Chemistry: Reflection Booklet

Wednesday, May 13th, 2015

Exam Revision Booklet

This booklet contains the revision for all the exam topics including detailed
specifications.

Nour Makarem 10D

Chapter 1: Atomic Structure

Wednesday, May 13th, 2015

Chapter 1: Atomic Structure

The Structure of the atom
Atom: The smallest particle of a chemical element
that can exist.
Molecule: A group of atoms bonded together [Extra:
representing the smallest fundamental unit of a
chemical compound that can take part in a chemical
reaction.]

Elements: Elements are chemically the simplest

substances and hence cannot be broken down using chemical methods

Compound: A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements

are chemically bonded together.

Mixture: A mixture contains two or more substances that are not chemically combined.

Atomic Number and Mass

number

Amount Charge
Protons

54

Electrons 54

Nutrons

77

0 (None)

Ar

131

Isotopes
Isotopes: are atoms with same Atomic # (# of protons) but dierent Mass # (# of
neutrons).

Half Life: Time taken for half of a radio active element to decay.( Usually in a: Years)

Calculating average mass of isotopes;

0%

Cl 3

%
70

Cl 2

Nour Makarem 10D

Chapter 1: Atomic Structure

Wednesday, May 13th, 2015

Arrangement of Electrons

Law of Conservation of Mass

The Law of Conservation of Mass: States that mass is neither created nor destroyed
in any ordinary chemical reaction.

Drawing Diagrams of Electronic Configuration

The Periodic Table of Elements

Group: Going down
the periodic table.
(Vertically)

Period: Going along

the periodic table.
(Horizontally)

Elements in the
same group have
similar chemical
properties.

Nour Makarem 10D

Chapter 1: Atomic Structure

Wednesday, May 13th, 2015

Down Group I: Earth Metals

- Force of attraction decreases.

- Mass Increases.

- Colors lighten.

- Reactivity increases.

- Density decreases.

- Solid>Liquid>Gas.

Down Group VII: Halogens

- Force of attraction increases.

- Mass Increases.

- Colors darken.

- Reactivity increases.

- Density increases

- Gas>Liquid >Solid.

Group 0: Nobel Gases/ Inert Gases

- Elements in group zero have a full outer shell, so they do not react with any other
element, unless under specific conditions.

Nour Makarem 10D

Chapter 2: Bonding

Wednesday, May 13th, 2015

Chapter 2: Bonding

Covalent Bonding
Covalent Bond: A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of
electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or
bonding pairs and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms
when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.

Formation: Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms.
Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which is
gained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their outer most (valence) electrons,
atoms can fill up their outer electron shell and gain stability.

Properties:

- Strong attraction between the nuclei and shared pairs of electrons.

- Molecules:
- H2

- F2

- Cl2
- Simple molecular Structure.

- Not Conductive
Dot cross diagrams:

The formation of covalent compounds using dot cross diagrams by electron sharing.

Nour Makarem 10D

Chapter 2: Bonding

Wednesday, May 13th, 2015

Simple molecular structures:

- Substances with simple molecular structures are either gases or liquids (rarely solids)
with low melting points.

- Relatively weak forces between the molecules making it eyes to break those weak
forces with heat.

Giant Covalent Structures:

Diamond
Diamond is made from carbon atoms being strongly bonded
together.

Properties:

- Diamond has strongly bonded atoms.

- All the elements are bonded together with a covalent

structure; forming a network.

Graphite
Graphite is made from carbon atoms strongly
bonded together, but it has weak intermolecular
forces.

Properties:

- Graphite has strongly bonded atoms.

- All the elements are bonded together with a

covalent structure; forming a network.

- Every carbon in diamond is bonded to four

other carbons but graphite only bonds to
three hence why it has free electrons.

Silicon dioxide
Diagram

Giant covalent structures have high melting and

boiling points since the have many strong bonds
between the atoms that would require large
amounts of heat (kinetic) energy to break.

Nour Makarem 10D

Chapter 2: Bonding

Wednesday, May 13th, 2015

Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bond: Is the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Formations: Ionic bonding can result from a redox reaction when atoms of an element
(usually metal), whose ionization energy is low, release some of their electrons to
achieve a stable electron configuration. In doing so, cations are formed.
Ionic Compound: An ionic compound is a chemical compound in which ions are held
together in a structure by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonds. The positively
charged ions are called cations and the negatively charged ions are called anions.
Properties:
- The force of attraction between the ions:

- Strong.

- State: Solid/Crystal.

- Malleability: None.

- Melting Point: High.

- Boiling Point: High.

- Conductivity: *Only when

- Molten.

- Aqueous.

- Mobile electrons required.

Oxidation: The loss of electrons, causing

the net charge to be positively charged
since there would be more protons.

Reduction: The gain of

electrons, causing in the net
charge to be negative since
there would be more electrons
than protons.

Dot and cross diagrams:>

The formation of ionic
compounds using dot cross
diagrams by electron transfer.

Nour Makarem 10D

Chapter 2: Bonding

Wednesday, May 13th, 2015

Metallic Bonding
Metallic Bonds: Metallic bond is the bonding
between molecules within metals. It is the sharing of a
sea of delocalized electrons amongst a lattice of
positive ions, where the electrons act as a "glue"
giving the substance a definite structure.

Properties:

- Electrons are held loosely.

- Nuclei are surrounded by free electrons.

Nour Makarem 10D

Chapter 2: Bonding

Wednesday, May 13th, 2015

Nour Makarem 10D