a.

Approach that exist in travel-demand models :

- Trip based approach (4 step method)
- Integrated trip based approach
- Tour based approach
- Activity based approach
- Emerging based approach
b. The represents between activity and travel behavior in space - time diagram for
trip based approach, tour based approach, and activity schedule based approach.

c. The change of analysis that directing the trends in transportation modeling

Data : Massive OD Surveys Small Scale Detailed Surveys
Modelling methods : Aggregate Models Disaggregate Models, Static
Dynamic,
Canned Statistical Procedures Flexible Estimation of Models
Application/Forecasting : Mainframe User friendly GIS, powerful PC
Systems,
Aggregate Forecasting Disaggregate Forecasting (micro simulation)
Behavioral Representation : Homogeneous Heterogeneous (including
demographics, attitudes and perceptions). Trips Activity Schedules

Model of Interaction of Land Use and Transportation

Growth Model

Land Use Model

Location, land-use, and rents
Access
Acci, atti

Land Use and Transport

Interaction
Transport Model
Frequencies

Destination Choice

Mode Choice

Route Assignment

Impacts :
1. The location pattern of activities induces a trip pattern, as the required cost of
performing activities.

Location
Hi

2. The location of each activity is dependent on the transport system, as it defines

the travel cost associated with all activities performed in the future.
Basic assumptions :
1. The basic behavioral position defining this interaction is centered on the activities
that individuals wish to participate in
2. Most activities are spatially dispersed in a way described by the land use pattern,
to reach them individuals travel

Concept of Four Steps Model

The sequence of four stage model :

Major steps in 4 steps method :

Trip Generation: estimation the number of home-based and non-home based
person-trips produced from, and attracted to, each zone in the study area.
Trip Distribution: Determining the trip-interchanges (i.e., number of trips from
each zone to each other zone)
Mode Choice: splitting the person-trips between each pair of zones by travel
mode obtaining both the number of vehicle trips and number of transit trips
between zones.

Assignment: Assigning the vehicle trips to the roadway network to obtain link
volumes and travel times and the person trips to the transit network.

The limitations of the four stage model :

Demand for trip making rather than for activities
Person trips as the unit of analysis
Aggregation errors :
Spatial aggregation
Demographic aggregation
Temporal aggregation
Sequential nature of the four step process
Behavior modeled in earlier steps unaffected by choices modeled in later steps
(e.g. no induced travel)
Limited types of polices that can be analyzed
x
y

300
150

350
200

400
250

250
200

n
1

Xi
300

Yi
150

XiYi
45000

350

200

70000

400

250

250

200

1300

800

Xi
90000
12250
0
16000
0
62500
4350
00

n=
=
=

4
325
B=
200
A=

Maka
X
300
350
400
250

Y
190
210
230
170

0.4
70

10000
0
50000
2650
00

Yi
22500
40000
62500
40000
1650
00

400

300
210
f(x) 190
= 0.4x + 70 230
170

200

100

0
0

R=
2

R =

0.6324
56
0.4

100

R=

200

300

n ( X i Y i ) ( X i ) ( Y i)

[ n X ( ( X )) ][ n Y ( ( Y )) ]
2
i

2
i

Zona

oi

Oi

190

130

130

190

640

700

130

200

200

130

660

720

200

70

270

140

680

760

190

130

60

260

640

690

dd

710

530

660

720

2620

Dd

820
1.154
93

580
1.094
34

750
1.1363
64

720

1
207.81
25
141.81
82
223.52
94
204.84
38
778.00
38

2
142.18
75
218.18
18
78.235
29
140.15
63
578.76
09

Ed

400

Ei
1.0937
5
1.0909
09
1.1176
47
1.0781
25

2870

1.10

Iterasi 1
Zona
1
2
3
4
dd

3
142.18
75
218.18
18
301.76
47
64.687
5
726.82
15

4
207.81
25
141.81
82
156.47
06
280.31
25
786.41
38

oi

Oi

Ei

700

700

720

720

760

760

690

690

2870

500

Dd

820
1.0539
79

580
1.0021
41

750
1.0318
9

720
0.9155
49

dd

1
219.0
301
149.4
734
235.5
954
215.9
011
820

2
142.4
919
218.6
489
78.40
28
140.4
563
580

3
146.7
219
225.1
397
311.3
88
66.75
04
750

4
190.2
624
129.8
414
143.2
564
256.6
397
720

Dd

820

580

750

720

Ed

1
219.49
85
148.83
19
232.94
63
219.15
75
820.43
42
820
0.9994
71

2
142.79
66
217.71
05
77.521
23
142.57
48
580.60
32
580
0.9989
61

3
147.03
56
224.17
34
307.88
68
67.757
18
746.85
3
750
1.0042
14

4
190.66
93
129.28
42
141.64
56
260.51
05
722.10
96
720
0.9970
79

dd

1
219.3
823
148.7
531
232.8
231
219.0
415
820

2
142.6
483
217.4
843
77.44
07
142.4
267
580

3
147.6
552
225.1
18
309.1
841
68.04
269
750

4
190.1
122
128.9
065
141.2
318
259.7
495
720

Dd

820

580

750

720

Ed

2870
1

Iterasi 2
Zona
1
2
3
4

oi
698.5
063
723.1
035
768.6
426
679.7
475
2870

Oi
700
720
760
690

Ei
1.002
138
0.995
708
0.988
756
1.015
083

2870
1

Iterasi 3
Zona
1
2
3
4
dd
Dd
Ed

oi
700
720
760
690

Oi
700
720
760
690

Ei
1
1
1
1

2870
2870
1

Iterasi 4
Zona
1
2
3
4

oi
699.7
98
720.2
62
760.6
797
689.2
603
2870

Oi
700
720
760
690
2870

Ei
1.000
289
0.999
636
0.999
106
1.001
073

Ed