University Hassiba BenboualiChlef

Academic Year: 20142015

Faculty of Sciences

Semester II

Field: Sciences of Matter

Study Year: 1st year SM

Department of SM

.... Feb, 2015

Unit n 02: Matter and Measurement

Course n01: Part n01Reading passage

I. READING PASSAGETEXT
MATTER AND MEASUREMENT

Matter, in science, is the general term applied to anything that has the property of occupying space and
the attributes of gravity and inertia. In classical physics, matter and energy were considered two separate
concepts that lay at the root of all physical phenomena. Modern physicists, however, have shown that it is
possible to transform matter into energy and energy into matter and have thus broken down the classical
distinction between the two concepts. When dealing with a large number of phenomena, however, such as
motion, the behavior of liquids and gases, and heat, scientists find it simpler and more convenient to
continue treating matter and energy as separate entities.
Certain elementary particles of matter combine to form atoms; in turn, atoms combine to form
molecules. The properties of individual molecules and their distribution and arrangement give to matter in
all its forms various qualities such as mass, hardness, viscosity, fluidity, color, taste, electrical resistivity,
and heat conductivity, among others.
Matter exists in three forms known as its classical states: solid, liquid and gas. A solid, for example a
stone, has a definite shape and a definite volume; a liquid, for example oil, has definite volume but no
definite shape; a gas, for example hydrogen (H), has neither definite shape nor volume. Water can exist in all
three states; below 0 C as a solid (ice); between 0 C and 100 C as a liquid (water); and above 100 C as a
gas (vapor).
When we measure quantities of matter, we may use the fundamental units of time (e.g. the second),
mass (e.g. the kilogram) and length (e.g. the meter). Or we may use the units such as area (e.g. m2) or
volume (e.g. m3) or density (e.g. kg/m3). These are known as derived units. The area of a rectangle is found
by multiplying the length by the width. The volume of a cylinder is equal to radius2 height (
). The density of a substance is equal to the mass divided by the volume ( =

/ ). We use the

terms specific density or relative density to indicate density relative to the density of water.

Page 12

University Hassiba BenboualiChlef

Academic Year: 20142015

Faculty of Sciences

Semester II

Field: Sciences of Matter

Study Year: 1st year SM

Department of SM

.... Feb, 2015

I.1COMPREHENSION QUESTION

1. How is matter generally defined?

Matter is defined as the general term applied to anything that has the property of occupying space and the
attributes of gravity and inertia.
2. What is the difference between the two concepts of matter and energy in classical physics and modern
physics?
In classical physics, matter and energy were considered two separate concepts. However, modern physicists
have shown that it is possible to transform matter into energy and energy into matter and have thus broken
down the classical distinction between the two concepts.
3. What decides the qualities of matter?
The properties of individual molecules and their distribution and arrangement decide the various qualities of
matter.
4. How many states can matter exist in? What are they?
Matter can exist in three states. They are: solid, liquid and gas.
I.2TERMINOLOGY
ENGLISH

FRENCH

ARABIC

Matter

Matire

Space

Espace

Gravity

Gravit

Inertia

Inertie

Classical physics

Physique classique

Energy

Energie

Concepts

Concepts

Modern physicists

Physiciens modernes

,$-. # , / $& '

Motion

Mouvement

0-1

Behavior

Comportement

Liquids

Liquides

4/

gases

Gaz

Heat

Chaleur

-1

#$% $& '

(
* '

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University Hassiba BenboualiChlef

Academic Year: 20142015

Faculty of Sciences

Semester II

Field: Sciences of Matter

Study Year: 1st year SM

Department of SM

.... Feb, 2015

Entities

Entit

Elementary particles

Particules lmentaires

Atoms

Atomes

Molecules

Molcules

9$&:

Properties

Proprits

( &. & )( . < .; )/ <

Qualities

Qualits

( '..' ).

Mass

Masse

3>0

Hardness

Duret, Rigidit

Viscosity

Viscosit

:&

Fluidity

Fluidit

Color

Couleur

Taste

Got

Electrical resistivity

Rsistivit lectrique

/ -A0

Heat conductivity

Conductivit thermique

Classical states

Etats classiques

Solid

Solide

% : D3.

Shape

Forme

4 E

Volume

Volume

* 1

Oil

Huile

F$

Hydrogen

Hydrogne

, :% A 7

Water

Eau

Vapor

Vapeur

Quantities

Quantits

( #0 . )#0

Fundamental units

Units fondamentales

Time

Temps

Second

Seconde

B H

Kilogram

Kilogramme

-7 3 0

Length

Longueur

Meter

Mtre

->

Area

Aire

1 K

( 9$&:

$-1 3( B
0 C 1

%1

Page 14

University Hassiba BenboualiChlef

Academic Year: 20142015

Faculty of Sciences

Semester II

Field: Sciences of Matter

Study Year: 1st year SM

Department of SM

.... Feb, 2015

>L %1

Derived units

Units drives

Rectangle

Rectangle

4> K

Width

Largeur

-?

Cylinder

Cylindre

Radius

Rayon

- N B

Height

Hauteur

'

Density

Densit

# 1 3>0 P0

Substance

Substance

Specific density

Densit spcifique

? B

P0

Relative density

Densit relative

QKB

P0

Page 15

University Hassiba BenboualiChlef

Chlef

Academic Year: 20142015

2014

Faculty of Sciences

Semester II

Field: Sciences of Matter

Study Year:
Year 1st year SM

Department of SM

.........
.........Feb.,
2015

Unit n 02: Matter and Measurement

Course n02: Part n02Grammar
Grammar in use

II. GRAMMAR IN USE PARTICIPLE

PARTICIPLE PHRASES REPLACING RELATIVE CLAUSES

II.1 Participles of verbs

In English, each verb has two participles:

participles
Participle I: verb + ing
Participle II: verb + ed

In which the former (PI) is considered the active participle and the second is known as passive particle.
A participle phrase is the one with the centre element being a participle.
Example:
1. working with me
2. studying Physics last year
3. written by a famous scientist
4. clarified by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures
II.2 Participles replacing relative clauses

From the above mentioned, it is deduced that each type of participle, therefore, will replace a
corresponding relative clause with the same grammatical implication (whether passive or active), basing on
the form of the verb phrase in the relative clause.
Consider the following examples (from Unit one)
1. Science
ce (pure science) is a term which is used to denote systemized knowledge in any field.
field (Passive
relative clauses)
2. Applied science is the term that is used to refer to the search for practical uses of scientific knowledge.
knowledge
(Passive relative clauses)
3. Neil Armstrong was the first person who walked on the Moon. (Active
Active relative clauses)
clauses
4. Here, we should distinguish pure science from technology through which applications are realized.
(Passive relative clauses)

Page 16

University Hassiba BenboualiChlef

Chlef

Academic Year: 20142015

2014

Faculty of Sciences

Semester II

Field: Sciences of Matter

Study Year:
Year 1st year SM

Department of SM

.........
.........Feb.,
2015

However, not all relative clauses but the

the ones with relative pronoun in subject position can be replaced with
participle phrases. Hence, among the above relative clauses, only the first three can be replaced.
We have:
1. Science (pure science) is a term used to denote systemized knowledge in any field..
2. Applied science is the term used to refer to the search for practical uses of scientific knowledge.
knowledge
3. Neil Armstrong was the first person walking on the Moon.
As in the first two participle phrases, they are used to make definitions so the verbs
verbs in the corresponding
relative clauses must be in present tense while, in the last one, the tense of verb in the corresponding relative
clause must be the simple past tense (it is the action of the past).

Page 17

University Hassiba BenboualiChlef

Chlef

Academic Year: 20142015

2014

Faculty of Sciences

Semester II

Field: Sciences of Matter

Study Year:
Year 1st year SM

Department of SM

.........
.........March.,
2015

Unit n 02: Matter and Measurement

Course n03: Part n03Problem solving
olving

III.1 Asking and describing dimensions of objects

1. Fulfill the table below with appropriate words:

Noun

Adjective

Length

Wide

Deep

Thickness

High

2. To ask and describe the dimensions of objects, you can use either nouns or their corresponding
co
adjectives,
along with suitable interrogative pronouns what or how.
Example:
How high is the board?
What is the thickness of your book?
So, we have the following patterns:
a. Asking:
high
wide
How

long

is/are

noun(s)?

thick
deep

b. Describing:
high.
wide.
Noun(s) is/are

long.
thick.
deep.
Page 18

University Hassiba BenboualiChlef

Chlef

Academic Year: 20142015

2014

Faculty of Sciences

Semester II

Field: Sciences of Matter

Study Year:
Year 1st year SM

Department of SM

.........
.........March.,
2015

a. Asking:
height
width
What is the

length

of

noun(s)?

of noun(s)

is/are

thick
thickness
depth

b. Describing:
height
width
The

length
thickness
depth

a. Asking:
What are the measurements of noun(s)?

b. Describing:
height
width
Noun(s) is/are

..

in

length
thickness
depth

Or
height
width
Noun(s) has/have a/the

length

of

thickness
depth

With this way of describing, the question may be formed from the verb to measure to ask for the
measurements of objects: How does/ do + noun/nouns + measure?

Page 19

University Hassiba BenboualiChlef

Chlef

Academic Year: 20142015

2014

Faculty of Sciences

Semester II

Field: Sciences of Matter

Study Year:
Year 1st year SM

Department of SM

.........
.........March.,
2015

III.2 Describing shapes of objects

1. Complete the table below with suitable words:

Noun

Adjective

triangle

rectangular

square

circular

sphere

cylinder

+
,

"

#$ % &

'( )
*

Page 20

University Hassiba BenboualiChlef

Chlef

Academic Year: 20142015

2014

Faculty of Sciences

Semester II

Field: Sciences of Matter

Study Year:
Year 1st year SM

Department of SM

"

.........
.........March.,
2015

*
.$ % &

Page 21

University Hassiba BenboualiChlef

Chlef

Academic Year: 20142015

2014

Faculty of Sciences

Semester II

Field: Sciences of Matter

Study Year:
Year 1st year SM

Department of SM

.........
.........April,
2015

Unit n 02: Matter and Measurement

Course n04: Part n04Scientific Translation

IV.1 Reading and determination of scientific terms and symbols

A physical change is a change in matter that involves no chemical reaction.. When a substance undergoes a
physical change, the composition of its molecules remains unchanged, and the substance does not lose its
chemical identity. Melting, evaporation
evaporati or boiling, and freezing are three types of physical change. For example,
water (H2O) is a liquid that freezes to form the solid ice, which may again be melted into water. Because
molecules of water and ice are composed of the same chemical elements in the same proportions,
proportions the change from
water to ice is a physical change.
IV.2 Vocabulary scientific items
Physical change: is a change affecting the form of a substance, but not its chemical composition.
Matter: is anything that has mass and volume (occupies space).
Chemical reaction: is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.
Substance: any
ny material that possesses physical properties.
properties
Molecule:: is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. It is
distinguished from ion by its lack of electrical charge.
Chemical identity:: The precise identity of a substance in chemical terms, written in chemical nomenclature or
with a number assigned by the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS).
Melting: is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid.
Evaporation: is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor that occurs at temperatures below the boiling
temperature at a given pressure.
Boiling: is a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase that occurs at or above the boiling temperature.
Freezing: or solidification, is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is
lowered below its freezing point.
Water (H2O): is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure,, but it often can exist with its solid state,
ice; and gaseous state, steam (water
water vapor).
vapor As a chemical compound, a water molecule contains one oxygen and
two hydrogen atoms.
Liquid: is one of the four fundamental states of matter , and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed
shape. It conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.

Page 22

University Hassiba BenboualiChlef

Chlef

Academic Year: 20142015

2014

Faculty of Sciences

Semester II

Field: Sciences of Matter

Study Year:
Year 1st year SM

Department of SM

.........
.........April,
2015

Solid: is one of the four fundamental states of matter. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to
changes of shape or volume.
Chemical element: is a pure chemical substance consisting of a single type of atom distinguished by its atomic
number.
IV.3 Translating
Un changement physique (changement de phase) est un changement dans la matire nimpliquant aucune
raction chimique. Lorsqu'une substance subit un changement physique,, la composition de ses molcules reste
inchange, et la substance ne perd pas son identit chimique. La fusion, lvaporation
vaporation ou lbullition, et la
solidification sont trois types de changement physique.
physique Par exemple, l'eau (H2O) est un liquide qui se solidifie
pour former la glace solide, qui peut de nouveau tre fondu dans l'eau. Parce que les molcules d'eau et de glace
sont composes des mmes lments chimiques dans les mmes proportions, le changement de l'eau la glace est
un changement physique.
IV.4 Practice
When a substance undergoes a chemical change, the composition of its molecules changes. The properties of the
original substance are lost, and new substances with new properties are produced. An example of a chemical
change is the production of rust (iron oxide) when oxygen in the air reacts with iron. Chemical changes may also
result in physical changes. For example, when wood (a solid)) is burned, it is combined with oxygen gas to
produce gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2), liquid water, and solid carbon.

Page 23