Art Law Research Resources: An Introduction

Author(s): Erin Elliott

Source: Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America, Vol. 30,
No. 2 (Fall 2011), pp. 80-88
Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Art Libraries Society of North
America

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ArtLaw ResearchResources:An Introduction

ErinElliott
Thelaw,in theformofcourtdecisionsand legislation,
canhave a profoundeffect
on theartworld. Researchinvolvinglegalsource
materialshelpsresearchers
understandor explainthecurrent
situationin manyaspectsofart,such as copyright
and censorship,
a
art
the
most
authoritative
information.
This
article
describes
number
of
resources
librarians
can
use to findand
by providing
and
sources
without
The
resources
here
have
been used at
interpret
primary secondarylegal
expensivesubscriptions.
presented
theSotheby'sInstitute
ofArt,a smallgraduateartschool,to assiststudentstakingartlaw courses.

and interpreting
theseprimaryresourcescan be intimidating.
Artlaw researchinvolvesworkingwithsourcesunfamiliar
to
In 2008 the artistRichardPrinceused forty-one
images mostartlibrarians
as well as thechallengeofparsingand navitakendirectly
fromthebook Yes,Rasta,a collectionof photogatingoftendenselegallanguagefoundin thesourcematerial.
Patrick
Cariou,in a seriesofpaintingsentitledCanal
graphsby
Thereare a numberof ways to searchforand use legal
Zone.Theworkswereexhibited
byGagosianGallerywitheight materialgenerallyoutsidetheusual artresearchpurview.The
workssellingfora totalof morethan$10,000,000.
Princedid
resources
wereselectedbased on severalyearsexperipresented
notask Cariou'spermission
to use thephotographs
and did not ence
and assistingstudentstakingartlaw
with
faculty
working
withdrawtheworksfromsale whenCariousentnoticethathe
withlimitedfunds.
coursesata smallgraduateartschoollibrary
was suingRichardPrinceand GagosianGalleryforcopyright Whilenot
offersome of themore
exhaustive,the descriptions
A New YorkfederalcourtruledinMarch2011that
infringement.
and
accessiblelegalresearchoptionsforbothprimary
financially
Prince'sworksdid not sufficiently
transform
Cariou's photosources.
The
online
resources
featured
are
either
free
secondary
graphsforfair-useexceptionsto apply.1Prince'sworkswere ofcostoravailableat manyacademiclibraries.
consideredtohaveusurpedthemarketforCariou'sphotograph
Tobetter
anothercaseis usedthroughout
compareresources,
editions.Indeed,a gallerycancelledan upcomingexhibition
of
ArtFoundation,
thisarticle.Massachusetts
MuseumofContemporary
Cariou'sworksoverconcerntheywould appear derivativeof Inc.v. Bchel3
madeheadlinesin theartworldin 2007and 2008.
thePrincepaintings.
Thejudge orderedall unsoldworksin the This case is
actuallytwo cases, because the initialrulingwas
and noticestobe sentto all ownersofthe
seriestobe destroyed
The MassachusettsMuseum of Contemporary
Art
appealed.4
worksthatsold statingthatitis a violationofcopyright
law for
(MASS MoCA) and Swiss artistChristophBchelenteredinto
the works to be displayed. The PatrickCariou v. RichardPrince, an unwritten
in2005forBchelto createa large-scale
agreement
GagosianGallery,Inc.,LawrenceGagosian,and Rizzali International installation
workat the museum.Due to variousfactors,the
Inc.case demonstrates
thewide-ranging
influence
a
Publications,
installation
was nevercompleted.
MASS MoCA filedsuitagainst
decisionina courtoflaw canhaveon artists,
art
collecgalleries,
Bchelclaimingtherightto exhibittheincompleteinstallation.
an artist'srights,
butitcanalso
tors,andmuseums.Itcanprotect
Bchelfileda counterclaim
and
citingartistrightsofattribution
limitartisticfreedom.In thiscase actualworksand exhibition
topreventthemuseumfromexhibiting
the
integrity,
attempting
Ownerswho paid largesumsarenow
catalogsweredestroyed.
workas itwouldnegatively
affect
his reputapartially
complete
fromlawfullydisplayingorreselling
theirpurchases. tion.The case involved
prevented
ofboththeVisualArtists
interpretations
The artand legal worldsoftenintersect
in thisway.The court
Act
of
1990
and
the
broader
(VARA)5
CopyrightAct.6
cases can be fascinating
and complexand,due to thecommon- Rights
In July2008theUnitedStatesDistrictCourtfortheDistrictof
law systemof legal precedent,
affectthe Massachusetts
theycan profoundly
ruledinfavorofthemuseum,statingthatincomfuture
creationofart,theartcommunity,
and theartmarket.
worksof artwere not coveredby VARA.7This decision
plete
Manyareas of artwritingand researchcan involveeither was appealed,and in January
to theinitial
2010,and contrary
theimpactor potentialinfluenceof thelaw. The ArtLaw and
Massachusetts
District
Courtruling,theappealscourtfoundthat
CulturalProperty
WebsiteInitiative
(ALWI),2a resourcecreated Bchel'smoralrightsqualifiedforprotection
underVARAand
the
International
Art Research(IFAR) in
Foundation
for
by
hisunfinished
workfellwithinthemeaningofa "workofart"as
forover 200 art-related statedin the
2008,providessummaryinformation
Actof1976.8
Copyright
courtcases and atteststo theimportance
and growinginterest
research
on a case can startwitharticlesavailPreliminary
in thearea.Exploringcourtcases,statutes,
and codes can help
able throughtraditional
onlineartand news sourcessuch Art
researchers
understand
orexplainthecurrent
inaspects Full
situation
Text,LexisNexis,and ProQuestNewspapers.The language
of art as diverse as copyrightprotection,
censorship,artist in articlesfromthesesourcesis oftenstraightforward
and easy
ofculturalheritage,
and provenance.
estates,protection
Finding tounderstand.
Another
usefulstarting
pointis IFAR'sArtLaw &

Introduction

80

Volume
Art
Documentation
2 2011
30,Number

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CulturalProperty
WebsiteInitiative
forcase summariescreated
withartresearchers
in mind.The IFARALWI can be a particularlyhelpfulresourceand will be discussedin greaterdetailin
thesecondarysourcessectionbelow.Theinformation
fromthese
sourcescan providea detailedexaminationof the cases and
relatedlaw,but foran informed
and discussion
understanding
ofthecase thecourtdecisionand citedstatutesor codes should
be consultedand reviewed.

Lexis:
Cases

Lexis is a subscription
databasebut one thatis available
academic
institutions
as partof theLexisNexis
throughmany
Academicproduct.It includesUnited States case law from
1790onwardincludingUnitedStatesSupremeCourtdecisions,
CircuitCourtof Appeals decisions,and StateCourtdecisions
fromall courtlevels.It also includesall federallaws and all
statecodes,oftenannotated.
Canadiancasesand legislation
and
limited
international
resourcesarealso available.11
legal
Sources:
Codes
and
Statutes
Cases,
Primary
Most courtdecisionsare in thepublicdomainand availof the able forfreefromvarioussources.Lexis
Legal primarysourcesare "official
pronouncements
thebasic
supplements
lawmakers:
thecourtdecisions,
andregu- courtdocuments
government
legislation
summaries
of
the
cases
by providinghelpful
lationsthatformthebasis ofthelegaldoctrine/'9
Theseinclude and headnotesthat
clearlylistthekeylegalpointsofa case and
theU.S. Constitution,
international
theU.S. Code, and
treaties,
linkdirectly
to therelevantsectionofthecourtdocument.The
statutessuchas theCopyright
Act.Thedistinction
betweencode
Lexisplatform
includeshyperlinks
toreferenced
codesand statand statutecan cause confusion.
A statuteis thefulllegislation utesand to availablebriefsand otherdocumentsrelatedto the
as passed inCongresssuchas theCopyright
Actthatwas passed
case.Perhapsthemostusefulfeature
Lexisprovidesis accessto
in 1976.TheU.S. Code is a compilation
law bysubject.
ofcurrent
Citations
or
Shepard's
"Shepardizing."
SelectingtheShepardize
Variouselementsof the CopyrightAct are locatedunderthe
at
the
of
a
will
case
that
option
topright
bringup a listofresources
appropriate
subjectsectionsoftheU.S. Code. A statutemayend
reference
thatparticular
case.In additiontobeingan invaluable
up in onesectionofthecode orscattered
amongseveralsections. toolforfinding
further
itis also essentialforchecking
material,
Anotherimportant
source
is
case
law in the formof on further
primary
withrespectto thecase- forexampleifan
activity
decisionssuppliedby courts.In theUnitedStates,courtdeci- initialdecisionwas
appealed.
sionsarecontrolled
or influenced
byvalidlaw as laid outin the
The MASS MoCA case highlights
some of thesefeatures.
codes and statutesand by earlierdecisionswithsimilarfactual To findinformation
on the case in Lexis,use the "Look Up a
and legalissues.In theUnitedStates,courtdecisionsareusually
Legal Case" sectionon theinitialEasy Searchscreen(Figure1).
withinthepublicdomain.In thepastfewyearsthismaterialhas
canbe doneusingtheofficial
ifavailable,
casecitation,
Searching
becomeincreasingly
accessible.
one or bothofthepartynames,or a topicsuchas "unfinished
As withall primary
sources,thesecase decisions,codes,and
works."In thisexamplethesearchwillbe doneby partyname
statutesare theultimateauthority.
For seriousresearchon any
and use "Christoph
Bchel."
topic,theaim is to consulttheoriginaland mostauthoritative
ifpossible.For example,a treatment
sourceof information
on
censorshipofartin theUnitedStateswould likelyreferto landmarkcases such as Cincinnati
v. Contemporary
ArtsCenter.
City
v.
Barrie.10
Cincinnati
a
from
controversial
Robert
of
Stemming
in 1990,thiswas thefirst
exhibition
case
Mapplethorpe
obscenity
a
in
museum
and
director
its
the
United
States.
against
Reading
entirecases and statutesmaynotbe necessary.
The conclusion
and backgroundalong withreferenced
sectionsof legislation
mayoftensuffice.
Citingthesesources,however,demonstrates
a thoroughness
ofresearch.
Four resourcesfor access to US primarysources will
be discussed here: Lexis,Justia,Public Libraryof Law, and
GoogleScholar.Therearemanyothersourcesavailable,suchas
Westlaw.However,thefocuswillbe limitedto resourceseasily
accessedoutsidea law library
and at littleorno cost.Ofthefour
Lexisis theonlyone thatrequiresa paid subscription,
resources,
but it providesthemostcomprehensive
Academic
Figure1: LexisNexis
EasySearchscreen.Searchterm"Christoph
coverageforbothUS
Bcheris entered
in oneofthe"byParties"
and international
courtdecisionsand legislation
all enhancedby
fieldsin the"Lookup a Legal
a divisionofReedElsevierInc.
2011LexisNexis,
valuable annotationand navigation.Justiaand PublicLibrary Case" section.Copyright
LexisNexis
andtheKnowledge
Burstlogoareregistered
of Law bothofferbasic presentations
of cases,codes,and stat- AllRightsReserved.
trademarks
ReedElsevier
Inc.andareusedwiththepermission
of
Properties
formats.
utes,buttheyareorganizedand searchablein different
ofLexisNexis.
Scholar
free
access
to
US
court
decisions
with
Google
gives
forcitedcases,but codes and statutes
helpfulcrossreferencing
The results(Figure2) listtwo cases and providethecase
arenotincluded.
thetypeofcourt,and thedate ofthedecinumberor citation,
FortheMASS MoCAexample,thenamesofthetwoparties
sion. By lookingat thetwo resultsone can see thattheinitial
in thesuitwillbe used as starting
searchtermsto demonstrate
decision(casenumber565F.Supp2d 245)thatwas madeJuly11,
the amountand depthof materialthatcan be retrievedoften
was appealed,and theappeal (case number593 F.3d38)
2008,
withrelatively
minimalinformation.
Volume
2 2011 Art
Documentation
30,Number

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81

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Results
S
. Mu$umof Contemporary
/tFound., Inc. v. Ouch!,No. 08-2199. UNITEDSTATES COURTOF APPEALSFOR THE FIRST
CIRCUIT,593 F.3d 38; 2010 U.S. App. LEXIS 1842; 93 U.S.P.Q.2D (BNA) 1632; Copy. L. Rp. (CCH) P29.876, January27. 20107
Decided

Mas*. Museumof Contemporary

ArtFound., Inc. v. Buchel,.. No. 07-300W-MAP,UNITEDSTATES OISTRICTCOURTFOR THE/
DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS,S6S F. Supp. 2d 245; 2008 U.S. Dtit. LEXIS S9S81; Copy. L. Rep. (CCH) P29.637, July11, 28
e' part and vacated part by, Remandedby . Museumof Contemporary
ArtFound., Inc. v. Buchel,2010 U.S.
Decided, Affirmed
App. LEXIS 1842 (1st Cr. Mas., Jan. 27, 2010)

2. Annotated statutes- Lexis not only provides full

textforfederaland state codes and statutes,it also
annotates them to provide easy access to relevant
case decisions and otherresources.
3. Law Reviews and Periodicals- Lexis provides
hyperlinks,usually to the full text of law review
articlescitingthe case.

Se.-eftTtm,, [(HAMEchnttsph
to*l))J (2) vie mrch dcta<U

Academie
listfora search
results
on partyname
Figure2: LexisNexis
"Biichel."
Twocasesarelisted:
theinitial
case,decided
11,2008,andan
July
decided
a division
2011LexisNexis,
27,2010.Copyright
appeal,
January
of
ReedElsevier
Inc.AllRights
Reserved.
LexisNexis
andtheKnowledge
Burst
trademarks
Inc.andareused
logoareregistered
ofReedElsevier
Properties
with
thepermission
ofLexisNexis.
was decidedJanuary
27, 2010.Case numbersare describedin
moredetailin theCitationsectionlaterin thispaper.
A closerlook at the latestdecision(Figure3) shows the
at thetopofthescreen:
information
following
1. Case number/citation.
2. Court.
3. Prioror Subsequenthistory
withhyperlinks
to the
case(s).
4. Case summaryprovided by Lexis including
hyperlinksto the full text of cited codes and
statutes.
5. Indicationof a positiveor negativetreatment.
If
in
the
decision
the
case
has
(red
negative hexagon),
beenchanged,usuallyon appeal.Ifpositive(green
diamond)thedecisionis stillin force.
- producesa listof resourcesthatcite
6. Shepardize
thecase.
The resourcespresentedafterShepardizing(Figure4) may
be in thefollowing
groups:
1. Decisionsthatciteor followthecase in question.

Academic
Figure3: LexisNexis
displayofcase593F3d 38 withkeyelements
2011LexisNexis,
a division
Inc.All
highlighted.
Copyright
ofReedElsevier
LexisNexis
and theKnowledge
Burstlogoare registered
RightsReserved.
trademarks
Inc.andareusedwiththepermission
ofReedElsevier
Properties
ofLexisNexis.

82

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Academic
resultsscreenafterShepardizing
the
Figure4: LexisNexis
MassachusettsMuseum of ContemporaryArt Foundation, Inc.

v. Christoph
Biichelappealcourtdecision.
2011LexisNexis,
Copyright
a division
Inc.All Rights
Reserved.
LexisNexis
andthe
ofReedElsevier
Burst
trademarks
Knowledge
logoareregistered
ofReedElsevier
Properties
Inc.andareusedwiththepermission
ofLexisNexis.
and secondarysources
accesstobothprimary
Wide-ranging
Lexisis oftenpossibleby simplyprovidingthenameof
through
one partyin a case.

Lexis:
andStatutes
Cases
In additionto searching
forcases,Lexisalso providesaccess
to specificstatutesor sectionsof the US and statecodes and
the"US Legal" sectionin theleftmenu.The
regulations
through
U.S. Code is madeup offifty-one
and eachchaptercan
chapters,
comprisemanysections.Code citationsfollowthe patternof
Forexample,theVisual
chapternumberUSCS sectionnumber.

5: LexisNexis
Academic
US Legalsearch
screen
Statutes,
Figure
forFederal
Codes& Regulations.
Browse
Ofnote:International
options
Legalsection,
U.S.Code,Constitution
andCFRand
States
fortheAnnotated
oftheUnited
PublicLawsource
2011LexisNexis,
a division
option.
Copyright
ofReed
Elsevier
Inc.AllRights
Reserved.
LexisNexis
andtheKnowledge
Burst
logo
areregistered
trademarks
Inc.andareusedwith
ofReedElsevier
Properties
thepermission
ofLexisNexis.

Volume30, Number
ArtDocumentation
2 2011

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ArtistsRightsActis includedin Chapter17 (thischaptercovers

section106Aof theU.S. Code, and it is citedas 17
copyright),
USCS 106A. Itwouldbe enteredthiswayas a Lexissearchterm
(Figure5, arrow1). The sectionsigncanbe createdbycopying
and pastingfroma character
Alt+0167,or
map,bythekeystroke
+
6
an
on
Option
Applecomputerkeyboard.
The entireU.S. Code may also be viewedby selectingthe
Browsehyperlink
(Figure5, arrow2) fora listof chaptersthat
expand to list sections.If the exactcode sectionis unknown,
changetheSourceselectionto PublicLaws (Figure5, arrow3)
and thensearchon thepopularnameofthelaw suchas "Visual
Artists
RightsAct."
The statutes,codes,and regulations
presentedin Lexisare
to
withinthe
sources
referenced
supplementedby hyperlinks
code and annotations
added by Lexisthatincluderelatedstatand texts.
utes,law reviewarticles,
forms,
The cases, codes, and statutesare importantprimary
resourcesbut can oftenbe difficult
to read and interpret.
Lexis
assistsunderstanding
and navigatingthematerialbyproviding
case summaries,
embeddedhyperlinks
to citedcodes and statutes with annotationsand Shepardizedlists withhyperlinks
to othercases,statutes,
and full-text
law reviewarticlesthatall
eitherfolloworcitethecase in question.

Justia

ForthesereasonsJustiaand a similarresource,
PublicLibraryof
Law,arerecommended.
InJustia
andcodesaregrouped
cases,constitutions,
statutes,
and thenbytypeofcourtsuchas SupremeCourt
geographically
or CourtofAppeals.Thereis also a basicsearchfunction,
butthis
resourceworksbestwhenexactcase numbersor partynames
are knownor withexactcode or regulation
citations.
Thereare
no annotations,
or hyperlinks.
To locate the
cross-references,
appealed courtdecisionforthe MASS MoCA case, selectUS
Case Law (Figure6), thenthe1stCircuitCases optionunderthe
US CourtofAppeals,theyearof thedecision(2010),and then
themonthofthedecision(January).
Thematerialappearsin the
formissuedbythecourtsorgovernment
offices
(Figure7).

Ternas
Enter'search

lUStiUSLaW

Justia> US Law > US Case Law > US Federal Case Law > US CourtsofAppeals Cases > FirstCircuit

NEW - Receive Justia's FREE DailyNewslettersof Opinion Summariesforthe US Si

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MA Museum of Contemporary Art v. Buchel

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The fulltextof courtdecisionsis oftenavailableforfree,

usually fromthe various courtwebsitesbut oftennot all in
one place or withcross-referencing
of any kind.For example,
1
UnitedStatesCourtofAppeals
theinitialMASS MoCA case can be foundon theUnitedStates
bortheFintCircuit
^^
District
CourtfortheDistrict
ofMassachusetts
and
the
website,12
appeal case is availableon theUnitedStatesCourtofAppeals
fortheFirstCircuitwebsite.13
US courtdecisionsare also availableon thecentralized
PACER(PublicAccesstoCourtElectronic
The PACER Case Locatorwas launchedin
Records)website.14
spring2010 and providesfee-basedaccess to cases frommost
US courts.
is a reliablesourceforalmost
Justia15
(http://law.justia.com)
the same raw courtdocuments.It is updated daily as materialbecomesavailableand is completelyfreeof charge.Justia Figure
7:Justia.com
viewofMassachusetts
MuseumofContemporary
Art
v.
Inc.
court
Bchel
decision.
Foundation,
codes
and
all
for
and
at
states
the
federal
appeal
Christoph
provides
regulations
level in additionto courtdecisionsforboth levels,all witha
moreintuitive
interface
forthenon-legalresearcher
thanPACER.
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ThePublicLibrary
ofLaw16(http://www.plol.org)
is similar
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accesstobothcasesand federaland
offering
statestatutory
law and codes.Materialis locatedthrough
either
thebasic or advancedsearchfunctions
(Figure8) ratherthan
downbycategory
as inJustia.
PublicLibrary
ofLaw also
drilling
offersonlinetutorialsforfindingcases and searchingstatutes.
To accessthefulldocuments
a freeaccountis required.Thedecisionofwhetherto consultPublicLibraryofLaw orJustiamight
dependon theinformation
alreadyat hand and personalpreferencewiththe different
interface
drill-downversus
formats,
keywordsearching.

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2 2011 Art
Documentation
30,Number

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8: PublicLibrary
Figure
ofLawstart
page(http://www.plol.org).
Ofnote:
CaseLawtab,Statutes
tabandtutorials.

Scholar
Google
In November2009,Google made full-text
legal decisions
fromUS federaland statedistrict,
appellate,and supremecourts
available throughGoogle Scholar.17
Google Scholaroffersa
of
and
Public
hybrid Lexis,Justia,
LibraryofLaw. Righton the
Scholar
basic
search
screen
//scholar.
Google
(http:
google.com)
thereis an optionto limita searchto "Legal opinionsand journals" (Figure9).

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scholar'Jf beta
^W

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I I Qoarrh I A-dvano&d

Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Artv Buchel Construing Artists' Rights in the Context of
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Art(Mass
INTRODUCTION
The disputebetweentheMassachusetts MuseumofContemporary
butoriginally
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collaborate,installation
MoCA) and ChristophBuchel overan unfinished,
Ground
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... 2d 526. 535 (SDIJY 2001) (denyingartistsVARAclaimto havecommissionedsculpture
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completed)Intherecentlitigation
VARAinapplicableto theunfinished
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10:Google
andjourScholar,
Figure
fourresults
first
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Bchel."
areforthe
for"Christoph
Ofnote:
firsttworesults
casesandsecond
twoareforlawreview
orjournal
articles.
The "How Cited" tab (Figure 11) is like the Lexis
inthatitshowsothercaseswithdecisions
function
Shepardizing
thathave citedthecase in questionin the "Citedby" section.
The "Relateddocuments"
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Theadvancedsearchscreenallowssearchestobe limitedby
typeorlocationofcourt.
A "Legal opinionsand journals"searchusing "Christoph
Bchel"as thesearchtermyieldsfifteen
results(Figure10).The
firsttwo are thetwo cases,thefollowingitemsare law journal
articles.
The cases will be fulltextbut withoutthe summaryand
headnotesavailablein Lexis.The articlesmay or may not be
fulltext.Lexislistslaw journalarticlesforpublications
available
in its database.GoogleScholarmaybe able to searcha wider
or different
numberoftitles,butchancesare itmaynotlead to
fulltextwithouteithera subscription
to thejournalor a legal
literature
resource.
Therearebenefits
tosearching
bothLexisand
and
if
researchers
should
endeavorto
GoogleScholar,
possible,
doso.
to othercases
GoogleScholarprovideshelpfulhyperlinks
but does not seem to hyperlink
to codes and statutes.In the
MASS MoCAcase,hyperlinks
to VARAand theCopyright
Act
arenotpresent.

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(2008) MASSACHUSETTS MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARYART FOUNDATION.INC. Plaintiff
v ChristophBCHEL. DefendantCA No 07-30089-MAP.... The museums noticewas to make
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MUSEUM CONTEMP ARTFQUN v Buchel - How cited
593 F 3d 38 CourtofAppeals, 1st Circuit.2010 - Google Scholar
593 F 3d 38 (2010) MASSACHUSETTS MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARYARTFOUNDATION.
INC . Plaintiff.
Appellee,v ChristophBCHEL. Defendant.AppellantNo 08-2199 ...Christoph
Bchel is a Swiss visualartistwholivesand worksin Basel. Switzerland...
Citedbv 17 -Related articles

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"Howcited"tabfortheMASSMoCAv.Bchel
Scholar,
Figure
documents"
sections
with
appealcase.Ofnote:"Citedby"and "Related
related
casesandarticles.
Whilenotas robustas Lexis,GoogleScholaris freeand allows
searchingfora particularcase, relatedcases, and relatedlegal
articlessimultaneously.
to expensivelegal resourcesare not necesSubscriptions
for
to
a
access
wide rangeofprimary
sary
legalsources.Google
Scholar,Justia,and PublicLibraryof Law supplycases,codes,
and statutes
freeofcharge.Thevaluableinterpretive
and navigationalcontentadded by Lexisis availableto manyscholarsand
librariansthroughLexisNexisAcademic,a popular subscriptiondatabasethatis moreaffordable
and accessiblethanother
research
resources.
specializedlegal

Volume30, Number
ArtDocumentation
2 2011

This content downloaded from 200.130.19.143 on Sun, 29 Jun 2014 08:27:56 AM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Sources
Secondary
The case summariesand annotatedstatutesmentionedin
theprevioussectioncan provideassistancein deciphering
the
discusprimarysourcematerial.However,forcomprehensive
sions on the implicationsand effectsof cases and legislation,
secondarysourcessuch as law reviewsand journals,treatises,
and casebooksare essential.The languageused in secondary
sourcesis usuallylessdifficult
tounderstand,
and thediscussion
can varyfromtheoretical
topractical.

Law
Reviews
andJournals
Articlesinlaw reviewsandjournalscanbe ofgreatvaluefor
a case and thecodes and statutesinvolved.The
understanding
articleswill usuallyprovidein-depthdiscussionof cases and
statutesin accessiblelanguage.
Law reviewsarea specialtypeoflegaljournal.Law reviews
are usuallyeditedby law studentsand includeimportant
and
on developmentsand theoriesin US law.
timelycommentary
Articlesin law reviewsoftencontaindetailedanalysesof legal
and theyusuallyincludeextensive
topics,relevantliterature,
withcitations
footnotes
forprimary
and secondarysourcematerial.Thesefeatures
canbe ofgreatassistanceduringtheresearch
process.Legal journalsmay also be publishedby bar associationsor legal publishers.The focusin thesejournalsis often
morepracticalthantheoretical.
Some of themostpopularonlinesourcesforlaw reviews
are Lexis, Westlaw,and Hein Online. No single productis
completelycomprehensive,
particularlyfor older (pre-1990s)
material.In additionto thelaw reviewand legaljournaltitles,
Lexis,Westlaw,and Hein Online also featurefootnoteswith
helpfulhyperlinksto the cited resourcewhen available.The
focusin thissectionwillbe on Lexisdue to costand accessibility
considerations.
Lexisoffers
accessto secondarysourcematerial
throughover 500 law reviews,legal newspapers,and magazines.18
Law reviewsand legaljournalscan be searchedin Lexis
menuand then"Law
byselecting"US Legal" fromtheleft-hand
Reviews"fromtheexpandedmenu(Figure12).
Searchingon "ChristophBchel"yieldssevenlaw review
articles(Figure13).Forthisexample,all areavailablein full-text

Cirr-Mrrri
f"

f
"if

>

r<

'

13:LexisNexis
Academic
results
on"Christoph
Bcher
Figure
fora search
inthe"LawReviews"
section.
2011LexisNexis,
a division
Copyright
ofReed
Elsevier
Inc.AllRights
Reserved.
andtheKnowledge
LexisNexis
Burst
logo
areregistered
trademarks
Inc.andareusedwith
ofReedElsevier
Properties
thepermission
ofLexisNexis.
tormat.Dependingon thejournalorreviewtitleand thedateor
thearticle,
Lexismayonlyprovidecitation
information.
Othersourcesof law reviewand legaljournalarticlesare
availablealthoughtheyareusuallynotas comprehensive
as the
servicessuchas LexisandWestlaw.
specializedlegalsubscription
includesmanylegaljourJSTOR'sArts& SciencesIV collection
nalswithcontentdatingbackoverone hundredyears.19
Google
Scholarcanbe used to searchforlegaljournalarticlesusingthe
"legalopinionsand journals"searchoption.GoogleScholaris a
goodstarting
point,buttheabilitytoviewthefulltextforarticles
foundwilloftenrequirea subscription
to therevieworjournal,
a legalliterature
databasesuchas LexisorWestlaw,
or a visitto
a law library
to consultprintholdings.A numberofspecialized
legal periodicalsare availableforfreeonline,such as Cardozo
Arts& Entertainment
Law Journal.20
A shortlistis included on the

resources
websiteprovidedat theend ofthispaper.

Treatises
andArt
LawTexts

Whilelaw reviewsand legal journalsmay providesome

- in particof the mostup-to-datelegal discussions,law texts
- oftenhave the mostthoroughand methodical
ular treatises
A legal treatisecoversa particulararea of law and
treatments.
providesan in-depthanalysisof the subject.Treatisesusually
providetablesofrelevantcasesand statutesas well.An authoriLexisNexisAcademic
tativesourceon almostall aspectsofartlaw is thethree-volume
ArtLaw21by
treatise
TheLerner
Bresler.
RalphLernerand Judith
Breslertreatise
is arrangedbytopicwithrelevantcase commenand manysampledocuments.The
tary,discussionof statutes,
mostrecent(third)editionwas publishedin 2005and does not
includediscussionof theMASS MoCA case,but it does cover
manyaspectsoftheVisualArtists
RightsActand copyright.
Many othertitlesaddressnot onlyartlaw in generalbut
museum
specificsubjectsincludingethics,contracts,
copyright,
and
for
are
issues
auctions.
Casebooks
law,
legal
publishedfor
use in law classesand reprint
fullor abridgedversionsof key
cases withaccompanying
discussionto helpexplaintheimpor^*&d&&&
tantlegalissuesand anynuances.Casebooksalso includetables
A recentart law casebookthat
12:LexisNexis
Academic
screen
USLegalsearch
Figure
fortheLawReviews of cases to assistresearchers.
a division
section.
2011LexisNexis,
Inc.All includesa discussionoftheMASS MoCAcase is ArtLaw:Cases
Copyright
ofReedElsevier
Reserved.
LexisNexis
andtheKnowledge
Burstlogoareregistered andMaterials11
Rights
by Du Boff,Burr,and Murray.TheMASS MoCA
trademarks
Inc.andareusedwith
thepermission case is
Properties
ofReedElsevier
partofthesectiondiscussingtheVisualArtists
RightsAct
ofLexisNexis.
&.'<^!>2&-1
US Legal

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2 2011 Art
Documentotion
30,Number

This content downloaded from 200.130.19.143 on Sun, 29 Jun 2014 08:27:56 AM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

85

CulturalProperty"
A numberofadditionalartlaw titlesand casebooksare
of1990.23
optionthenselecting"Proceedto Case Law
websiteprovidedat theendofthispaper. & Statutes."
listedon theresources
Case information
canbe foundin twoways:
conciseguidesforbothart
The WestNutshellSeriesoffers
law and legal sourcesin generalwithArtLaw in a Nutshell,24
1. Enteringsearchtermsin the site searchbox and
thesearchto "Artlaw."
Legal Researchin
Legal Researchin a Nutshell25and International
limiting
a Nutshell.26
All threetitlesaresmallvolumesupdatedregularly
2. Selectingtheappropriatecategoryfromtheeight
inneweditionsofwell-organized
information
onboththebasics
providedby IFAR.Each categorywill listrelevant
Whiletreatises
and moresophisticated
aspectsoflegalresearch.
statutesand case summaries(notentirecases) for
and casebooksexploreissuesin detail,theWestNutshellSeries
settlements.
decided,pending,and out-of-court
usefulforexplainingbroaderconcepts
books are particularly
in the "Copyright,
information27
is
The MASS MoCA case
ortreaties.
suchas different
levelsofcourts,codes,regulations,
MoralRights,and OtherIssues" section.UnlikeLexis,Google
and PLOL, theIFARsitedoes notprovidethefull
Art
Website
Initiative
IFAR:
Law
&Cultural
Scholar,
(ALWI)
Justia,
Property
textof cases. However,theadvantagesare the"plain English"
The International
FoundationforArtResearch(IFAR)Art
casesummaries
includinga prcis,outlinesoffacts,courthistory,
Law & CulturalProperty
WebsiteInitiative
(ALWI)canbe a valuof
works
involved,and finaloutcome(Figure14). Also
images
able complement
to thematerialfoundin Lexis,Justia,
Google of
to
use to thenon-legalscholarare thehyperlinks
particular
Scholar,and otherresourcesthatprovideclearand understand- definitions
Furthervaluableassistanceis
forlegal terminology.
ableinformation
on legalcasesand issuesspecificto art.
withlinksto associatedstatuesorlegislation.
Launchedin December2008,theALWI sitehas a narrow provided
deci- Dictionaries
suitedtohelpingartresearchers
focus,butoneparticularly
cases.TheALWIis concerned
pherthelegalissuesofart-related
toreadingandunderstanding
One ofthemajorimpediments
with the legal and ethicalissues involvingthe acquisition,
Severalresources
and
statutes
is
the
cases
art.
The
site
and authenticity
ofworksof
legal terminology.
attribution,
ownership,
formto assistin thisarea.
existinprintand electronic
includessummaries
oflegalcasesin theseareas.
and recognized
Black'sLawDictionary28
is a comprehensive
on theMASS MoCA case can be foundon the
Information
and
versions
as well as
available
in
both
online
"Art
Law
IFARwebsite(http://www.ifar.org)
the
&
authority
print
byselecting
is directedtoward
an abridged"pocket"version.Thisdictionary
a legal audience and may presentchallengesforresearchers
Case Summary

Massachusetts
Buchel

withouta legal background.Nolo's Plain EnglishLaw Dictionary29

Museum of Contemporary Art Foundation. Inc. v.

-..-.,..,..* r.-.,:u:--. .- :

Prcis
. ,-R L1S Court of ^peals
forthe First Cirzuit held that .-R- applies to tcth
ur^nist^d and fimshed .'crl s c! art -fterSAiss artist Christoph Euchel abandoned an art
installation e-'hititpnorto ccmrJe-ticn tno Massachusetts Muse-um of Ccntc-mpcrar. -rt
i I.I3S5 McC- Med suitfcr declaration tristthe musum could e-hitit the unfinished
..ori to the puCiic uchel ccunterciaimed that the museum /.elated h;s rights under coth
-R- .'hizh prete :ts an artist s moral right, of integri?,arvj attributicn and the . right
-et -Ithzugh the courtdismissed se. 1 of Euchel s claims his rightof integrit. :laim
under . -R- and his rightof public displa. claim under the Cop. right-et .'.ero remanded
Legai :errr-.sn.ce-iinf ed :: de':r,.:ions
1
Facts
/ I
in :CO:
Mass MoC- entered mt: discussions forthe creation of an
Buzh^^nd
installation^iibit entitled Training ground forDemccra:..
to De housed in Mass
MoC- s umidi n.g f The parties ne. er e-ecuted agreement am! did net establish
the pr^ct s financial although the parlies dici agree that Eu che l oui d retain sole
. rightc.vnership m tne completed .-.ort During the ne-t ear Euchel c.ersa/.
construction of the .'.erf attunes remotel, rela. mg instructions to the museum stari as to
the procurement and placement of materials .Mthinthe e-hitition space Euchel Cezame
became

..

. . '

. .
'

.'

'

...

zlear that he /.culd net complete the installation On i.!a.. 22 20 j7 Mass M:C-

e-hibitent'tied Made at Mass f.loC- housed m EuHding 6 . isitcrs could onl. access tne
h11}ittDp 3 S 3 1^ itifOU'jh E UlIOl'y"Z )i COnt31t 3 tti^ unfiniS^'j inSijIijtljn
PA/,
tnough the museum pl3cedthe installation under .elle.1, tarpaulins t: conceal itirem the
puLlic The da before its cancellation announcement Mass MoC- filed suit 3jamst
Euchel see mg a declaration under -R- tnat it entitled to present Buchel s
unf.mshed installation to the putlic Buzhel ccunterzlaimed. alleging .dations of his
right; of attributionand integrit.,under . -R- and his putho displa, and den.ati.e ort
and /.hile the litigation .'.as ongoing Mass
rights underthe Cop. right-el Susseguenti,
MoC- dismantled the e-hiCit
Court History
Granting summar. judgment m fa. or of Mass MoC- en all claims the U ; District Court
forthe District of Massachusetts determined that nothing in -R- nor the Cop. right-ct
gi.es an artistthe rightto dictate .'.hat happens to an acandoned project so len.g as the
abandoned -/.crtis not labeled as the artist s .'.cit

Art Law/Cultural
Foundation
Figure14: International
forArtResearch
Website.
Initiative
case
Massachusetts
summary
information
for
Property
ArtFoundation,Inc. v. ChristophBchel
Museum of Contemporary
section
and
Statutes
tab,Associated
appealcase.Ofnote:CaseDetails/Image
todefinitions
oflegalterms.
hyperlinks

86

as Black'sbut employs
offersabout one tenththe definitions
is
and
understand.
The dictionary
that
clear
to
is
easy
language
butitis also onlinein a free
availablein printand e-bookforms,
version(http://www.nolo.com/dictionary/).30
but also incorpoDrawingheavilyon Nolo's definitions
is
case law and code references
ratingillustrative
hyperlinked
of
Cornell
the
Information
Institute
WEX, Legal
(LII)
University
and encyclopedia
law dictionary
Law School'scommunity-built
//topics.law.cornell.edu/
wex).31
(http:

Formats
LegalCitation
Legal documentssuch as cases, statutes,and codes do
not followthe traditionalauthor,title,and publishercitation
rubric.Severalof themorepopularstylemanualssuch as The

ChicagoManual ofStyle32
(Chicago) follow TheBluebook:A Uniform
Citation33
forlegal citation.The Bluebook,
(The
Bluebook)
Systemof

publishedby theHarvardLaw ReviewAssociation,is themost

formats.
As mostartlibraries
widelyused guideforlegalcitation
will not have copies of TheBluebook,
Chicagowill be directly
the way a commonlyused
referenced
below to demonstrate
In
The
Bluebook
and
addresseslegalcitation.
manual
follows
style
in
discussed
sections
14.281-14.317
documents
are
Chicago,legal
ofthesixteenth
edition.34
Withinthe textof a researchpaper or articlefollowing
Massachusetts
Bluebookstyle,case names are set in italics35:
Art FoundationInc. v. ChristophBchel.
Museum of Contemporary

In thenotes,thefullcase information
shouldbe citedwiththe
case name set in romantype.Cases are usuallypublishedin
withdifferent
availableaccordingtothelevel
reporters,
reporters
ofcourt.SupremeCourtdecisionsarepublishedinUnitedStates

Volume
Art
Documentation
2 2011
30,Number

This content downloaded from 200.130.19.143 on Sun, 29 Jun 2014 08:27:56 AM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

U.S.) and lower federal

SupremeCourtReports(abbreviateci
courtdecisionsare publishedin eithertheFederalReporter(F.)
or theFederalSupplement(F.Supp.).The case number,
usually
foundat thetopofa case,shouldprovideall thenecessaryinformationto createa completecitation.
UsingtheMASS MoCA case as an example,thenotescitationforthe2010appeal wouldbe:
ArtFoundation,
Massachusetts
MuseumofContemporary
Inc.v.Christoph
593F.3d.38(2010U.S.App.)
Bchel,
This citationtellsreadersthecase can be foundin volume
593 oftheFederalreporter,
thethirdseriesofthereporter,
and
thecase startson page 38. The courtand yearofdecisionfollow
in parentheses.
The Bluebook
forcitingcases is to the printed
preference
As mostartresearchers
reporters.36
maynothave easy accessto
thesevolumes,authoritative
commercial
databasessuchas Lexis
orWestlawarepreferred
overmoregeneralonlinesourcessuch
as Google Scholar.When citingcases fromGoogle Scholaror
otherless authoritative
onlinesources,Bluebook
section18.237can
provideguidance.
ContinuingwiththeMASS MoCA case example,a citation
fortheappeal case locatedthroughLexiswould includeinformationfromthetopsectionoftheLexiscase includinga docket
numberand Lexisnumber38:
ArtFoundation,
Massachusetts
MuseumofContemporary
Inc.v.Christoph
No.
2010
U.S.
Bchel, 08-2199,
App.LEXIS
1842(1stCir.Mass.,Jan.27,2010)
forcitinglaws and
Chicago also defersto The Bluebook
the
and
and constiU.S.
state
treaties,
statutes,
codes,
including
If statutessuch as theVisualArtistsRightsActhave
tutions.39
been incorporated
intocode,thecode shouldbe cited.For the
MASS MoCA case exampletheactwould be citedas followsif
Lexisis thesource:
17 U.S.C. 106A(LEXISthroughPL 112-14,approved
5/26/2011)
The finalportionin parenthesesis the onlinesourceand
information
as statedbythesource.
currency
Thereare many othertypes,forms,and sourcesof legal
documents.Citationguidancenotcoveredin Chicagosections
14.281-14.317may be found in The Bluebook.Per Chicago,
secondarysourcesand freestanding
publicationssuch as law
reviewand legaljournalarticles,
and casebooksshould
treatises,
be cited followingChicago ratherthan The Bluebook}0
Many
otherstyleguidesalso deferto TheBluebook
forlegal document
butsomedo offer
theirown variations.
It is best
citationformat,
to consulta styleguide forinstruction
firstratherthanassume
Bluebook
treatment.

Conclusion
but
Courtdecisions,codes,and statutescanbe intimidating
authoritative
sourcesfordiscussionsof
theyare also important
andprotectopicsas variedas copyright,
censorship,
ownership,
tionofartworks
and culturalheritage.
Artlaw is evolvingdaily
witheach new case and act of legislation.It can touchon and
influenceart production,sales, display,and collecting.Legal
primarysourcesare no longerhiddenwithinlegal librariesor

resources.
Withthegrowing
expensivespecializedsubscription
ofonlineresources,
artresearchers
arenow able to
accessibility
fieldwithincreasing
ease and confidence.
explorethisimportant

Art
Law
Resources
for
Art
Libraries
A smallcollectionoftitlesand a listofonlineresourcescan
providean artlibrarywithsolid toolsto supportartresearch
involvinglegal issues. The websitebelow lists all resources
inthispaperandadditionalresources
mentioned
inthefollowing
categories:
Onlineresources
Journals
/Magazines
Books-including
treatises
and casebooks
Dictionaries
http://nylibrary.sothebysinstitute.com/artlaw.html

Notes
1. PatrickCariouv.RichardPrince,GagosianGallery,
Inc.,
LawrenceGagosian,and RizzoliInternational
Publications,
Inc.,No. 08 Civ.11327(DAB),U.S. Dist.LEXIS29070(S.D.N.Y.
Mar.18,2011).
2. International
FoundationforArtResearch,
"ArtLaw &
CulturalProperty/'
http://www.if
ar.org/
art_law.php.
3. Massachusetts
MuseumofContemporary
Art
Inc.
v.
CA.
No.
Foundation,
Bchel,
07-30089-MAP,
Christoph
2008U.S. Dist.LEXIS59581(D. Mass. 2008).
4. Massachusetts
Art
MuseumofContemporary
Inc.v.Christoph
2010U.S.
Foundation,
Bchel,No. 08-2199,
App. LEXIS1842(1stCir.Mass.,Jan.27,2010).
PL 112-14,
5. 17U.S.C. 106A(LEXISthrough
approved
5/26/2011).
6. 17 U.S.C. 101-810(2011).
7. MASS MoCA,2008U.S. Dist.LEXIS59581,at *13.
8. MASS MoCA,2010U.S. App. LEXIS1842,at *21-22.
ina
9. MorrisL. Cohenand KentC. Olson,LegalResearch
Nutshell
(St.Paul:West,2010),8.
v.Contemporary
10.Cincinnati
ArtsCtr.,Nos.
& ,90CRB11700-A
& B57,1990OhioMisc.
90CRB11699-A
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87

17.Official
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88

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2 2011
30,Number

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