.
Self weight Approach for natural Frequency..................... 28
A.5.
Dunkerley Approach for natural Frequency ...................... 29
A.6.
Approximation of modal mass ....................................... 30
B. Examples ........................................................................... 33
B.1.
Filigree slab with ACB-composite beams (office building) ... 33
B.1.1. Description of the Floor............................................. 33
B.1.2. Determination of dynamic floor characteristics ............. 37
B.1.3. Assessment ............................................................ 38
B.2.
Three storey office building ........................................... 39
B.2.1. Description of the Floor............................................. 39
B.2.2. Determination of dynamic floor characteristics ............. 40
B.2.3. Assessment ............................................................ 42
Guideline
Summary
Modern large span floors and light weight floors show a tendency to vibrate
under service conditions. This guideline presents a method with which floors
can be easily designed for these vibrations.
The scope of this guideline are floors in office and/or residential buildings
that might be excited by persons walking normally and which can effect the
comfort of other building users. The aim of the design guide is to help
specify comfort requirements for occupants and to perform a design that
guarantees the specified comfort.
This guideline is accompanied by a background document which also
presents alternative and more general ways for the determination of the
floor response to dynamic human induced forces.
The theoretical methods presented here and in the background document
have been elaborated/investigated in the RFCS-Project Vibration of Floors.
The guideline and background document are here disseminated under the
grant of the Research fund for Coal and Steel within the project HIVOSS.
Guidance for the determination of the relevant dynamic floor characteristics
and application examples are given in the annexes of this document.
1.
Introduction
1.1.
General
Guideline
Floor structures are designed for ultimate limit states and serviceability limit
state criteria:
1.2.
Scope
1.3.
Guideline
References
[1]
European Commission Technical Steel Research: Generalisation of
criteria for floor vibrations for industrial, office, residential and public building
and gymnastic halls, RFCS Report EUR 21972 EN, ISBN 92-79-01705-5,
2006, http://europa.eu.int
[2]
Hugo Bachmann, Walter Ammann. Vibration of Structures induced by
Man and Machines IABSE-AIPC-IVBH, Zrich 1987, ISBN 3-85748-052-X
[3]
Waarts, P. Trillingen van vloeren door lopen: Richtlijn voor het
voorspellen, meten en beoordelen. SBR, September 2005.
[4]
Smith, A.L., Hicks, S.J., Devine, P.J. Design of Floors for Vibrations: A
New Approach. SCI Publication P354, Ascot, 2007.
[5]
ISO 2631. Mechanical Vibration and Shock, Evaluation of human
exposure to whole-body vibration. International Organization for
Standardization.
[6]
ISO 10371. Bases for design of structures Serviceability of buildings
and walkways against vibrations. International Organization for
Standardization.
1.4.
Guideline
Definitions
The definitions given here are oriented on the application of this guideline.
Damping D
f =
where
1
2
Kmod
M mod
Kmod
Mmod
Guideline
Where:
OS-RMS90
1
2
K
M
is the stiffness
is the mass
One step
aRMS =
a
1
a (t ) 2 dt Peak
T 0
2
1.5.
Guideline
acceleration
[m/s]
width
[m]
f, fi
[Hz]
(x,y)
[m]
[-]
D1
Structural damping
[-]
D2
[-]
D3
[-]
length
[m]
K, k
stiffness
[N/m]
Mmod
Modal mass
[kg]
Mtotal
Total mass
[kg]
OS-RMS
OSRMS90
[-]
[s]
time
[s]
deflection
square
value
of
the [-]
or
[m]
or
Guideline
2.
2.1.
Design procedure
Determine and
verify floor class
Figure 1:
Design procedure.
2.2.
2.2.1.
The hand calculation method can also be used in those cases where the floor
characteristics have been determined by experiment. For a discussion on
how to extract dynamic floor characteristics from tests refer to [1] and [3].
2.2.2.
Guideline
2.2.3.
Modal superposition
10
3.
Classification of Vibrations
3.1.
Quantity to be assessed
Guideline
Thus the perception of vibrations varies between individuals and can only be
judged in a way that fulfils the expectations of comfort for the majority of
people.
It should be considered that the vibrations levels considered in this guideline
are relevant for the comfort of the occupants only. They are not relevant for
structural integrity.
Aiming at an universal assessment procedure for human induced vibration it
is recommended to adopt the so-called one step RMS value (OS-RMS) as a
measure for assessing floor vibrations. The OS-RMS values corresponds to
the vibration caused by one relevant step onto the floor.
As the dynamic effect of people walking on a floor depends on several
different factors, such as weight and speed of walking people, their shoes,
flooring, etc., the 90% OS-RMS (OS-RMS90) value is recommended as
assessment value. This value is defined as the 90 percentile of all the OSRMS values obtained for a set of loads representing all possible combinations
of persons' weights and walking speeds.
3.2.
Floor classes
The following table classifies vibrations into six floor classes (A to F) and
gives also recommendations for the assignment of classes with respect to
the function of the considered floor.
11
Guideline
A
B
C
D
E
F
Sport
Industrial
Prison
Hotel
Retail
Meeting
Office
Residential
Education
Health
Function of Floor
Critical Workspace
Upper Limit
Lower Limit
Class
OS-RMS90
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.8
0.8
3.2
3.2 12.8
12.8 51.2
Recommended
Critical
Not recommended
Place
Time
Day
Multiplying
Factor
1
OS-RMS90
equivalent
0.1
Night
Day
Night
Day
Night
Day
Night
Day
Night
1
2 to 4
1.4
2
2
4
4
8
8
0.1
0.2 to 0.4
0.14
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.8
12
4.
Guideline
The hand calculation method assumes that the dynamic response of a floor
can represented by a single degree of freedom system. The eigenfrequency,
modal mass and damping can be obtained by calculation as set out in this
chapter. As discussed previously in section 2.2.1, the modal parameters can
be also obtained from a measurement. As this guideline is intended to be
used for the design of new buildings, testing procedures are excluded from
it.
4.1.
4.1.1.
Different finite element programs can perform dynamic calculations and offer
tools for the determination of natural frequencies. Many programs also
calculate the modal mass automatically in a frequency analysis.
As the element types, the modelling of damping and the output is program
specific, only some general information can be given in this guideline
concerning FEA.
If FEA is applied for the design of a floor with respect to the vibration
behaviour, it should be considered that the FEA-model for this purpose may
differ significantly to that used for ultimate limit state (ULS) design as only
small deflections are expected due to vibration.
A typical example is the selection of boundary conditions in vibration analysis
compared to ULS design. A connection which is assumed to be a hinged
connection in ULS may be assumed to provide full moment connection in a
vibration analysis.
For concrete the dynamic modulus of elasticity should be considered to be
10% higher than the static tangent modulus Ecm.
4.1.2.
Analytical formulas
13
4.2.
Guideline
Determination of damping
Type
Damping (% of critical
damping)
Structural Damping D1
Wood
Concrete
Steel
Steel-concrete
6%
2%
1%
1%
2%
0%
1%
1%
1%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
Total Damping D = D1 + D2 + D3
4.3.
When modal mass and frequency are determined, the OS-RMS90 value as
well as the assignment of the floor classes can be obtained with the
diagrams given in section 4.4. The relevant diagram needs to be selected
according to the damping characteristics of the floor in the condition of use
(considering finishing and furniture).
14
0. 1
3
0.
0.4
0.
0.3
7
0.
1.4 1.2
0. 7
0. 8
1. 6
12
9
11 13
10
1.
4
2 1.8
2.2
2.4
2.
2. 86
3.2
0.6 0.5
0. 7
1.2
2
3.
2 1
2.24.2 .8
22..6
8
0.3
0
0.6 0.5 .4
0. 8
33
2
0.
5
0.
6
0.
1.6
21
25
Frequency [Hz]
0.2
A
0. 2
1
1.2
1.4
3
4
29
17
9 12
11
10 13
1.8
5
7
10
22. 2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.2
11
12
1. 6
13
0. 7 0. 8
14
0.5
0.6
0.8 1
1.2
1. 4
3.2
1.8
1.6 22.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 0.7
1.2
1.4
15
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
20
19
18
17
16
Guideline
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
2.2
8
6
109
21
25
5
8 7
11
12
13
9
10
11
17
33
136
216
176196
15 6
96
11
6
1. 6
2. 4
2.6
3.2 2.8
4
29
41
1.8
37
45
17
56
49
2
2.4
2.6
3.22.8
4
5
6
87
12
41
49
29
10
11
9
21
12
17
45
37
56
13
76
25
13
10
3.2
1000
2000
3000
3 2.8
2.62.42.2
1
250
6
5
4
8
7
6
5
8000 10000
The diagram is applied by entering the x-axis with the modal mass and the
y-axis with the corresponding eigenfrequency. The OS-RMS90 value and the
acceptance class can be read-off at the intersection of the lines extending
from both entry points (see Figure 2).
4.3.1.
In some cases, the floor response may be characterized by more than one
natural frequency. In these cases, the OS-RMS90 must be determined as a
combination of OS-RMS90 values obtained for each mode of vibration. The
procedure is as follows:
a) Determine the eigenfrequencies.
b) Determine the modal mass and damping corresponding to each
eigenfrequency.
c) Determine the corresponding OS-RMS90 value for each eigenfrequency.
d) Approximate the total (or combined) OS-RMS90 value using:
OS RMS90 =
OS RMS
90; i
15
4.4.
Guideline
12
13
11
17
16 29
15
11
7 6
41 33
37
13
45
49
56
25
76
1312
17
45
49
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.7
1.41.2
2.6
2.4
1.8
2.2
2
10
37
0.3
0.8
0.1
2.8
1.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
1 0.8
29
96
12
13
17
25
176
216
236
276
256
196156
136
6
8
2.62.4
11
76
1.41.2
1.8
2.2 2
33
1.4
10
9
37
0.8
49
376 316
396
416
236
336
356276 256
296
4
6
29
13
5
3 2.42.2
2.6
12
1.6
3.2
1.2
0.3
0.5
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
96
25
56
256
21
296
476 376
496
336
196
756
596 456396 316 216
876
736
636
956
796
776
936
616 576
176
856676
916896
536
436 356
836
816
556
716
656 516 416
696
76
1
1.8 1.2
0.8
0.7
0.6
2 1.6
1.4 1 0.80.70.6 0.5 0.4
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.3
33
41
37
276
45
156
17
29
116
236
25
136
49
10
21
12
11
0.8 0.6
0.7
2.8
0.7
0.8
1.8
1
1.6 1.4
2
4 2.8
2.2
2.4
32.6
3.2
9
6 5
10
7
8
11
4
3.2 3
1.81.6
0.6
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.6
1.2 1
0.7
1.8 1.6
1.4 1.2 0.8
1
2
1.4
2.8 2.2
1.6
2.4
1.8
2.6
2
3
4
3.2
2.2
2.82.4
2.6
5
3
6
4 3.2
12
13 11
7
9
5 4
10 8
6
3.2
3
2.4
4
2.8
2.6 2.2
5
7
3.23
2
1.8
2.4
1.6
2.2
1.4
2.8
2.6
1.2
1
2 1.8
1.6
1.4
0.8
2.4
1.21
2.2
0.8 0.60.7
0.7
0.5 0.4
1.4
1.2
2.82.6
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.7 0.5 0.4
17
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.7
2.41.82.22
2.6
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.2 1
33.2
45
196
216
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7 0.6
2.8
116
0.1
0.2
1.6
21
0.2
0.3
0.7
56
0.2
0.5
0.6 0.4
3.2
3
41
0.1
1.6
11
33
2.8
0.7
21
96
0.2
0.3
3.2
3
41
9
29
11
10
2.6
2.4 1.8 1.41.2
2.2
2
109
12
0.4
1.6
21
14
0.5
0.6
0.8
3.2
3
1312
17
25
0.7
1
2.8
10 9
17
1.41.2
2.6
2.4
2.2 1.8
2
0.3
0.5
1
100
200
500
1000
2000
5000
10000
20000
50000
100000
16
Guideline
13
11 10 8
9
12
3.2
2.8
3
1.81.6
1.4
2.42.2
2
17 17
1110
15
13 33
29 25
12
13
12
14
10
0.5
0.6
2.6
1621
11
0.7
1
1.2
0.3
0.8
1.6
3.22.8
1
1.8
3
1.4
2.42.2
1.2
2
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.3
17
2.6
21
1110 8
9
4137
13
12
45
5649
1.6
1.8
3.2
2.8
3
0.1
0.8
2.4
2.2
2
0.7
1
1.4
0.2
0.5
0.6
1.2
29
17
25
2.6
0.8
8
21
4137
136
96
56
0.2
0.5
0.6
1.4
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
1.2
2.4
2.2 2
13
12
45
49
0.7
1.6 1
1.8
3.2 2.8
3
116
156
176
11 10 8
76
0.1
0.3
33
196
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.8
0.5 0.4
0.7
0.2
0.6
29
4
276216
336296
196
356316
236
256
176
17
76
1.2
25
21
11
10
0.7
1.8
6
13
116
45
276
156
49
56
96
25
12
21
13
200
500
1
0.6
0.50.4
0.8 0.7
0.3
0.60.5 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.60.5
0.4
0.7
2
0.5
1.2 1 0.8 0.6
2.2
2.8
1.4
2.4
1.6
0.7
3
3.2
1.8
4
1.2 10.8
1.4
2
2.6 2.2
1.6
2.4 1.8
5
2.8
3
3.2
2
2.62.2
2.4
4
8 7 6
2.8
3
17
10 9
3.2 2.62.4
11
2.2
5
2.8
2 1.8
4
1.6
32.6 2.4
1.4
3.2
2.2 1.8
1.2 1
2 1.6
1.4
0.8
6
2.8
2.4
1.2 1
0.6
1.8
0.8
0.7 0.5
0.4
2.62.2 1.6 1.4
0.6
3
1
12
33 29
1
100
0.3
0.4
2.6
376
356
236
396
516 416
676596
216
456 336
556
616
576
896
916
536
256
856
836736
696636 476
296
876
756656 496436
776
816
796
716
196
0.3
0.50.4
0.8 0.70.6
0.5
2
2.42.2
136
316
2.8
3.23
4137
1
1.6
1.8 1.4
2.6
33
1000
2000
1.2
5000
10000
20000
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.4
50000
0.3
100000
17
Guideline
17
6
12
13
16
13 25
12
13
10
45
49 41
2 1.8
2.2
2.4
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.7 0.6
1.2
1
0.2
0.8
0.3
9
11
17
3.2 2.6
2.8
33
21
25
1.6
0.4
1.2 1
1.8
2.2
2.4
0.7 0.6
1.4
0.5
0.2
0.8
0.3
8
13
10
37
116
156
96
56
76
45
41
49
11
17
9
29
136
2.8
0.4
236
256 176
0.2
0.70.6 0.5
1 0.8
1.61.4 1.2
12
13
2.2
37
29
0.7
0.5 0.4
0.3
0.6
0.8 0.7 0.50.4
1
0.6
0.8
2.6 21.8
1.2
1.4
1
2.8 2.2
1.6
3.2
2.4
1.2
1.8
1.4
2
3
4
2.6 2.2 1.6
2.8
2.4
136
96
1
100
200
12
33
21
56
49
500
45
41
10
98
13
3 2.6
25
2.2 1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
5000
10000
3
2.2
2.6
1.8
2.4 2 1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.80.7
0.6
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.5
2.4
2000
2.8
3.2
1000
3.2
156
76
0.2
1.41.2
1.6
11 8
17
116
256236
0.3
0.50.4
0.3
0.8 0.6
1
796
696 576
856
536 476
836
616
676
876
776
756
416336296
816
736
596 496
636
716
396
656
436
556
516 376
0.4
2.4
0.3
0.5
0.7
2
1.8
196
216
0.4 0.3
0.6
2.6
3.2
2.8
10
276
316
356
456
0.3
196
216
4
0.2
0.8
1.8
25
276
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2.2
2.4
21
0.7 0.6
1
1.2
1.6 1.4
3.2 2.6
33
0.1
12
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.1
10
11 37
29
0.8
1.6 1.4
0.70.6
1.2 1
3.2 2.6
2.8
21
12
2 1.8
2.2
2.4
5 4
9
11
17
14
10
15
1.61.4
3.2 2.6
2.8
0.8
20000
0.7
0.4
50000
0.3
100000
18
Guideline
8 7
19 9
6 5
2.6 2
1.6 1.2
1
2.4
3.2
2.2
1.8 1.4
3
2.8
18
17 12
11
13
16
0.60.5
0.4
0.80.7
0.1
98
2.6 2
1.6
2.4
2.2
1.8
12
13
11
0.4
29
37
25
41 33
0.1
10
98
17
2.6 2 1.6
2.4
2.2
1.2 1
0.5
0.80.7
0.4
0.2
0.3
1.4
0.1
21
13
2.8
10
87
9
7
17
56
96
0.6
3.2
1.8
8 49
45
2
2.6
4
5
1.21
1.6
3.2
0.6 0.5
0.7
0.8
2.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
1.8 1.4
29
37
25
41 33
3
21
12
196
2.8
11
156
176
216
13
4945
1.2
2
10
0.5
0.4
2.2
1.8
1.4
3
2.8 2.2
2.4
2.6
116
76
1211
29
25
10
37
21
41
13
6
3.2
32.8 2.4
2.6
33
1.2
21.8 1.4
Figure 6: OS-RMS90
1000
2000
5000
0.6
0.7
10000
20000
1.61.4
1.2
2
1.8
1
1.6 1.41.2
0.8
1
0.80.7 0.6
0.50.4
2.2
1 0.8
500
3.2
136
200
0.6
216
1
100
0.4 0.3
2 1.6
1.4
2.4
2.21.8
2.6
2.8
0.3
0.2
0.5
1
1.2
56
96
0.7
3.2
17
196
356
476416
396
436
376 296236
556
816
616
576 496
796
736
636 456
836
776
716
696
676
656 536
336
596516
276
316
256
0.3
0.6
0.8
5
0.2
0.3
0.4
7
9
176
0.3
1.6
2.6
2.4
4
0.4
0.60.5
0.7
0.8
236
0.1
76
0.1
0.2
2.2
116
0.2
0.3
2.8
11
1211
0.6 0.5
0.80.7
1.4
21
12
1.21
3.2
14
10
10
15 17
13
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.4
50000
0.3
100000
19
Guideline
1.6 1.4 1
3.2 2.8
3
1.2
2.21.8
2.4
2.6 2
6 5
18
0.5
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.3
17
10
11
9
16 13
6
14 17
12
0.4
0.2
10
11
9
13
12
8 7
11
29
25
1.6
1.4
3.2
3 2.8
2.2
12
0.1
0.80.7 0.6
1
1.2
0.5
1.8
2.42
2.6
21 17
33
0.4
0.2
0.3
10
11
8
13
7
0.1
0.5
0.3
13
10
1.6
1 0.80.7 0.6
1.4 1.2
2.2 1.8
2.4
2.6 2
4 3.2
3 2.8
87
15
87
76
49
56
96
37
45
25
29
1
1.4
1.6
3.2
3 2.8
0.80.7 0.6
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.2
0.4
0.3
2.2 1.8
2.4 2
21 17
41
0.1
12
33
0.2
2.6
5
10
176
4 196
11
156
3
136
1.6
1.4
1.2
9
13
7
8
0.5
416
276
556
596
516
496 436356
536
336
476 396
616 456
636
576
376 296
316 256
236
96
2.6
29
216
2.6
4
41
2.2
10
9
116
2.8
3
2.6
33
11
8
1.8
1.2
1
1.6
0.8
1.2
1
0.80.7
0.6
0.5 0.4
1.4
1.2 1
1.6
3.2
1.2
1.4
1.6
17
12
176
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1
1.61.41.2
1.8
2.22
2.8
3 2.4
3.2
21
0.2
0.4
0.8
1
2.4
25
56
0.3
0.6
0.7
6 5
37
45
0.3
49
0.2
0.4
1.8
3.2
3 2.8 2.2
76
196
0.3
0.4
0.70.6 0.5
0.8
0.8
2
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.5
1
100
200
500
1000
2000
5000
10000
20000
50000
100000
20
Guideline
19
18
8
17 10
7
13
12
17
1110
21
10
25
29
1.6
1.8
1.2
0.5
7 6
0.6
2.2
2.4
3.22.8
0.7
1.2
49
1.4
21
2.6
2.4
25
3329
0.8
0.2
0.2
1.2
2.6
2.2
13
0.5
1.6
0.4
1.8
2.4
2.8
3.2
4
12
0.7
1.4
196
216
236
316
456 356
436
596
636
576
496
336
556
476
536
616
516
416
396
376
0.3
0.8
7
21
0.2
0.4
0.6
176
256
0.5
3
9
0.3
1.4
10
37
49
0.1
0.7
11
41
156
0.2
0.4
0.6
17
0.1
0.3
1.6
1.8
3.22.8
45
1.2
2.2
6
56
0.7
12
76
0.1
0.2
0.5
13
96
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.6
1110
41
0.1
0.2
0.8
1.6
1.8
17
0.4
2.6
0.3
0.8
37
0.7
0.1
0.2
1.4
13
12
11
0.4
12
0.6
1
1.4
2.2
2.4
3.22.8
0.3
0.8
2.6
14
13
1.2
16
15
2.6
2.2
2.4 1.6
1.8
3.2 2.8
2
76
0.2
0.6
0.8
116
0.3
136
296
276
2.8
25
56
1.8
3.2
176
45
2.2
11 10
96
33
29
17
6
3
4
7
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.41.2
1
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
2.6
2.4
0.8
0.3
1
100
200
500
1000
2000
5000
10000
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
20000
50000
100000
21
Guideline
19
2.2
1.4
2.4
1
2.8
1.8
2
1.2
3
2.6
3.2
1.6
5 4
18
7
8
17 9
16
15
14
17
13
6
11
13
12 10
9
12
11
10
29
21
25
2.2
2.4
2.8
2
3
3.2 2.6
1.4
1.8
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.8 0.6
0.3
1.6
0.6
0.8
0.4
8
6 5
2.2
2.4
2.8
10
3.2
17
1.4
2
1.8
0.5
0.7
1.6
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.1
4133
5649
37
11
2.2
2.4
2.8
13
45
6
12
76
10
21
25
29
96
0.3
0.1
0.2
1.2
2.6
9
8
0.1
0.2
1.2
11
13
12
0.5
0.7
1.4
0.2
0.5
0.7
0.1
0.3
1.8
2
1.2
3
3.2
2.6
17
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.8
1.6
7
4
33
49
1.4
3
136
0.2
5
4
37
2.4
11
2.8
1.8
2
2.6
3.2
13
416
376
336
516
616
496 356
576
476
536
396
556
456
436
176
236196
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.2
3
256
296
0.4
2.2
6
0.5
2.2
1 0.8
1.8
2
1.6
2.4
156
316
0.3
45
216
0.4
0.7
1.6
12 10
276
0.2
0.7
41
56
0.3
0.5
116
21
76
1.4 1.2
1
2.8
2.6
4
25
29
17
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.4
0.7
0.8 0.6
0.7 0.5
0.4
1
0.6
3.2
96
0.8
0.3
0.8
2
0.5 0.4
1
100
200
500
1000
2000
5000
10000
20000
50000
100000
22
Guideline
3.2
3
2 1.8
1.6
2.4
2.6
2.8
18
1.21
0.5 0.4
0.7
0.8
1.4
17 9
16
2.2
15 13
14
7 6
10
3.2
3
2
1.81.6
2.4
2.6
2.8
11
12
13
0.5 0.4
1.21
17
5
13
7 6
10
3.2
3
1.8 1.6
2.4
2.6
2.8
10
0.6
98
21
13
0.1
2.4
2.6
1.8
1.6
0.7
1.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.6
0.8
33
0.5 0.4
3.2
10
76
6
2.2
17
45
0.3
0.6
1.4
8 4137
29
0.1
0.2
0.7
0.8
12
49
56
0.5 0.4
1
1.2
11
25
9
0.1
0.2
2.2
12
0.3
0.7
0.8
1.4
9 8
11 21
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
2.8
11
25
1.4
12
0.4 0.3
0.5
9 8
4137
96
0.7
3.2
3
29
276
236
196
0.6
0.8
1.81.6 1.2
2.4
2.6
7 6
21
1.4
2.8
13
45
216
356
316
496
416
396 296
596 436
476
376
576
556
516
536
456
336 256
17
49
56
10
2.2
0.70.6
1 0.8
1.2
1.6
21.8
1.4
76
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1
33
136
11
1.2
2.4
3.2
3
25
12
0.7
2000
0.5
0.4
0.3
1.2
0.8
0.5
0.4
1000
1.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
2.8
2.2
0.8
1
1.6
1.4
116
500
0.2
0.8
200
0.3
0.4
0.5
176
2.6
156
1
100
0.2
2.2
0.1
0.2
5000
10000
20000
50000
100000
23
Guideline
6
17 8 7
9
16
11
15
13 12 10
14
13
17
10
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
3.2
1.6 1.2
1.4
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.4
3
13 10
12
87
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.7
8
45
0.1
0.2
29
17
0.4 0.3
11
3.2
2.62.2
2.8
2.4
3
49
76
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.8
1.8
25 21
0.1
0.7
5 4
0.2
0.4 0.3
0.6 0.5
0.7
1.61.4 1.2
1
1.8
11
11
0.8
3.2
2.2
2.62.4
2.8
3
8 7
9
12
1.6
1.4 1.2 1
1.8
2
13
12 10
41
56
3733
1.6
1.41.2 1
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.8
21
25
0.7
0.2
0.1
87
0.1
0.3
0.4
29
45
3
136
17
0.2
0.5
0.6
1.2 1 0.8
1.6 1.4
3.2
2.2
2.6
2.8 2.4
3
11
0.5
0.6
0.80.7
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
49
236
356
336
416
256
396
476
456
376 296
436
316
13
76
216
37
56
2.21.8
176
21
7
3.2 2.8
2.62.4
2
25
500
1000
2000
1.2
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
5000
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
4
1.6
200
1.4
1
3
8
1
100
0.7
0.8
33
116 96
276
10
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
12
41
196156
0.3
0.4
0.7
10000
20000
0.8
0.7
0.4
50000
100000
24
Guideline
A.
A.1.
The following table gives hand formulas for the determination of the first
natural frequency (according to [2]) and the modal mass of plates for
different supporting conditions.
For the application of the given equations it is assumed that no lateral
deflection at any edges of the plate occurs.
Frequency ; Modal Mass
Supporting Conditions:
clamped
f =
hinged
L2
E t3
12 (1 2 )
; M mod = M tot
9.00
= 1.57 ( 1 + 2 )
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio = L/B
16.00
14.00
= 1 . 57
1 + 2 . 5 2 + 5 . 14 4
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio = L/B
14.00
12.00
= 1 . 57
5 . 14 + 2 . 92 2 + 2 . 44 4
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio = L/B
25
Guideline
Supporting Conditions:
clamped
hinged
E t3
12 (1 2 )
; M mod = M tot
12.00
= 1 . 57
1 + 2 . 33 2 + 2 . 44 4
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio = L/B
12.00
= 1 . 57
2 . 44 + 2 . 72 2 + 2 . 44 4
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio = L/B
18.00
16.00
= 1 . 57
5 . 14 + 3 . 13 2 + 5 . 14 4
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio = L/B
Mtot
26
Guideline
Youngs-Modulus [N/m]
Moment of inertia [m4]
distributed mass [kg/m]
length of beam
Frequency
4
3EI
f =
0.37 l 4
f =
f =
l
f =
A.3.
3EI
0. 2 l 4
2
1
2
Modal Mass
M mod = 0,41 l
M mod = 0,45 l
3EI
0.49 l 4
M mod = 0,5 l
3EI
0.24l 4
M mod = 0,64 l
27
Guideline
b
y
l
x
z
The first natural frequency of the orthotropic plate being simply supported at
all four edges can be determined with:
f1 =
EI y
l4
b 2 b 4 EI
1 + 2 + x
l EI y
l
Where:
b
E
Ix
Iy
A.4.
1
2
K
M
M g
3
4
max
where
M is the total mass of the vibrating system,
g = 9.81 sm2 is gravity and
3
4
28
f =
A.5.
1
2
Guideline
K
1
=
M 2
4 g
18
=
3 max
max [ mm]
29
Guideline
The modal mass may be interpreted as the fraction of the total mass of a
floor that is activated when the floor oscillates in a specific mode shape.
Each mode shape has its specific natural frequency and modal mass.
For the determination of the modal mass the mode shape has to be
determined and to be normalized to the maximum deflection. As the mode
shape cannot be determined by hand calculations approximations for the
first mode are commonly used.
As an alternative to hand calculations Finite Element Analysis is commonly
used. If the Finite Element Program does not give modal mass as result of
modal analysis the mode shape may be approximated by the application of
loads driving the plate into the expected mode shape, see Figure 13.
Expected mode shape:
Application of loads:
Mmod = 2 (x, y) dF
F
Where
(x,y)
2
i
dMi
Nodes i
Where
fi
is the vertical deflection at node i (normalised to the maximum
deflection)
dMi
is the mass of the floor represented at node i
30
Guideline
If the function (x,y) represents the exact solution for the mode shape the
above described equation also yields to the exact modal mass.
The following gives examples for the determination of modal mass by hand
calculation:
Example 1: Plate simply
supported at all four
edges, Lx~Ly
-
Lx
Ly
Mass distribution
M
= total
lx l y
Modal mass
Mmod = 2 (x, y) dF =
F
y
x
M total
M
dx dy = total
sin 2
sin 2
l
l x l y ly lx
l
4
x
y
t
Ly
Lx
sin
f ( x, y ) = sin
f ( x, y ) max . = 1,0
l ,
lx
y
2.
lx
l
y ly x :
2
2
x
1.0 , (x, y) max . = 1,0
(x, y) = sin
lx
Mass distribution
M
= total
lx l y
Modal mass
31
Guideline
Mmod = 2 (x, y) dF
F
lx
y =l2
y
x
M total
dx dy +
sin 2
2
sin 2
l
0
0
l x l y
l
x
y
M
l
= total 2 x
l y
4
lx
l
l2 2 x
2
x
dx dy
sin 2
lx
Ly
Lx
y
x y
x
, (x, y)
+
sin
sin
= 1,0
max .
l
x
y
With
x = Deflection of the beam
Mass distribution
M
= total
lx l y
Modal mass
Mmod
M
= (x, y) dF = total
l y lx ly
l
x
F
x
y
x y
dx dy
+
sin
sin
l
lx
y
x 2 + x 2
8 x y
= M total
+ 2
2
2
32
Guideline
B.
Examples
B.1.
B.1.1.
In the first worked example a filigree slab with false-floor in an open plan
office is checked for footfall induced vibrations.
It is spanning one way over 4.2 m between main beams. Its overall
thickness is 160 mm. The main beams are Arcelor Cellular Beams (ACB)
which act as composite beams. They are attached to the vertical columns by
a full moment connection. The floor plan shown in Figure 15. In Figure 15
the part of the floor which will be considered for the vibration analysis is
indicated by the hatched area.
33
Guideline
For the main beams with a span of 16.8 m ACB/HEM400 profiles in material
S460 have been used, the main beams with the shorter span of 4.2 m are
ACB/HEM360 in S460.
The cross beams which are spanning in global x-direction may be neglected
for the further calculations, as they do not contribute to the load transfer of
the structure.
The nominal material properties are
-
Steel S460:
Concrete C25/30:
fy = 460 N/mm
fck = 25 N/mm
34
Guideline
The expected mode shape of the considered part of the floor which
corresponds to the first eigenfrequency is shown in Figure 17. From the
mode shape it can be concluded that each field of the concrete slab may be
assumed to be simply supported for the further dynamic calculations.
Regarding the boundary conditions of the main beams (see beam to column
connection, Figure 16) it is assumed that for small amplitudes as they occur
in vibration analysis the beam-column connection provides sufficient
rotational restrained, i.e. the main beams are considered to be fully fixed.
35
Guideline
Figure 17: Expected mode shape of the considered part of the floor corresponding
to the first eigenfrequency
Section properties
-
Slab:
The relevant section properties of the slab in global x-direction are:
mm 2
Ac , x = 160
mm
mm 4
I c , x = 3.41 10 5
mm
Main beam:
Assuming the above described first vibration mode the effective width
of the composite beam may be obtained from the following equation:
l
l
0.7 16.8
beff = beff ,1 + beff , 2 = 0 + 0 = 2
= 2.94 m
8
8 8
The relevant section properties of the main beam for serviceability limit
state (no cracking) are:
Aa ,netto = 21936mm 2
Aa brutto = 29214mm 2
Ai = 98320mm 2
I i = 5.149 10 9 mm 4
36
Guideline
Loads
-
Slab:
Main beam:
Self weight (includes 2.00 kN/m for ACB):
kN
4.2
g beam = 5.0
2 + 2.0 = 23.00 2
2
m
Live load:
4.2
kN
q slab = 0.3
2 = 0.63 2
2
m
B.1.2.
Eigenfrequency
The first eigenfrequency is calculated based on the self weight approach. The
maximum total deflection may be obtained by superposition of the deflection
of the slab and the deflection of the main beam, i.e.
slab =
beam =
f1 =
Guideline
18
= 7.1 Hz
6.4
Modal Mass
The total mass of the slab is
M mod
1.92 + 4.52
8 1.9 4.5
= 37397
+ 2
= 17220kg
2
6.42
2 6.4
Damping
The damping ratio of the steel-concrete slab with false floor is determined
according to table 1:
D = D1 + D2 + D3 = +1 + 1 + 1 = 3%
With
Assessment
38
B.2.1.
Guideline
The floor of this office building, Figure 18, span 15m from edge beam to
edge beam. In the regular area these secondary floor beams have IPE600
sections are laying in a distance of 2.5m. Primary edge beam which span
7.5m from column to column have also IPE600 section, see Figure 19.
The plate of the floor is a composite plate of 15cm total thickness with steel
sheets COFRASTRA 70, Figure 20.
39
Guideline
Steel S235:
Concrete C25/30:
fy = 235 N/mm
fck = 25 N/mm
Section properties
-
Loads
-
B.2.2.
40
Guideline
Supporting conditions
The secondary beam are ending in the primary beams which are open
sections with low torsional stiffness. Thus these beams may be assumed to
be simple supported.
Eigenfrequency
For this example the supporting conditions are determined on two ways. The
first method is the application of the beam formula neglecting the
transversal stiffness of the floor.
The second method is the self weight method considering the transversal
stiffness.
3EI
2
=
4
0.49 l
3 210000 10 6 [ N / m] 270089 10 8 [ m 4 ]
= 4,77 Hz
0.49 1220 [ kg / m] 154 [ m 4 ]
f1
EI y
m l4
b 2 b 4 EI x
1 + 2 +
l l EI y
f1 =
18
= 4.78 Hz
14.2
41
Guideline
Modal Mass
The determination of the eigenfrequency above showed that the load bearing
behaviour of the floor can be approximated by a simple beam model. Thus
this model is taken for the determination of the modal mass:
D = D1 + D2 + D3 = +1 + 1 + 1 = 3%
With
B.2.3.
Assessment
42