HECO System Overview

Generation

(Continued)
Illustration showing how the
available reserve is used to plan and
schedule generating unit outages.

Total Installed
Net Capacity
1672 MW
Unit
Overhaul

Unit
Overhaul
Maint
Outage

Unit
Overhaul

Unit
Overhaul

Unit
Overhaul

Maint
Outage

Maint
Outage

Unit
Overhaul

Available
Reserve

Maint Outage

Spinning Reserve capacity of the

largest single unit

Predicted Peak
Demand

Jan

Minimum
Capacity
Required
Sep

Dec

slides from http://www.heco.com/vcmcontent/GenerationBid/HECO/HECOSystemOverview.pdf and

http://www.heco.com/vcmcontent/GenerationBid/HECO/CompetitiveBid/2011-12-07_Technical_Conference_Presentation.pdf

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

March 14, 2008

HECO System Overview

Generation (Continued)
2007 Actual Maintenance Schedule
POWER SUPPLY OPERATION & MAINTENANCE 2007 PLANNED MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

Revision
Date:
Revision
Date:1/18/08
01/17/04

Reserve==Operating
Operating Capability (1698)
Reserve
(1698) - Largest
Largest Single
SingleUnit
Unit(180)
(180)Predicted Peaks ofPredicted
5/23/07 Peaks of 05/22/03
Note: Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec Actual Peaks

400
350

W9

300

W10

K4

K1

H9

H9

K6

K2
W3

K1

KPLP

W6

W9 W3

150

50

W1
W8 0

W9

W5

200

100

2007

K6

H9

K4

W8

KPLP

Megawatts

K5

250

K5

K5

W3

K1
H8

W7

W3

KPLP

KPLP

AES

AES
W8

K2

HRRV

K5
W4
W3

HRRV

K4
AES

K3

H9

HRRV

0
1

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

31 Months are61
121ore the markers
151 may not181
211
Note:
set at 30 day91
periods. Theref
be set exactly
according to241
the calendar y271
ear.

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

W6

Nov.
301

331

W3

Dec.

361

March 14, 2008

HECO System Overview

Generation

MW

Typical Daily System

Demand (Load) Profile

(Continued)

Peak Period

Minimum
Load

Peak Load

Shoulder Peak

Priority
Peak
Off-Peak

Off-Peak
Midnight

Midnight
7 am
Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

5 pm
9

9 pm
March 14, 2008

HECO System Overview

Generation (Continued)
Illustration of meeting daily demand
Peaking units such as W9 & 10
start up to meet the highest peak
periods

Peaking

100

Cycling units such as H8 & 9, W3-6

start up and shut down daily to
support system peaks.

Cycling

50

Baseload units such as K1-6, W7 & 8, AES,

KPLP, HRRV, operate 24 x 7 and are
dispatched up during peak periods and
dispatched down to near minimum loads

Baseload

12 midnight

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

6am

12 noon

11

6 pm

12 midnight

March 14, 2008

HECO System Overview

Generation (Continued)
Spinning Reserve and QLPU on a Daily Basis
Peaking units typically operate at less
than normal capacity to support SR and
QLPU criteria

Peaking

100

Minimum
Spinning
Reserve

Selected cycling units operate less than

normal capacity to support SR and
QLPU criteria

Cycling

50

Selected baseload units operate

less than normal capacity to
support SR and QLPU criteria

Baseload

12 midnight

6am

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

12 noon

12

6 pm

12 midnight

March 14, 2008

HECO System Overview

Generation

(Continued)

Illustration of Spinning Reserve and Quick Load Pickup Operating Criteria

MW Output
Normal Capability Rating = 100 MW
Individual Unit
Contribution to Spinning
Reserve = 30 MW

3-Second Quick Load Pickup (QLPU) = 18 MW

Operating level serving load = 70 MW

QLPU provides a portion of

the units spinning reserve
within 3 seconds
100 MW Generating Unit
Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

March 14, 2008

Frequency Regulation Normal Conditions

(Continued)
Under normal conditions system frequency is regulated by the Energy Management System (EMS)

Energy Management System (EMS)

EMS

Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

determines how many MW to increase or
decrease on selected generators to correct for
Time Error or minor Frequency Deviation
from 60 Hz. AGC is capable of controlling
frequency between 59.8 Hz and 60.2 Hz.

AGC

EDC

Economic Dispatch Calculation (EDC)

determines what generators to use and which way
the generators should move.

EMS
Raise/Lower
Pulses

Energy Management System (EMS) translates the

desired movement into up or down pulses and sends
the pulses to the Turbine Control Systems of the
selected generators.

0.2 sec pulse every 10

seconds to raise or lower
generator output

Raise/Lower Pulses

The Turbine Control System moves the unit up or down

in output in response to the EMS pulses.

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

VOLTAGE
REGULATOR

19

March 14, 2008

Examples of what can trigger a disturbance:

Loss of generation due to protective trips
(Supply < Demand)

Loss of transmission lines due to line faults

(Supply > Demand)

Loss of a major substation transformer

(Supply > Demand)

Loss of a large customer due to customer equipment

malfunctions
(Supply > Demand)

Impact of natural causes, i.e, storms, lightning, earthquake,

tsunami, sea grass, jellyfish, etc.

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

23

March 14, 2008

Illustration of a Disturbance
Caused by Loss of Generation

QLPU added to arrest the

sudden drop-off in
frequency

Pre-disturbance
Generation

Generation
Reserve

(Supply)

System Underfrequency (Hz)

59

60

61

Generation

(Demand)

58

62

Generator
Trip

(MW)

Load
(MW)

Underfrequency Load Shedding

Generation Overspeed Protection

When a generator trips unexpectedly, a shortfall is created where the demand (load) is greater than supply and system
frequency begins to sag to a value below 60 Hz. The rate of frequency sag (droop) depends on the size of the mismatch
between Supply and Demand. As soon as underfrequency is detected, generation reserves are added via droop control till the
frequency stops dropping. At this point the scale is still out of balance, but stable at a frequency below 60 Hz. To restore
frequency back to the predisturbance level of 60 Hz, more generation from available spinning reserves is required.
(Supply < Demand)

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

25

March 14, 2008

Illustration of a Disturbance
Caused by Loss of Load
Generator Load
Reduction

Pre-disturbance Load
(Demand)

System Overfrequency (Hz)

59

60

Generation
Reserve

61

Load
(MW)

58

62

(Supply)

Generation
(MW)

Generation Overspeed Protection

Underfrequency Load Shedding

When load is lost unexpectedly due to transmission faults and other load related causes, a situation with excess generation is
created that will cause system frequency to rise to a value above 60 Hz. As long as Supply > Demand, system frequency
will continue to rise until all generators trip on overspeed. The rise in frequency can be arrested if generators are able to
reduce their load before reaching their overspeed protection points.
(Supply > Demand)

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

26

March 14, 2008

Managing System Frequency

Governor response
Hawaiian Electric generators use active droop with little
or no dead band

Generation is normally controlled via AGC

Frequency Control
Economic Dispatch (normal condition)

Local Frequency Control (LFC) at each generating

unit takes control of managing the system frequency
during disturbances
Fast start generators
Load management programs (CIDLC and RDLC)
Manual & automatic under frequency load shedding
Manual & automatic generator trip for excessive over
11
frequency
December 7, 2011

Abnormal Frequency Mitigation - Generation

Control Device

Location

Control Range

Automatic Generation Control AGC)

- 0.2 second pulse every 10 seconds

System
Operation

59.8 Hz to 60.2 Hz

Local Frequency Control (LFC)

- 0.2 second pulse every 2 seconds
outside of the control range
- 0.2 second pulse every 4 seconds
inside the control range

Generating Unit

Underfrequency:
59.5 Hz to 59.8 Hz
Overfrequency:
60.2 Hz to 60.5 Hz

Droop 5% continuous

Generating Unit
Turbine Control

Full range of operating

frequencies

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

27

March 14, 2008

Underfrequency Management
59.97 Hz

Targeted Frequency Control Range Economic Dispatch.

59.97 Hz (1)

AGC Off-Economic Frequency Regulation Control Modes.

59.90 Hz
59.80 Hz

Internal (Hawaiian Electric Dispatch) Frequency Alarm.

External (Paging) Frequency Alarm Issued.

59.70 Hz

RDLC Automatic UF Load Shedding.

59.50 Hz

Hawaiian Electric Generators Switch To Local Frequency Control

Unit For Emergency Ramping.
CIDLC Automatic UF Load Shedding.

58.50 Hz
58.00 Hz to 57.00 Hz

UF Auto Load Shed Kicker Block After 10-second delay.

UF Automatic Load Shedding, No Delay.
AES Trip at 58.2 Hz w/ 82 sec. time delay
H-Power Trip at 58.0 Hz w/10 sec. time delay

57.00 Hz
56.50 Hz

Hawaiian Electric Generator Automatic Trip After 70-second delay.

Hawaiian Electric Generator Automatic Trip, No Delay.
Kahipa WF trip at 57.0 Hz w/ 6 sec. time delay
Kalaeloa Trip at 56.8 Hz in 0.15 seconds

Notes:
(1) Approximate, AGC switches based on Area Control Error (ACE) rather than
frequency.
December 7, 2011

13

Overfrequency Management
66.00 Hz (2)

Hawaiian Electric Generator Automatic Overspeed Trip.

61.50 Hz (2)

Hawaiian Electric Generator Overspeed Governors And

Controls.

60.50 Hz

Hawaiian Electric Generators Switch To Local Frequency

Control Unit For Emergency Ramping.

60.20 Hz
60.10 Hz

External (Paging) Frequency Alarm Issued.

Internal (Hawaiian Electric Dispatch) Frequency Alarm.

60.03 Hz (1)
60.03 Hz

AGC Off-Economic Frequency Regulation Control

Modes.
Targeted Frequency Control Range Economic
Dispatch.

Notes:
(1) Approximate, AGC switches based on Area Control Error (ACE) rather than
frequency.
(2) Approximate, similar but may differ by unit make and model.
12
December 7, 2011

Kahe 5 Droop Example

62

Frequency (Hz)

61

Initial set-point at 75 MW,

5% droop

60

Generator MW output would slide back and

forth along the 5% droop curve in an attempt to
stabilize (match) supply and demand regardless
of the frequency.

59

58

25

50

75

100

125

Unit Output (MW)

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

30

March 14, 2008

150

Underfrequency Load Shedding as a

Mitigation Measure

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

31

March 14, 2008

Comparison of Existing and Proposed

UFLS Schemes & NERC Limits
Existing
Scheme

NERC Design
Parameters
PRC-006-1
25% Gen. Loss

Proposed
Scheme

60 Hz

60 Hz

59 Hz

59 Hz
40MW
in 10 sec

60 Hz

25MW
in 5 & 10 sec
46MW

60 sec
59 Hz

47MW
92MW

58 Hz

93MW

58 Hz

57 Hz

58 Hz

Floor

105MW

80MW
93MW
93MW
40MW

105MW

Freq. to remain
above a log linear
curve from 58 to
59.3 for 60 sec or
until steady-state
above 59.3

445MW

57 Hz

57 Hz

439MW

14
December 7, 2011

Illustration of HECOs Underfrequency (UF)

Load Shedding Scheme Design
60
Hz

Frequency (Hz)

Kicker Block
timer initiated

58.5

Block 1 trip

Kicker Block trip

58.0

Block 2 trip
57.0

2
Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

12
36

Time (sec.)
March 14, 2008

Illustration of a Small versus

Large Generating Unit Trip
System Frequency, Hz
10 sec time delay
Unit trip
60.0

Smaller
trip
Effects ofunit
a Small
Unit Trip
or more
QLPU

58.5

Shed load
Effects of a Large
Unit Trip

Assumes system
frequency does not
go below 58.0 Hz

Time, seconds

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

32

March 14, 2008

Actual example of a relatively large unit trip that did not

result in load shedding (AES trip from 140 MW)

System Frequency
Based on Time of Day
(24 Hour Clock)

System Frequency Based

on Expanded Time Scale
(33.5 seconds)

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

34

March 14, 2008

Actual example of a relatively large unit trip that resulted in

load shedding (AES trip from 180 MW)
Frequency Response: AES, HRRV, K3 Gen Trip - 12/19/02
(Waiau Site - Zoom)

AES Trip

HRRV & K3 Trip

59.50
59.00
Kicker Block (58.5Hz)

58.50
58.00

Block 1 (58.0Hz)

57.50

Block 2 (57.7Hz)

~10 seconds

197999

195262

192525

189788

187051

184314

181577

178840

176103

173366

170629

167892

165155

162418

159681

156944

154207

151470

148733

145996

143259

140522

137785

57.00
135048

Frequency (Hz)

60.00

Raw Data Count: approx 9 minutes elasped time

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.

35

March 14, 2008