Alternative Uses of CO2- http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/ccs/Meetings/edinburgh-sep2011/Smith_IPA_HW11.

pdf

Present industrial uses of CO2 include:

Refrigeration systems
Production of chemicals e.g. urea
Inert agent for food packaging
Beverages
Welding systems
Fire extinguishers
Water treatment

Net CO2 may be used industrially, only if the following criteria are
met:
1. The use of captured CO2 must not simply replace a source of CO2
that would then be vented to the atmosphere. Replacement of CO2
derived from a lime kiln or a fermentation process would not lead to
a net reduction in CO2 emissions, while on the other hand
replacement of CO2 derived from natural geological deposits, which
would thus be left undisturbed, would lead to a net reduction of CO2
emissions.
2. The compounds produced using captured CO2 must have a long
lifetime before the CO2 is liberated by combustion or other
degradation processes.
3. When considering the use of captured CO2 in an industrial
process, the overall system boundary must be carefully defined to
include all materials, fossil fuels, energy flows, emissions and

products in the full chain of processes used to produce a unit of

product in order to correctly determine the overall (net) CO2
avoided.
Emerging Industrial uses of CO2
Algal bio-fixation & Biofuel production
http://omicsonline.org/open-access/algae-biofuels-productionprocesses-carbon-dioxide-fixation-and-biorefinery-concept-21577463.1000185.pdf

Microalgae are the largest autotrophic microorganisms from

plant Taxa living in the Earth
They use solar energy, nutrients and CO2 to produce lipids,
proteins, carbohydrates and other valuable organic
compounds.
Microalgae growth takes place by photoautotrophic (inorganic
carbon as CO2 , light and nutrients) or heterotrophic (organic
carbon, light absent) production
The US Department of Energy says that soybean crops
produce 48 gallons of oil per acre per year, he notes, while

algae could produce 1000-6500 gallons per acre per year.

Enhanced coal bed methane recovery

Involves flooding coal seams with injected CO2, where its

adsorbed by coal, in turn displacing methane to the surface
for it to be captured and consumed as fuel.
Link to more information

http://decarboni.se/publications/accelerating-uptake-ccsindustrial-use-captured-carbon-dioxide/technology-enhancedcoal
http://www.mrcsp.org/userdata/phase_II_reports/topical_5_coal
bed_methane.pdf
Genetically modified yeast based process http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2010/belcher-carbon-0922

Yeast is genetically modified to express genes found in

organisms such as the abalone. Those genes code for
enzymes and other proteins that help move carbon dioxide
through the mineralization process.
The process for turning carbon dioxide into carbonates
requires two steps. The first step is capturing carbon dioxide
in water. Second, the dissolved carbon dioxide is combined
with mineral ions to form solid carbonates.
This process can produce about two pounds of carbonate for
every pound of carbon dioxide captured.
An advantage of the biological system is that it requires no
heating or cooling, and no toxic chemicals.

Cost & performance of carbon dioxide capture from power

generation
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/costperf
_ccs_powergen.pdf
CO2 curing for concrete blocks http://www.technologyreview.com/news/410499/a-concrete-fix-toglobal-warming/

Concrete accounts for more than 5 percent of human-caused carbondioxide emissions annually
Freshly mixed concrete is exposed to a stream of carbon-dioxide-rich
flue gas, rapidly speeding up the reactions between the gas and the
calcium-containing minerals in cement (which represents about 10 to
15 percent of the concretes volume). The technology also virtually
eliminates the need for heat or steam, saving energy and emissions.
If it works and is widely adopted, it has the potential to sequester or
avoid 20 percent of all cement-industry carbon-dioxide emission
He adds that 60 tons of carbon dioxide could be stored as solid
limestoneor calcium carbonatewithin every 1,000 tons of concrete
produced. Further, he claims that the end product is more durable,
more resistant to shrinking and cracking, and less permeable to water.