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1
1
=
= 167
. 105 Hz.
T 6.00s
(c) The magnetic energy does not depend on the direction of the current (since UB i2),
so this will occur after one-half of a period, or 3.00 s.
h
h
2
160
. 106 C
Q2
C=
=
= 9.14 109 F.
2U 2 140 10 6 J
I=
Q
=
LC
3.00 106 C
c1.10 10 Hhc4.00 10 Fh
3
= 4.52 102 A .
4. (a) We recall the fact that the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. It is helpful to
refer also to Fig. 31-1. The values of t when plate A will again have maximum positive
charge are multiples of the period:
t A = nT =
n
n
=
= n 5.00 s ,
f 2.00 103 Hz
( 2n 1) = ( 2n 1) = 2n 1 2.50 s ,
1
1
t = T + (n 1)T = ( 2n 1) T =
(
)(
)
2
2
2f
2 ( 2 103 Hz )
where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . The earliest time is (n=1) t = 2.50 s.
(c) At t = 41 T , the current and the magnetic field in the inductor reach maximum values
for the first time (compare steps a and c in Fig. 31-1). Later this will repeat every halfperiod (compare steps c and g in Fig. 31-1). Therefore,
tL =
T (n 1)T
T
+
= ( 2n 1) = ( 2n 1)(1.25 s ) ,
4
2
4
5. (a) All the energy in the circuit resides in the capacitor when it has its maximum
charge. The current is then zero. If Q is the maximum charge on the capacitor, then the
total energy is
2.90 106 C
Q2
U=
=
. 106 J.
= 117
6
2C 2 3.60 10 F
(b) When the capacitor is fully discharged, the current is a maximum and all the energy
resides in the inductor. If I is the maximum current, then U = LI2/2 leads to
106 J
2 1168
.
2U
= 558
=
I=
. 103 A .
3
L
75 10 H
k
=
m
F x
=
m
8.0 N
= 89 rad s .
2.0 10 m 0.50 kg
13
hb
2
= 7.0 102 s.
89 rad s
L
2
= 2.5 105 F.
175 10 6 C
Q2
C=
=
= 2.69 103 F
6
2U 2 5.70 10 J
and
k=
(c) The maximum
xmax = 1.75 104 m.
1
= 372 N / m.
2.69 103 m / N
displacement
corresponds
to
the
maximum
charge,
so
(d) The maximum speed vmax corresponds to the maximum current. The maximum
current is
Q
175 106 C
=
= 3.02 103 A.
I = Q =
3
LC
125
. H 2.69 10 F
gc
1
1
=
2
4 f C 4 2 10 103 Hz
2
h c6.7 10 Fh
2
= 38
. 105 H.
s.
total = L + C + R +
1
di q
di q
= L j + C j + R j = L j + + iR j = L + + iR
dt C j
dt C
j
j
with
L = Lj ,
j
1
1
= ,
C
j Cj
R = Rj
j
and we require total = 0. This is equivalent to the simple LRC circuit shown in Fig. 3127(b).
11. (a) After the switch is thrown to position b the circuit is an LC circuit. The angular
frequency of oscillation is = 1/ LC . Consequently,
f =
1
2 LC
c54.0 10 Hhc6.20 10 Fh
3
= 275 Hz.
(b) When the switch is thrown, the capacitor is charged to V = 34.0 V and the current is
zero. Thus, the maximum charge on the capacitor is Q = VC = (34.0 V)(6.20 106 F) =
2.11 104 C. The current amplitude is
gc
12. The capacitors C1 and C2 can be used in four different ways: (1) C1 only; (2) C2 only;
(3) C1 and C2 in parallel; and (4) C1 and C2 in series.
(a) The smallest oscillation frequency is
f3 =
2 L C1 + C2
hc
2 10
. 102 H 2.0 106 F + 5.0 106 F
= 6.0 102 Hz .
1
1
=
= 7.1102 Hz .
2
6
1
1
=
= 1.1103 Hz .
2 LC2 2 (1.0 102 H )( 2.0 106 F )
1
2 LC1C2 / ( C1 + C2 )
1
2
13. (a) The maximum charge is Q = CVmax = (1.0 109 F)(3.0 V) = 3.0 109 C.
(b) From U = 21 LI 2 = 21 Q 2 / C we get
I=
Q
=
LC
3.0 109 C
c3.0 10 Hhc10. 10 Fh
3
. 103 A.
= 17
(c) When the current is at a maximum, the magnetic energy is at a maximum also:
U B,max =
hc
1 2 1
LI = 3.0 103 H 17
. 103 A
2
2
= 4.5 109 J.
14. The linear relationship between (the knob angle in degrees) and frequency f is
FG
H
f = f0 1+
IJ = 180 FG f 1IJ
180 K
Hf K
where f0 = 2 105 Hz. Since f = /2 = 1/2 LC , we are able to solve for C in terms of
:
1
81
=
C= 2 2
2
2
2
4 Lf 0 (1 + /180 )
400000 (180 + )
with SI units understood. After multiplying by 1012 (to convert to picofarads), this is
plotted below:
15. (a) Since the frequency of oscillation f is related to the inductance L and capacitance
C by f = 1 / 2 LC , the smaller value of C gives the larger value of f. Consequently,
f max = 1 / 2 LCmin , f min = 1 / 2 LCmax , and
Cmax
365 pF
f max
=
=
= 6.0.
f min
Cmin
10 pF
(b) An additional capacitance C is chosen so the ratio of the frequencies is
r=
. MHz
160
= 2.96.
0.54 MHz
Since the additional capacitor is in parallel with the tuning capacitor, its capacitance adds
to that of the tuning capacitor. If C is in picofarads (pF), then
C + 365 pF
C + 10 pF
The solution for C is
= 2.96.
12
= 2.2 104 H.
16. For the first circuit = (L1C1)1/2, and for the second one = (L2C2)1/2. When the
two circuits are connected in series, the new frequency is
=
=
1
=
Leq Ceq
1
L1C1
where we use 1 =
( L1 + L2 ) C1C2 / ( C1 + C2 )
1
( C1 + C2 ) / ( C1 + C2 )
L1C1 =
L2 C2 .
=,
( L1C1C2 + L2C2C1 ) / ( C1 + C2 )
17. (a) We compare this expression for the current with i = I sin(t+0). Setting (t+) =
2500t + 0.680 = /2, we obtain t = 3.56 104 s.
(b) Since = 2500 rad/s = (LC)1/2,
L=
1
1
=
= 2.50 103 H.
2
2
6
C 2500 rad / s 64.0 10 F
gc
hb
1 2 1
LI = 2.50 10 3 H 160
. A
2
2
= 3.20 103 J.
18. (a) Since the percentage of energy stored in the electric field of the capacitor is
(1 75.0%) = 25.0% , then
U E q 2 / 2C
= 2
= 25.0%
U
Q / 2C
19. (a) The total energy U is the sum of the energies in the inductor and capacitor:
6
3
3
q 2 i 2 L ( 3.80 10 C ) ( 9.20 10 A ) ( 25.0 10 H )
U =U E +U B =
+
=
+
= 1.98 106 J.
6
2C 2 2 ( 7.80 10 F )
2
hc
. 106 J
2 198
2U
=
= 126
I=
. 102 A.
L
25.0 103 H
= cos1
FG q IJ = cos FG 380
. 10 C I
J = 46.9 .
. 10 C K
H QK
H 556
1
For = +46.9 the charge on the capacitor is decreasing, for = 46.9 it is increasing.
To check this, we calculate the derivative of q with respect to time, evaluated for t = 0.
We obtain Q sin , which we wish to be positive. Since sin(+46.9) is positive and
sin(46.9) is negative, the correct value for increasing charge is = 46.9.
(e) Now we want the derivative to be negative and sin to be positive. Thus, we take
= +46.9.
20. (a) From V = IXC we find = I/CV. The period is then T = 2/ = 2CV/I = 46.1 s.
(b) The maximum energy stored in the capacitor is
1
1
U E = CV 2 = (2.20 107 F)(0.250 V) 2 = 6.88 109 J .
2
2
(c) The maximum energy stored in the inductor is also U B = LI 2 / 2 = 6.88 nJ .
(d) We apply Eq. 30-35 as V = L(di/dt)max . We can substitute L = CV2/I2 (combining
what we found in part (a) with Eq. 31-4) into Eq. 30-35 (as written above) and solve for
(di/dt)max . Our result is
V
V
I2
(7.50 103 A) 2
di
=
=
=
=
= 1.02 103 A/s .
2
2
7
CV (2.20 10 F)(0.250 V)
dt max L CV / I
1
21. (a) The charge (as a function of time) is given by q = Q sin t , where Q is the
maximum charge on the capacitor and is the angular frequency of oscillation. A sine
function was chosen so that q = 0 at time t = 0. The current (as a function of time) is
dq
= Q cos t ,
dt
i=
and at t = 0, it is I = Q. Since = 1/ LC ,
Q = I LC = 2.00 A
. 10
g c3.00 10 Hhc2.70 10 Fh = 180
3
C.
q 2 Q 2 sin 2 t
=
2C
2C
b g
b g
The greatest rate of change occurs when sin(2t) = 1 or 2t = /2 rad. This means
t=
=
LC =
4 4
4
( 3.00 10
(c) Substituting = 2/T and sin(2t) = 1 into dUE/dt = (Q2/2C) sin(2t), we obtain
FG dU IJ
H dt K
E
max
2 Q 2 Q 2
=
=
.
2TC
TC
Now T = 2 LC = 2
FG dU IJ
H dt K
max
180
. 104 C
s, so
We note that this is a positive result, indicating that the energy in the capacitor is indeed
increasing at t = T/8.
1 Q 1 CV
V
L = = max = C max = ( 4.00 106 F )
C I C I
I
1.50V
3
= 3.60 10 H.
3
50.0 10 A
1
2 LC
c3.60 10 Hhc4.00 10 Fh
3
. 103 Hz.
= 133
(c) Referring to Fig. 31-1, we see that the required time is one-fourth of a period (where
the period is the reciprocal of the frequency). Consequently,
t=
1
1
1
. 104 s.
T=
=
= 188
3
4
4 f 4 133
. 10 Hz
23. The loop rule, for just two devices in the loop, reduces to the statement that the
magnitude of the voltage across one of them must equal the magnitude of the voltage
across the other. Consider that the capacitor has charge q and a voltage (which well
consider positive in this discussion) V = q/C. Consider at this moment that the current in
the inductor at this moment is directed in such a way that the capacitor charge is
increasing (so i = +dq/dt). Eq. 30-35 then produces a positive result equal to the V across
the capacitor: V = L(di/dt), and we interpret the fact that di/dt > 0 in this discussion to
mean that d(dq/dt)/dt = d2q/dt2 < 0 represents a deceleration of the charge-buildup
process on the capacitor (since it is approaching its maximum value of charge). In this
way we can check the signs in Eq. 31-11 (which states q/C = L d2q/dt2) to make sure
we have implemented the loop rule correctly.
24. The assumption stated at the end of the problem is equivalent to setting = 0 in Eq.
2
/ 2C ,
31-25. Since the maximum energy in the capacitor (each cycle) is given by qmax
where qmax is the maximum charge (during a given cycle), then we seek the time for
which
2
qmax
1 Q2
Q
.
=
qmax =
2C 2 2C
2
Now qmax (referred to as the exponentially decaying amplitude in 31-5) is related to Q
(and the other parameters of the circuit) by
qmax = Qe Rt / 2 L ln
FG q IJ = Rt .
H Q K 2L
max
FG IJ
H K
2L
q
2L
ln max =
ln
R
Q
R
FG 1 IJ = L ln 2 .
H 2K R
25. Since ', we may write T = 2/ as the period and = 1/ LC as the angular
frequency. The time required for 50 cycles (with 3 significant figures understood) is
2
t = 50T = 50 = 50 2 LC = 50 2
= 0.5104s.
( 220 10 H )(12.0 10 F) )
3
The maximum charge on the capacitor decays according to q max = Qe Rt / 2 L (this is called
the exponentially decaying amplitude in 31-5), where Q is the charge at time t = 0 (if we
take = 0 in Eq. 31-25). Dividing by Q and taking the natural logarithm of both sides, we
obtain
q
Rt
ln max =
2L
Q
which leads to
FG IJ
H K
R=
2 L qmax
ln
t
Q
2 ( 220 103 H )
0.5104s
26. The charge q after N cycles is obtained by substituting t = NT = 2N/' into Eq.
31-25:
q = Qe Rt / 2 L cos ( t + ) = Qe RNT / 2 L cos ( 2N / ) +
= Qe
RN 2 L / C / 2 L
= Qe N R
C/L
cos ( 2N + )
cos .
We note that the initial charge (setting N = 0 in the above expression) is q0 = Q cos ,
where q0 = 6.2 C is given (with 3 significant figures understood). Consequently, we
write the above result as qN = q0 exp N R C / L .
(c) For N = 100, q100 = ( 6.2 C ) exp 100 ( 7.2 ) 0.0000032F/12H = 1.93 C.
27. Let t be a time at which the capacitor is fully charged in some cycle and let qmax 1 be
the charge on the capacitor then. The energy in the capacitor at that time is
2
qmax
Q 2 Rt / L
1
U (t ) =
=
e
2C
2C
where
qmax1 = Qe Rt / 2 L
(see the discussion of the exponentially decaying amplitude in 31-5). One period later
the charge on the fully charged capacitor is
qmax 2 = Qe R (t +T )2 / L
where T =
2
,
'
2
qmax
Q 2 R ( t +T ) / L
2
=
.
e
2C
2C
Assuming that RT/L is very small compared to 1 (which would be the case if the
resistance is small), we expand the exponential (see Appendix E). The first few terms are:
e
RT / L
RT R 2 T 2
1
+
+
L
2 L2
RT 2R
=
.
L
L
m
R
30.0 V
= 0.600 A .
50.0
(b) Regardless of the frequency of the generator, the current is the same, I = 0.600 A .
29. (a) The inductive reactance for angular frequency d is given by X L = d L , and the
capacitive reactance is given by XC = 1/dC. The two reactances are equal if dL = 1/dC,
or d = 1/ LC . The frequency is
fd =
d
2
1
1
=
= 6.5 102 Hz.
3
6
2 LC 2 (6.010 H)(10 10 F)
31. (a) The current amplitude I is given by I = VL/XL, where XL = dL = 2fdL. Since the
circuit contains only the inductor and a sinusoidal generator, VL = m. Therefore,
I=
VL
30.0V
= m =
= 0.0955A = 95.5 mA.
X L 2f d L 2(1.00103 Hz)(50.0 103 H)
(b) The frequency is now eight times larger than in part (a), so the inductive reactance XL
is eight times larger and the current is one-eighth as much. The current is now
I = (0.0955 A)/8 = 0.0119 A = 11.9 mA.
32. (a) The circuit consists of one generator across one capacitor; therefore, m = VC.
Consequently, the current amplitude is
I=
m
XC
(b) When the current is at a maximum, the charge on the capacitor is changing at its
largest rate. This happens not when it is fully charged (qmax), but rather as it passes
through the (momentary) states of being uncharged (q = 0). Since q = CV, then the
voltage across the capacitor (and at the generator, by the loop rule) is zero when the
current is at a maximum. Stated more precisely, the time-dependent emf (t) and current
i(t) have a = 90 phase relation, implying (t) = 0 when i(t) = I. The fact that = 90
= /2 rad is used in part (c).
(c) Consider Eq. 32-28 with = 21 m . In order to satisfy this equation, we require
sin(dt) = 1/2. Now we note that the problem states that is increasing in magnitude,
which (since it is already negative) means that it is becoming more negative. Thus,
differentiating Eq. 32-28 with respect to time (and demanding the result be negative) we
must also require cos(dt) < 0. These conditions imply that t must equal (2n 5/6) [n
= integer]. Consequently, Eq. 31-29 yields (for all values of n)
3
5
2
i = I sin 2n
+ = (3.91 103 A)
= 3.38 10 A,
2
6
2
or | i | = 3.38 102 A.
dt /4 = (/2) 2n [n = integer].
The first time this occurs after t = 0 is when dt /4 = /2 (that is, n = 0). Therefore,
t=
3
3
=
= 6.73 103 s .
4 d 4(350 rad / s)
m
30.0V
=
= 0138
.
H.
3
I d (620 10 A)(350 rad / s)
34. (a) The circuit consists of one generator across one inductor; therefore, m = VL. The
current amplitude is
I=
m
XL
m
25.0 V
=
= 5.22 103 A .
d L (377 rad/s)(12.7 H)
(b) When the current is at a maximum, its derivative is zero. Thus, Eq. 30-35 gives L = 0
at that instant. Stated another way, since (t) and i(t) have a 90 phase difference, then (t)
must be zero when i(t) = I. The fact that = 90 = /2 rad is used in part (c).
(c) Consider Eq. 31-28 with = m / 2 . In order to satisfy this equation, we require
sin(dt) = 1/2. Now we note that the problem states that is increasing in magnitude,
which (since it is already negative) means that it is becoming more negative. Thus,
differentiating Eq. 31-28 with respect to time (and demanding the result be negative) we
must also require cos(dt) < 0. These conditions imply that t must equal (2n 5/6) [n
= integer]. Consequently, Eq. 31-29 yields (for all values of n)
FG
H
i = I sin 2n
IJ
K
F I
GH JK
3
5
= (5.22 103 A)
= 4.51 103 A .
2
6 2
35. (a) Now XL = 0, while R = 200 and XC = 1/2fdC = 177 . Therefore, the
impedance is
Z = R 2 + X C2 = (200 ) 2 + (177 ) 2 = 267 .
=tan 1
1 0 177
= 41.5
= tan
200
m
Z
36.0 V
= 0.135 A .
267
36. (a) The graph shows that the resonance angular frequency is 25000 rad/s, which
means (using Eq. 31-4)
C = (2L)1 = [(25000)2 200 106]1 = 8.0 F.
(b) The graph also shows that the current amplitude at resonance is 4.0 A, but at
resonance the impedance Z becomes purely resistive (Z = R) so that we can divide the
emf amplitude by the current amplitude at resonance to find R: 8.0/4.0 = 2.0 .
37. (a) Now XC = 0, while R = 200 and XL = L = 2fdL = 86.7 remain unchanged.
Therefore, the impedance is
Z = R 2 + X L2 = (200 ) 2 + (86.7 ) 2 = 218 .
= tan 1
1 86.7 0
= 23.4 .
= tan
200
m
Z
36.0 V
= 0.165 A .
218
(d) We first find the voltage amplitudes across the circuit elements:
VR = IR = (0.165 A)(200 ) 33V
VL = IX L = (0.165A)(86.7) 14.3V
This is an inductive circuit, so m leads I. The phasor diagram is drawn to scale below.
1
1
1
=
=
= 37.9 .
d C 2f d C 2(60.0 z)(70.0 106 F)
= tan 1
(c) The current amplitude is
I=
1 86.7 37.9
= 13.7 .
= tan
200
m
Z
36.0 V
= 0.175A.
206
(d) We first find the voltage amplitudes across the circuit elements:
VR = IR = (0.175 A)(200 ) = 35.0 V
VL = IX L = (0.175 A)(86.7 ) = 15.2 V
VC = IX C = (0.175 A)(37.9 ) = 6.62 V
Note that X L > X C , so that m leads I. The phasor diagram is drawn to scale below.
40. (a) The circuit has a resistor and a capacitor (but no inductor). Since the capacitive
reactance decreases with frequency, then the asymptotic value of Z must be the resistance:
R = 500 .
(b) We describe three methods here (each using information from different points on the
graph):
method 1: At d = 50 rad/s, we have Z 700 which gives C = (d Z2 - R2 )1 = 41 F.
method 2: At d = 50 rad/s, we have XC 500 which gives C = (d XC)1 = 40 F.
method 3: At d = 250 rad/s, we have XC 100 which gives C = (d XC)1 = 40 F.
rms
Z
rms
R +X
2
2
L
420 V
( 45.0 ) + ( 32.0 )
2
= 7.61A.
42. A phasor diagram very much like Fig. 31-11(d) leads to the condition:
VL VC = (6.00 V)sin(30) = 3.00 V.
With the magnitude of the capacitor voltage at 5.00 V, this gives a inductor voltage
magnitude equal to 8.00 V. Since the capacitor and inductor voltage phasors are 180 out
of phase, the potential difference across the inductor is 8.00 V .
43. The resistance of the coil is related to the reactances and the phase constant by Eq.
31-65. Thus,
X L X C d L 1/ d C
= tan ,
=
R
R
which we solve for R:
R=
1
1
1
1
(2)(930 Hz(8.8 102 H)
d L
=
6
tan
(2)(930 Hz)(0.94 10 F
d C tan 75
= 89 .
44. (a) A sketch of the phasors would be very much like Fig. 31-9(c) but with the label
IC on the green arrow replaced with VR.
(b) We have I R = I XC, or
I R = I XC R =
which yields f =
1
d C
d
1
1
=
=
= 159 Hz .
2 2 RC 2 (50.0 )(2.00 105 F)
45. (a) For a given amplitude m of the generator emf, the current amplitude is given by
I=
m
R + ( d L 1/ d C ) 2
2
We find the maximum by setting the derivative with respect to d equal to zero:
LM
N
dI
1
= ( E ) m [ R 2 + ( d L 1 / d C ) 2 ]3/ 2 d L
dC
d d
OP LM L + 1 OP .
Q N CQ
2
d
m
R
30.0 V
= 6.00 A .
5.00
m
R + ( d L 1/ d C )
2
m
2R
FG
H
1
dL
dC
IJ
K
= 3R 2 .
Taking the square root of both sides (acknowledging the two roots) and multiplying by
d C , we obtain
2d ( LC ) d
3CR 1 = 0 .
2 =
1 =
1 2 228rad/s 219rad/s
=
= 0.040.
224 rad/s
0
46. (a) With both switches closed (which effectively removes the resistor from the
circuit), the impedance is just equal to the (net) reactance and is equal to
Xnet = (12 V)/(0.447 A) = 26.85 .
With switch 1 closed but switch 2 open, we have the same (net) reactance as just
discussed, but now the resistor is part of the circuit; using Eq. 31-65 we find
R=
X net 26.85
=
= 100 .
tan
tan15
(b) For the first situation described in the problem (both switches open) we can reverse
our reasoning of part (a) and find
Xnet first = R tan = (100 ) tan(30.9) = 59.96 .
We observe that the effect of switch 1 implies
XC = Xnet Xnet firsrt = 26.85 (59.96 ) = 86.81 .
Then Eq. 31-39 leads to C = 1/XC = 30.6 F.
(c) Since Xnet = XL XC , then we find L = XL/ = 301 mH .
47. (a) Yes, the voltage amplitude across the inductor can be much larger than the
amplitude of the generator emf.
(b) The amplitude of the voltage across the inductor in an RLC series circuit is given by
VL = IX L = I d L . At resonance, the driving angular frequency equals the natural angular
frequency: d = = 1/ LC . For the given circuit
XL =
L
1.0 H
=
= 1000 .
LC
(1.0 H)(1.0 106 F)
At resonance the capacitive reactance has this same value, and the impedance reduces
simply: Z = R. Consequently,
I=
m
Z
=
resonance
m
R
10 V
= 1.0 A .
10
48. (a) A sketch of the phasors would be very much like Fig. 31-10(c) but with the label
IL on the green arrow replaced with VR.
(b) We have VR = VL, which implies
I R = I XL R = d L
which yields f = d/2 = R/2L = 318 Hz.
(c) = tan1(VL /VR) = +45.
(d) d = R/L = 2.00103 rad/s.
(e) I = (6 V)/ R2 + XL2 = 3/(40 2) 53.0 mA.
1 2 2 3CR LC
3C
.
=
=R
2 LC
L
= 5.00
g c
h = 387
. 10
3 20.0 106 F
100
. H
This is in agreement with the result of Problem 31-45. The method of Problem 31-45,
however, gives only one significant figure since two numbers close in value are
subtracted (1 2). Here the subtraction is done algebraically, and three significant
figures are obtained.
1
1
=
= 16.6 .
2fC 2(400 Hz)(24.0 106 F)
Z = R 2 + ( X L X C ) 2 = R 2 + (2fL X C ) 2
= (220 ) 2 + [2(400 Hz)(150 103 H) 16.6 ]2 = 422 .
(c) The current amplitude is
I=
m
Z
220 V
= 0.521 A .
422
51. (a) Since Leq = L1 + L2 and Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 for the circuit, the resonant frequency
is
1
1
=
=
2 Leq Ceq 2 L1 + L2 C1 + C2 + C3
gb
hc
= 796 Hz.
(b) The resonant frequency does not depend on R so it will not change as R increases.
(c) Since (L1 + L2)1/2, it will decrease as L1 increases.
(d) Since Ceq1/2 and Ceq decreases as C3 is removed, will increase.
53. The average power dissipated in resistance R when the current is alternating is given
2
by Pavg = I rms
R, where Irms is the root-mean-square current. Since I rms = I / 2 , where I is
the current amplitude, this can be written Pavg = I2R/2. The power dissipated in the same
resistor when the current id is direct is given by P = id2 R. Setting the two powers equal to
each other and solving, we obtain
id =
2.60 A
I
. A.
=
= 184
2
2
54. Since the impedance of the voltmeter is large, it will not affect the impedance of the
circuit when connected in parallel with the circuit. So the reading will be 100 V in all
three cases.
(12.0 ) + (1.30 0 )
2
= 12.1 .
2
rms
R
Z2
56. This circuit contains no reactances, so rms = IrmsRtotal. Using Eq. 31-71, we find the
average dissipated power in resistor R is
PR = I
2
rms
F IJ
R=G
H r + RK
m
R.
2
dPR m ( r + R ) 2 ( r + R ) R m ( r R )
=
=
=0 R=r
4
3
dR
(r + R)
(r + R)
57. (a) The power factor is cos , where is the phase constant defined by the expression
i = I sin(t ). Thus, = 42.0 and cos = cos( 42.0) = 0.743.
(b) Since < 0, t > t. The current leads the emf.
(c) The phase constant is related to the reactance difference by tan = (XL XC)/R. We
have
tan = tan( 42.0) = 0.900,
a negative number. Therefore, XL XC is negative, which leads to XC > XL. The circuit in
the box is predominantly capacitive.
(d) If the circuit were in resonance XL would be the same as XC, tan would be zero, and
would be zero. Since is not zero, we conclude the circuit is not in resonance.
(e) Since tan is negative and finite, neither the capacitive reactance nor the resistance
are zero. This means the box must contain a capacitor and a resistor.
(f) The inductive reactance may be zero, so there need not be an inductor.
(g) Yes, there is a resistor.
(h) The average power is
Pavg =
gb
gb
1
1
m I cos = 75.0 V 120
. A 0.743 = 33.4 W.
2
2
(i) The answers above depend on the frequency only through the phase constant , which
is given. If values were given for R, L and C then the value of the frequency would also
be needed to compute the power factor.
m
Z
m
R 2 + ( d L 1/ d C )
45.0 V
(16.0 )
= 1.93A
and
X L XC
1 d L 1/ d C
= tan
R
R
1
= tan 1
16.0
( 3000 rad/s )(16.0 )( 31.2 F )
= 46.5.
= tan 1
vc (t ) = Vc sin(d t / 2) = Vc cos(d t )
= i = ivc
dt 2C C
I
I2
cos
sin 2 (d t )
t
= I sin (d t )
( d )
2
C
C
d
d
(1.93A )
sin 2 ( 3000 rad/s )( 0.442 ms ) 2 ( 46.5 )
=
2 ( 3000 rad/s ) ( 31.2 106 F )
2
= 17.0 W.
(c) The rate at which the energy in the inductor changes is
d 1 2
di
d
1
2
Li = Li = LI sin ( d t ) I sin ( d t ) = d LI sin 2 ( d t )
dt 2
dt
dt
2
1
2
= ( 3000 rad/s )(1.93A ) ( 9.20 mH ) sin 2 ( 3000 rad/s )( 0.442 ms ) 2 ( 46.5 )
2
= 44.1 W.
PL =
= 14.4 W.
(e) Equal. PL + PR + Pc = 44.1W 17.0 W + 14.4 W = 41.5 W = Pg .
m2 R
Pavg =
2Z 2
where Z = R 2 + d L 1 / d C
m2 R
2
2 R 2 + ( d L 1/ d C )
is the impedance.
(a) Considered as a function of C, Pavg has its largest value when the factor
2
R 2 + (d L 1/ d C ) has the smallest possible value. This occurs for d L = 1/ d C , or
C=
L
2
d
= 117
. 104 F.
m2
2R
( 30.0 V ) = 90.0 W.
Pavg =
2 ( 5.00 )
2
(d) At maximum power, the reactances are equal: XL = XC. The phase angle in this case
may be found from
X XC
tan = L
= 0,
R
which implies = 0 .
(e) At maximum power, the power factor is cos = cos 0 = 1.
(f) The minimum average power is Pavg = 0 (as it would be for an open switch).
(g) On the other hand, at minimum power XC 1/C is infinite, which leads us to set
tan = . In this case, we conclude that = 90.
(h) At minimum power, the power factor is cos = cos(90) = 0.
60. (a) The power consumed by the light bulb is P = I2R/2. So we must let Pmax/Pmin =
(I/Imin)2 = 5, or
FG I IJ = FG
H I K H
2
min
IJ = FG Z IJ = FG
K H Z K GH
/ Z min
m / Z max
m
min
max
R 2 + Lmax
g IJ
JK
2
= 5.
2 120 V / 1000 W
=
=
= 7.64 102 H.
2 60.0 Hz
2R
FG R
H
+ Rbulb
Rbulb
b120 Vg = 17.8 .
= d 5 1i
1000 W
max
or
Rmax =
5 1 Rbulb
IJ
K
= 5,
(d) This is not done because the resistors would consume, rather than temporarily store,
electromagnetic energy.
rms
rms
R 2 + ( 2fL 1/ 2fC )
75.0V
(15.0 )
= 2.59A.
I rms
2.59A
=
= 159 V .
2fC 2 ( 550 Hz )( 4.70 F )
( 38.8 V ) + ( 64.2 V )
2
(g) For R,
V 2 ( 38.8 V )
PR = ab =
= 100 W.
R
15.0
2
= 75.0 V
F N I = b120 Vg FG 10 IJ = 2.4 V.
GH N JK
H 500K
s
Vs 2.4 V
=
= 016
. A.
Rs 15
F N I = b016
10 I
JK = 3.2 10
GH N JK . Ag FGH 500
s
A.
c
h
. A gb2gb0.30 g = 19
. V.
R = b3125
. A gb2gb0.60 g = 5.9 W.
R = b3125
. A.
65. (a) The rms current in the cable is I rms = P / Vt = 250 103 W / 80 103 V = 3125
Therefore, the rms voltage drop is V = I rms
2
(b) The rate of energy dissipation is Pd = I rms
. A
(d) Pd = 3125
g b0.60 g = 5.9 10 W.
2
(e) I rms = 250 103 W/ ( 0.80 103 V ) = 312.5 A , so V = ( 312.5 A )( 0.60 ) = 1.9 102 V .
(f) Pd = ( 312.5 A ) ( 0.60 ) = 5.9 104 W.
2
2
Reff = Pmechanical , or
66. (a) The effective resistance Reff satisfies I rms
Reff =
gb
0100
.
hp 746 W / hp
Pmechanical
=
= 177 .
2
2
I rms
0.650 A
(b) This is not the same as the resistance R of its coils, but just the effective resistance for
2
power transfer from electrical to mechanical form. In fact I rms
R would not give Pmechanical
but rather the rate of energy loss due to thermal dissipation.
67. (a) We consider the following combinations: V12 = V1 V2, V13 = V1 V3, and V23
= V2 V3. For V12,
V12 = A sin( d t ) A sin ( d t 120 ) = 2 A sin
where we use
3 A cos d t 60
and
2 d t 360
120
V23 = A sin( d t 120) A sin ( d t 240) = 2 A sin
cos
2
2
= 3 A cos ( d t 180 )
3A .
m
I
125 V
= 39.1 .
3.20 A
m cos
I
(c) Since X L X C sin = sin 0.982 rad , we conclude that XL < XC. The circuit is
predominantly capacitive.
= tan 1
FG V
H
FG
H
IJ
K
IJ
K
V VL / 2.00
VC
= tan 1 L
= tan 1 100
. = 45.0 .
R
VL / 2.00
b g
m cos
I
73. (a) We solve L from Eq. 31-4, using the fact that = 2f:
L=
1
1
=
2
2
3
4 f C 4 10.4 10 Hz
h c340 10 Fh
2
= 6.89 107 H.
(b) The total energy may be calculated from the inductor (when the current is at
maximum):
2
1
1
U = LI 2 = 6.89 107 H 7.20 103 A = 179
. 1011 J.
2
2
hc
hc
74. (a) With a phase constant of 45 the (net) reactance must equal the resistance in the
circuit, which means the circuit impedance becomes
Z = R 2 R = Z/ 2 = 707 .
(b) Since f = 8000 Hz then d = 2(8000) rad/s. The net reactance (which, as observed,
must equal the resistance) is therefore XL XC = dL (dC)1 = 707 . We are also
told that the resonance frequency is 6000 Hz, which (by Eq. 31-4) means
C=
L
2
1
1
1
= 2 2 = 2
.
2
(2 f ) L 4 f L 4 (6000 Hz)2 L
Substituting this in for C in our previous expression (for the net reactance) we obtain an
equation that can be solved for the self-inductance. Our result is L = 32.2 mH.
(c) C = ((2(6000))2L)1 = 21.9 nF.
= tan 1
FG V V IJ = tan FG V (V / 150
. )I
H V K
H (V / 2.00) JK
L
1
1
=
= 2.66 108 F.
3
3
2 fX C 2 4.60 10 Hz 130
. 10
hc
(c) Noting that XL f and XC f 1, we conclude that when f is doubled, XL doubles and
XC reduces by half. Thus, XL = 2(1.30 103 ) = 2.60 103 .
(d) XC = 1.30 103 /2 = 6.50 102 .
90.0 V
I
2.62 A
= 2.62 A I rms =
=
= 1.85 A .
34.36
2
2
Therefore, the rms potential difference across the resistor is VR rms = Irms R = 37.0 V.
(b) Across the capacitor, the rms potential difference is VC rms = Irms XC = 60.9 V.
(c) Similarly, across the inductor, the rms potential difference is VL rms = Irms XL = 113 V.
(d) The average rate of energy dissipation is Pavg = (Irms)2R = 68.6 W.
83. (a) At any time, the total energy U in the circuit is the sum of the energy UE in the
capacitor and the energy UB in the inductor. When UE = 0.500UB (at time t), then UB =
2.00UE and U = UE + UB = 3.00UE. Now, UE is given by q 2 / 2C , where q is the charge
on the capacitor at time t. The total energy U is given by Q 2 / 2C , where Q is the
maximum charge on the capacitor. Thus,
Q 2 3.00q 2
Q
=
q=
= 0.577Q .
2C
2C
3.00
(b) If the capacitor is fully charged at time t = 0, then the time-dependent charge on the
capacitor is given by q = Q cos t . This implies that the condition q = 0.577Q is satisfied
when cost =0.557, or t = 0.955 rad. Since = 2 / T (where T is the period of
oscillation), t = 0.955T / 2 = 0.152T , or t / T = 0.152.
85. (a) The energy stored in the capacitor is given by U E = q 2 / 2C. Since q is a periodic
function of t with period T, so must be UE. Consequently, UE will not be changed over
one complete cycle. Actually, UE has period T/2, which does not alter our conclusion.
(b) Similarly, the energy stored in the inductor is U B = 21 i 2 L . Since i is a periodic
function of t with period T, so must be UB.
(c) The energy supplied by the generator is
g FGH 21 T IJK
I cos
g FGH 21 T IJK I R.
86. (a) We note that we obtain the maximum value in Eq. 31-28 when we set
t=
2 d
1
1
=
= 0.00417 s
4 f 4(60)
b g
= m / I :
6.20 103 A
C=
=
= 5.90 105 F.
m ( 30.0 V )( 350 rad/s )
I
88. (a) The amplifier is connected across the primary windings of a transformer and the
resistor R is connected across the secondary windings.
(b) If Is is the rms current in the secondary coil then the average power delivered to R is
Pavg = I s2 R . Using I s = ( N p / N s ) I p , we obtain
Pavg
F I N IJ
=G
HN K
p
R.
Next, we find the current in the primary circuit. This is effectively a circuit consisting of
a generator and two resistors in series. One resistance is that of the amplifier (r), and the
other is the equivalent resistance Req of the secondary circuit. Therefore,
Ip =
rms
r + Req
rms
r + N p / Ns R
2 ( N p / N s )2 R
r + ( N p / N s ) 2 R
Now, we wish to find the value of Np/Ns such that Pavg is a maximum. For brevity, let x =
(Np/Ns)2. Then
2 Rx
Pavg =
,
2
r + xR
and the derivative with respect to x is
dPavg
2 R r xR
g.
br + xRg
x = r / R = b1000 g / b10 g = 100 . We note that for small x, P
dx
The diagram that follows is a schematic of a transformer with a ten to one turns ratio. An
actual transformer would have many more turns in both the primary and secondary coils.
89. Resonance occurs when the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance.
Reactances of a certain type add (in series) just like resistances did in Chapter 28. Thus,
since the resonance values are the same for both circuits, we have for each circuit:
L1 =
1
,
C1
L2 =
1
C2
( L1 + L2 ) =
1 1
1
+ .
C1 C2
1
resonance in the combined circuit.
Ceq
90. When switch S1 is closed and the others are open, the inductor is essentially out of the
circuit and what remains is an RC circuit. The time constant is C = RC. When switch S2
is closed and the others are open, the capacitor is essentially out of the circuit. In this case,
what we have is an LR circuit with time constant L = L/R. Finally, when switch S3 is
closed and the others are open, the resistor is essentially out of the circuit and what
remains is an LC circuit that oscillates with period T = 2 LC . Substituting L = RL and
C = C/R, we obtain T = 2 C L .
91. When the switch is open, we have a series LRC circuit involving just the one
capacitor near the upper right corner. Eq. 31-65 leads to
1
d C
= tan o = tan(20) = tan 20.
R
d L
Now, when the switch is in position 1, the equivalent capacitance in the circuit is 2C. In
this case, we have
1
d L
2 d C
= tan 1 = tan10.0.
R
Finally, with the switch in position 2, the circuit is simply an LC circuit with current
amplitude
I2 =
Z LC
1
d L C
d
1 L
d
d C
where we use the fact that ( d C ) 1 > d L in simplifying the square root (this fact is
evident from the description of the first situation, when the switch was open). We solve
for L, R and C from the three equations above, and the results are
(a) R =
m
120V
=
= 165 .
I 2 tan o (2.00 A) tan (20.0)
(b) L =
m
tan 1
120 V
tan10.0
1 2
=
1 2
= 0.313 H .
tan o 2(60.0 Hz)(2.00 A)
tan (20.0)
d I 2
(c)
C=
I2
2.00 A
=
2d m (1 tan 1 / tan 0 ) 2(2)(60.0 Hz)(120 V) (1 tan10.0 / tan(20.0) )
= 1.49 105 F
= I LC = 1.27 106 C .
q 2 Q2
(sin t ) 2 .
=
2C 2C
Differentiating and using the fact that 2 sin cos = sin 2, we obtain
dU E Q 2
=
sin 2t .
2C
dt
We find the maximum value occurs whenever sin 2t = 1 , which leads (with n = odd
integer) to
1 n n n
t=
=
=
LC = 8.31 105 s, 2.49 104 s, .
4
2 2 4
FG dU IJ
H dt K
max
I LC
Q2
=
=
2C
2C
I
I2
=
2
LC
L
= 5.44 103 J / s .
C
93. (a) We observe that = 6597 rad/s, and, consequently, XL = 594 and XC = 303 .
Since XL > XC, the phase angle is positive: = +60.0 .
From Eq. 31-65, we obtain R =
X L XC
= 168 .
tan
(b) Since we are already on the high side of resonance, increasing f will only decrease
the current further, but decreasing f brings us closer to resonance and, consequently, large
values of I.
(c) Increasing L increases XL, but we already have XL > XC. Thus, if we wish to move
closer to resonance (where XL must equal XC), we need to decrease the value of L.
(d) To change the present condition of XC < XL to something closer to XC = XL (resonance,
large current), we can increase XC. Since XC depends inversely on C, this means
decreasing C.
94. (a) We observe that d = 12566 rad/s. Consequently, XL = 754 and XC = 199 .
Hence, Eq. 31-65 gives
X XC
= tan 1 L
= 122
. rad .
R
FG
H
IJ
K
m
R2 + ( X L X C )2
= 0.288 A .
1
= 7.08 103 H.
2C
96. (a) From Eq. 31-4, with = 2f , C = 2.00 nF and L = 2.00 mH, we have
f =
1
= 7.96 104 Hz.
2 LC
VC
= Cvmax = 4.00 10 3 A.
XC
1 2
Limax = 1.60 108 J.
2
(d) Adapting Eq. 30-35 to the notation of this chapter, vmax = L | di / dt |max , which yields a
(maximum) time rate of change (for i) equal to 2.00103 A/s.
97. Reading carefully, we note that the driving frequency of the source is permanently set
at the resonance frequency of the initial circuit (with switches open); it is set at d =
1/ LC = 1.58 104 rad/s and does not correspond to the resonance frequency once the
switches are closed. In our table, below, Ceq is in F, f is in kHz, and Req and Z are in .
Steady state conditions are assumed in calculating the current amplitude (which is in
amperes); this I is the current through the source (or through the inductor), as opposed to
the (generally smaller) current in one of the resistors. Resonant frequencies f are
computed with = 2f. Reducing capacitor and resistor combinations is explained in
chapters 26 and 28, respectively.
switch
S1
S2
S3
S4
(a)
Ceq(F)
4.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
(b)
f(kHz)
1.78
1.59
1.59
1.59
(c)
Req()
12.0
12.0
6.0
4.0
(d)
Z()
19.8
22.4
19.9
19.4
(e)
I (A)
0.605
0.535
0.603
0.619